1

Normalized eigenvalue equation

n2  ne  n1

Normalized effective index

ne2  n22
b 2
n1  n22

ne  n1 b 1
ne  n2 b0
0  b 1
Normalized thickness
2
V a n12  n22


Normalized eigenvalue equations

V  b
Even TE modes tan  1 b  
2  1 b For symmetric slab
waveguide a = 0
V  b
Odd TE modes  cot  1 b  
2  1 b
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On a dielectric waveguide
• There may be several modes, depending on the
waveguide geometry, index difference and frequency
of operation.
• Each mode has a different velocity and shape.
• Even if there is only one mode its velocity changes
with frequency.
• An eigenvalue equation needs to be solved to find
mode effective index.
• Modes are orthogonal to each other, hence they are
linearly independent.
• Modes form a complete set and any field on the
waveguide can be written as a linear superposition of
the waveguide modes.
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Step Index Fiber

Cladding
Material silica SiO2 n2  1.45
n1  n2  103
Core x
125 m 2a  2a  8  12 μm
n1 Solve wave equation in the
n2 core and cladding in cylindrical
coordinates
  
 E ( r ,  , z )  ki E ( r ,  , z )  0
2 2
E (r ,  , z )  aˆr Er  aˆ E  aˆ z Ez
E z  R  r     Z  z 
Z  z   e j z We are interested in waves traveling along the fiber

    e jm m must be an integer

       2  e jm  2   e jm e jm 2  e jm

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Ez  R  r  e jm e  j  z

R r  Bessel functions
In the core R  r   J m  r  Bessel function of the first
ra kind of mth order
 is the separation constant in the radial direction
In the cladding  is imaginary due to TIR
   j

In the clad R  r   K m   r  Bessel function of the first

ra kind of mth order with
imaginary argument
also known as the modified
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Bessel function © Nadir Dagli UCSB
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Bessel Functions
1

0.5

Jn( 0 x) Kn( 0 x) 3

Jn( 1 x) Kn( 1 x)

Jn( 2 x) Kn( 2 x)

2

 0.5 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x x x

2   m  2 x
Jm  x  cos  x    Km  x   e
x  4 2  x
J 0  x  Roots J1  x  Roots
2.405 3.832
5.52 7.016
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Field components tangential to core cladding interface

 J m ( r ) jm  j  z  J m ( r ) jm  j  z
for r  a  B J ( a ) e e for r  a
 A J ( a ) e e 
 H z (r , , z )  
m
Ez (r , , z )  
m

 A K m ( r ) e jm e  j  z for r  a  B K m ( r ) e jm e  j  z for r  a

 K m ( a )  K m ( a )

 m  j H  m  j n 2
Ez
  0 1
for r  a
  2 r Ez   2 r for r  a  2
0 z H
  r  2
r
z

E (r , , z )   H  ( r ,  , z )  
m  j  H  m  j n 2
Ez
 Ez  2 0 z
for r  a H  0 1
for r  a
  r
2
 r 
 r
2 z
 2
r

Enforce BC at the core cladding interface

Ez (r , , z ) r  a  Ez (r ,  , z ) r  a H z (r , , z ) r  a  H z (r , , z ) r  a

E ( r , , z ) r  a  E ( r , , z ) r  a H (r , , z ) r  a  H (r , , z ) r  a

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Eigenvalue equation for the step index fiber

m2 1 1   1 n22 1   J m' ( a) K m' ( a)   J m' ( a) n22 K m' ( a) 
a2   2   2    2  n 2  2     J ( a)   K ( a)    J ( a)  n 2  K ( a) 
  1   m m  m 1 m 
 2   2  k02 n12  2   2  k02 n22
c
k0 n1    k0 n2   k0 neff v ph 
neff
n1  neff  n2
Normalized effective index b is defined as
2
neff  n22 neff  n2 as   0
b 1 b  0
n12  n22 neff  n1 as   

For m  0 TE and TM modes exist. For TE modes E z  0 for TM modes H z  0.

Fundamental mode is HE11 mode. Its cutoff frequency is 0.

Fiber is single mode for V  2.405
2
V a n12  n22
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Graphical solution of the normalized eigenvalue equation

b
2
neff  n22

 n
eff  n2  neff  n2 

 n
eff  n2 
n  n  10 3
since 1 2
n12  n22 n1  n2  n1  n2  n 1  n2 
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A good approximate solution of the normalized

eigenvalue equation
2
 0.9960 
b V    1.1428   for 1.5  V  2.5
 V 
For the fundamental HE11 mode
 J 0 ( r )  j  z
 A J ( a ) e for r  a
 0
Er ( r , z )  
 A K 0 ( r ) e  j  z for r  a
 K 0 ( a )

To a good approximation
r2 3
 w 
Er ( r , z )  e e j z  0.65  1.619V 2  2.879V 6
2
w

a
for 1.2  V  2.4
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Actual and approximate mode shapes of the

fundamental mode

n2  1.46 n1  n2  4 103 2a  8 μm 0  1.5 μm

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Group Velocity
vg

Modulator
v ph
Laser
Time V(t) Electrical data
Modulated optical waveform
Laser output

 neff
c
Time
 c

 neff

n1  neff  n2
2
neff  n22
b
n12  n22  
n1    n2
c c
neff

 varies with frequency

V a n n
2
1
2
2
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Dispersion diagram c © Nadir Dagli UCSB
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Dispersion diagram
same information plotted differently, axes are interchanged

c

n2

c
n1


 
n1    n2 1 b  0
c c

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Launch two closely spaced frequencies on the fiber
c

n2

c 1  0   1   0  
n1
2  0    2   0  
 
0
2
 1 Er1 (r ,  , z , t )  A  r ,  cos 1t  1 z 

Er 2 (r ,  , z , t )  B  r ,  cos 2t   2 z 

1  0  2  A B
 
    
Er ( r , , z , t )  A  r ,   cos  0    t    0    z   cos  0    t    0    z  
       
  a   b 
 ab ab
cos  a   cos  b   2cos   cos  
 2   2 

Er ( r , , z , t )  2 A  r ,  cos  t   z  cos 0 t   0 z 

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An amplitude modulated waveform; pulse train

Er ( r , , z , t )  2 A  r ,  cos  t   z  cos 0 t   0 z 

  
Envelop Carrier

To find the velocity of the envelop To find the velocity of the

pick a fixed point on the envelop carrier pick a fixed point on
which requires the carrier which requires
t   z  C 0 t   0 z  C

 dt   dz  0 0 dt   0 dz  0
dz  dz 0
   v ph
dt  dt  0
 d Phase velocity
As   0 
 d

dz d 
  vg
dt d 
Group velocity

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c
 vg  v ph
n2
Tangent d 
 vg vg  v ph
Slope d  c
n1
vg  c
0

0
Slope  v ph
0

0 

Group velocity is the velocity of information or energy

Phase velocity is the velocity of a constant phase surface; does not correspond to a
physical quantity

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Points on the envelop marked by

arrows travel at group velocity

Points on the waveform marked by

white points travel at phase velocity

Arrows travel slower than the points

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Center of the pulse travels slower

than a point on the waveform

Center of the pulse travels at group

velocity

A point on the waveform travels at

phase velocity

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