Radiation Exchange May 2, 2007

Outline
Radiation Exchange • Basics of radiation interchange
• Limit considerations to diffuse surfaces
Larry Caretto • Definition of view factor
Mechanical Engineering 375 • Finding view factors
Heat Transfer • Use of view factor in radiation exchange
• Exchange among several diffuse
May 2, 2007 surfaces

View Factor, Fi→j or Fij Deriving Fij Equation

• Fi→j or Fij is the • Intensity leaving
fraction of radiation, surface dA1 at
leaving surface i, angle θ1 is I1
that strikes surface j cosθ1dA1
– Use easier to write • Solid angle dω21
notation Fij or more = dA2cosθ2/r2
descriptive, Fi→j
• Fraction of radiation from point striking • Intensity in this direction in dω21 is
surfaces 1 to 3 varies with orientation I1 cosθ1dA1dA2cosθ2/r2
• Integrate over both areas
Figure 13-1 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer 3 4
Figure 13-2 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer

View Factor Fij

1 cos θ1 cos θ 2
F12 =
A1 ∫∫ πr 2
dA1dA2
A2 A1
• Looking at radiation from surface 2 to
Figure 13-5
surface 1 produces similar result from Çengel,
Heat and

1 cos θ 2 cos θ1 Mass

F21 = ∫∫
Transfer
dA2 dA1
A2
A1 A2
πr 2
Example
• Important result: A1F12 = A2F21 of F Chart
– Note that F12 ≠ F21
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Radiation Exchange May 2, 2007

Another Yet
F Chart Another
F Chart

Figure 13-6 Figure 13-7

from Çengel, from Çengel,
Heat and Heat and
Mass Mass
Transfer Transfer

View Factor Equations Working with View Factors

• Example for aligned • Equations in Tables 13-1 and 13-2
parallel rectangles ( X = – Can program into your calculators
X/L, Y = Y/L) • Charts in Figures 13-5 to
– Because Ai = Aj, Fij = Fij 13-8 of text
for this case • Reciprocity relation Fji =
Fij =
( )(
2 ⎧1 ⎡ 1+ X 2 1+ Y 2 ⎤ )
⎥ + X 1+ Y (2 1/ 2
)
tan −1
X AiFij/Aj
⎨ ln ⎢
(
πXY ⎩ 2 ⎢⎣ 1 + X 2 + Y 2 ⎥⎦ ) 1+ Y 2 (
1/ 2
) • Summation rule for each
(
+ Y 1+ X 2 )
1/ 2
tan −1
Y
− X tan −1 X − Y tan −1 Y surface in an enclosure
(
1+ X 2
1/ 2
) N

Figure from Table 13-1 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer
9
∑ Fij = 1 10
j =1

Working with View Factors II View-Factor Problem

• Superposition Rule • Find all view factors for
• F1→2+3 = F1→2 + F1→3 the cylindrical enclosure
• Use to get unknown with H = r0 = 1 m
shape factors – From chart for r1/L = r2/L =
1, F12 = F21 = 0.38
• In this example we can find F1→2+3 and – F11 = F22 = 0
F1→2 from Figure 13-6 then compute F1→3 – Summation of view factors
in enclosure: F11 + F12 +
• Can extend superposition to multiple
F13 = 1, so F13 = 1 – 0.38
areas: F1→2+3+4 = F1→2 + F1→3 + F1→4
– 0 = 0.62
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Radiation Exchange May 2, 2007

View-Factor Problem II Radiation Exchange

• Now have F12 = F21 = • First consider black surfaces then
0.38, F11 = F22 = 0, and extend to gray diffuse surfaces
F13 = 0.62 • Heat transfer from surface 1 reaching
• Reciprocal: A3F31 = A1F13 surface 2 is A1F12σT14
– A1 = π(1 m)2 = π m2 • Heat transfer from surface 2 reaching
– A3 = 2π(1 m)(1 m) = 2π m2 surface 1 is A2F21σT24 = A1F12σT24
– F31 = A1F13/A3 = 0.31 • Net heat transfer from surface 1 is
• Symmetry F32 = F31 = 0.31 A1F12σ(T14 – T24)
• F33 = 1 – F31 – F32 = 0.38 – Negative value indicates heat into surface 1
13 14

Black Enclosures Gray Diffuse Opaque Enclosures

• In an enclosure all heat leaving a
surface strikes one of the other surfaces
• Net heat from surface i to surface j from
previous slide is AiFijσ(Ti4 – Tj4)
• Net heat from surface i to all other
surfaces is sum of terms like this
∑ Q&i→ j = ∑ Ai Fij σ(Ti4 − T j4 )
N N
Q& i =
j =1 j =1
• For a gray, diffusive surface Kirchoff’s
law applies to the total hemispherical
quantities: α = ε
• For opaque surfaces τ = 0 so α + ρ = 1
• For gray, diffusive, opaque surfaces
then ρ = 1 – α = 1 – ε
• For nonblack surfaces have to consider
emitted and reflected radiation

15 16

Radiosity, J = ρG + εEb Net Radiation Leaving Surface

• Radiosity, the • Q& = A(J – G)
total radiation • J = ρG + εEb =
leaving the (1 – ε)G +εEb
surface, is the J − εEb
sum of G=
1− ε
emitted and
⎛ J − εEb ⎞
reflected Q& = A⎜ J − ⎟
⎝ 1− ε ⎠
radiation
Aε
Q& = (Eb − J ) A
1− ε
17 18
Figure 13-20 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer Figure 13-20 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer

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Radiation Exchange May 2, 2007

Circuit Analogs Radiation Exchange

• Equation A on • Net heat transfer from surface i to
previous slide can be surface j is radiation leaving i that
viewed as circuit strikes j (AiFijJi) minus radiation leaving j
– Ebi and Ji are that strikes i (AjFjiJj = AiFijJj)
potentials (
Q& i ↔ j = Q& ij = Ai Fij J i − A j F ji J j = Ai Fij J i − Ai Fij J j = Ai Fij J i − J j )
– Heat transfer from Aε
surface i is flow Q& i = i i (Ebi − J i ) • Net heat transfer from surface i to all
1− εi other surfaces is sum of all these terms
– Resistance is (1 – E − J i Ebi − J i
∑ Q&ij = ∑ Ai Fij (J i − J j ) B
N N
εi)/Aiεi Q& i = bi
= Q& i =
1− εi Ri
Aiε i 19
j =1 j =1 20

Another Circuit Analogy Using Circuit Analogy

Ji − J j
Q& i ↔ j = Q& ij = Ai Fij (J i − J j ) = • Look at simple
Rij
• Next step in circuit enclosure with only
analog is flow between two surfaces
radiosity Ji and Jj • Apply circuit analogy
• Here Rij = 1/AiFij with total resistance
• With previous
resistance between Eb E − Eb 2 Eb1 − Eb 2
Q&12 = b1 =
and J have a complete RTotal 1 − ε1 1 1− ε2
+ +
circuit A1ε 1 A1 F12 A2ε 2

21 22

One More Circuit Analogy Three-Surface Circuit

• Extend previous example with two
surfaces to multiple surfaces
J −Jj
Q& i ↔ j = Q& ij = Ai Fij (J i − J j ) = i
Rij
1 • Multiple surfaces
Rij = done more
Ai Fij
easily by looking
• Each surface will have similar resistance at system of
between surface (at potential Ebi) and equations
corresponding radiosity, Ji
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Radiation Exchange May 2, 2007

Radiation Exchange Equations Radiation Exchange Equations II

Aε & from equations A and B
Q& i = i i (Ebi − J i )
• Eliminate Q i

( ) ∑ Ai Fij (J i − J j )
N
• Equation A Aε
1− εi Q& i = i i Ebi − J i =
1 − εi
i = 1, K, N
j =1

Q& i = ∑ Ai Fij (J i − J j )
N
• Equation B • This gives N simultaneous equations to
solve for N values of Ji
j =1
• We first find the areas, Ai, and view
Aiε i
(Ebi − J i ) = ∑ Ai Fij (J i − J j )
N
factors, Fij, and emissivities, εi
1− εi j =1
• Know Ebi = σTi4
25 26

Radiation Exchange Solution Radiation Exchange Solution II

• Two possible surface conditions: (1) • Once all Ji values are known we can
known temperature, (2) known Q &i &
compute unknown values of Ti and Q i
( ) ∑ ( )
N
Aε
Q& i = i i Ebi − J i = Ai Fij J i − J j i = 1, K, N – For known Ti
1 − εi j =1
⎛ 1 − ε i NT
(1) J i ⎜1 + ∑ F
⎞ 1 − ε i NT
⎟
ij ⎟ − ∑ Fij J j = Ebi = σTi 4
Aε
1 − εi
( Aε
1 − εi
)
Q& i = i i Ebi − J i = i i σTi4 − J i ( )
⎜ ε ε
⎝ i j =1, j ≠ i ⎠ i j =1, j ≠ i
Solve this set &
– For known Q
of N i
⎛ N ⎞ N
(2) ⎜ ∑ Ai Fij ⎟ J i − ∑ Ai Fij J j = Q& i simultaneous 1 − εi & 1 1 − εi &
⎜ j = N +1, j ≠i ⎟ Ebi = J i + Qi ⇒ Ti = 4 Ji + Qi
⎝ T ⎠ j = N T +1, j ≠ i equations for Ai εi σ Ai εi
N values 27of Ji 28

Three Surface Enclosure Three Surface Enclosure II

• Have three equations (known T case) • General equation and third equation
⎛ 1− ε N ⎞ 1− ε N ⎛ 1− ε N ⎞ 1− ε N
J i ⎜1 +
⎜
i
∑ Fij ⎟ −
εi j =1, j ≠i ⎟
i
∑ Fij J j = Ebi = σTi4
εi j =1, j ≠i
J i ⎜1 +
⎜
i
∑ Fij ⎟ −
εi j =1, j ≠i ⎟
i
∑ Fij J j = Ebi = σTi4
εi j =1, j ≠i
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎡ 1 − ε1 ⎤ 1− ε3 1− ε3 ⎡ 1− ε3 ⎤
⎢1 + (F12 + F13 )⎥ J1 − 1 − ε1 F12 J 2 − 1 − ε1 F13 J 3 = σTi 4 − F31 J1 − F32 J 2 + ⎢1 + (F31 + F32 )⎥ J 3 = σT34
⎣ ε1 ⎦ ε1 ε1 ε3 ε3 ⎣ ε3 ⎦

1− ε 2 ⎡ 1− ε 2 ⎤
− F21 J1 + ⎢1 + (F21 + F23 )⎥ J 2 − 1 − ε 2 F23 J 3 = σT24 • Find coefficients and use linear
ε2 ⎣ ε2 ⎦ ε2 equation solver to find J1, J2, and J3
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ME 375 – Heat Transfer 5