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Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Phase Matching
& Special Angles
Lecture Outline
• Phase Matching at an Interface
• The Critical Angle
• Brewster’s Angle
Slide 2
1
9/24/2021
Phase Matching
at an Interface
Slide 3
Illustration of the Dispersion Relation
2
k k k k0 n
2 2 2
x z
Index ellipsoid
k
ky
x
kx
The dispersion relation for isotropic
materials is essentially just the Pythagorean
theorem. It says a wave sees the same
refractive index no matter what direction
the wave is travelling.
z Slide 4
2
9/24/2021
Index Ellipsoid in Two Different Materials
Material 1 (Low n) Material 2 (High n)
2 2
k x2,1 k z2,1 k1 k0 n1 k x2,2 k z2,2 k2 k0 n2
2 2
n1 n2
Slide 5
Phase Matching When 𝑛 𝑛
n1 n2
Material 1
2
k x2,1 k z2,1 k1 k0 n1
2
Material 2
2
k z2,2 k2 k0 n2
2 2
k x ,2
Slide 6
3
9/24/2021
Summary of Phase Matching for 𝑛 𝑛
Material 1 Material 2
n1 n2 2
k x2,1 k z2,1 k1 k0 n1
2
k 2
2
k z2,2 k2 k0 n2
2
x ,2
1 2 3
4 5 6
Properly phased matched
at the interface. Slide 7
Phase Matching When 𝑛 𝑛
n1 n2
Material 1
2
inc c k x2,1 k z2,1 k1 k0 n1
2
inc c
Material 2
2
k x2,2 k z2,2 k2 k0 n2
2
Slide 8
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9/24/2021
Summary of Phase Matching for 𝑛 𝑛
Material 1 Material 2
n1 n2 2
k x2,1 k z2,1 k1 k0 n1
2
k 2
2
k z2,2 k2 k0 n2
2
x ,2
1 2
inc c inc c
3 4
inc c inc c
Properly phased matched
at the interface. Slide 9
The Critical Angle
Slide 10
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9/24/2021
Animation of Snell’s Law (1 of 2)
Beam propagates from low‐index
medium to a high‐index medium.
n1 sin i n2 sin t
Slide 11
Animation of Snell’s Law (2 of 2)
Beam propagates from high‐index
medium to a low‐index medium.
n1 sin i n2 sin t
Slide 12
6
9/24/2021
The Critical Angle 𝜃
The critical angle 𝜃 is the angle of incidence i that produces an angle of transmission 𝜃
that is exactly 90°.
n1 sin i n2 sin t
n
n1 sin c n2 sin 90 c sin 1 2 sin 90
n1
In order for there to be a critical angle c,
n2
the wave must be incident onto a low‐ c sin 1 n1 n2
n1
index medium from a high‐index medium.
n1 > n2
Slide 13
Field at an Interface Above and Below the Critical Angle (Ignoring Reflections)
n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2
No critical angle 1 C 1 C
This called an
“evanescent field”
1. The field always penetrates into material 2, but it may not propagate.
2. Above the critical angle, penetration is greatest near the critical angle.
3. Very high spatial frequencies are supported in material 2 despite the dispersion relation.
4. In material 2, power always flows in the transverse direction, but not in the longitudinal direction.
Slide 14
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Simulation of Reflection and Transmission at a Single Interface 𝑛 𝑛
n1=1.41, n2=1.0 c=45°
Slide 15
Field Visualization for 𝜃 45°
inc = 44° inc = 46°
Slide 16
8
9/24/2021
Electromagnetic Tunneling
If an evanescent field touches a medium with higher refractive index, the field may no longer
be cutoff and become a propagating wave.
This is a very unusual phenomenon because the evanescent field is contributing to power
flow.
This is called electromagnetic tunneling and is analogous to electron tunneling through thin
insulators.
Slide 17
Brewster’s Angle
Slide 18
9
9/24/2021
Can Reflection Ever Be Zero?
Observe that in the Fresnel equations the reflection coefficients have a difference in their
numerator. This means there must exist special conditions where reflection can be zero.
These are the Brewster’s angles.
A similar condition is not observed for transmission.
Slide 19
Brewster’s Angle for TE Polarization (1 of 3)
Start with the Fresnel equation for reflection of the TE polarization.
2 cos i 1 cos t
rTE
2 cosi 1 cos t
We set the numerator equation to zero.
2 cos i 1 cos t 0
The Brewster’s angle 𝜃 is the angle of incidence 𝜃 that satisfies this expression and makes
reflection go to zero.
2 cos B 1 cos t 0 We would like to
2 cos B 1 cos t eliminate this term.
cos B 1 cos t 2 2
2
1 sin 2 B 1 1 sin 2 t
2
2 2
cos B 1 cos 2 t
2
2 Slide 20
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9/24/2021
Brewster’s Angle for TE Polarization (2 of 3)
Solve Snell’s law for sin 𝜃 .
2
n
n1 sin B n2 sin t sin t 1 sin 2 B
2
n2
Substitute this result into the previous expression for
the Brewster’s angle.
2 2
1 sin B 1 1 sin 2 t
2
2 2
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
n
1 sin B 1 1 1 sin 2 B
2
sin B,TE
2
2 2 n2 1 n11 n22
2
Slide 21
Brewster’s Angle for TE Polarization (3 of 3)
Now write and n and in terms of and .
r1 r 2
1 0 2 0 n1 r1 r1 n2 r 2 r 2
r1 r2
The expression for the Brewster’s angle becomes
r1 r 2
1
r 2 r1
sin 2 B,TE 2
1 r1
r 2
Inspecting this equation, observe that there is no Brewster’s angle for the TE polarization
unless the permeability is different in each medium.
Slide 22
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9/24/2021
Brewster’s Angle for TM Polarization (1 of 3)
Start with the Fresnel equation for reflection of the TM polarization.
2 cos t 1 cos i
rTM
2 cos t 1 cosi
Set the numerator equation to zero.
2 cos t 1 cos i 0
1 1
Slide 23
Brewster’s Angle for TM Polarization (2 of 3)
Solve Snell’s law for sin2t.
2
n
n1 sin B n2 sin t sin t 1 sin 2 B
2
n2
Substitute this result into our previous expression
for the Brewster’s angle.
2 2
1 sin B 2 2 sin 2 t
2
1 1
1 2 1
2 2 2 2
n
1 sin B 2 2 1 sin 2 B
2
sin B,TM
2
1 1 n2 1 n12 n21
2
Slide 24
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9/24/2021
Brewster’s Angle for TM Polarization (3 of 3)
We now write the impedances and refractive indices in terms of
r1 r 2
1 0 2 0 n1 r1 r1 n2 r 2 r 2
r1 r2
Our expression for the Brewster’s angle becomes
r 2 r1
1
r1 r 2
sin 2 B,TM 2
1 r1
r2
r 2 n2
Inspecting this equation, we see that we still have a Brewster’s tan B,TM
r1 n1
angle even when the materials do not have a magnetic response.
r1 r 2 1
Slide 25
Simulation of Reflection and Transmission at a Single Interface (n1<n2)
n1=1.0, n2=1.73 B=60°
Slide 26
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9/24/2021
Example – Plot of
Fresnel Equations
Slide 27
Plots of the Fresnel Equations
Low to High Index High to Low Index
(n1 = 1.0 and n2 = 1.5) (n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1.0)
No critical angle Critical angle
n2 n2
c sin 1 sin 1.5 sin 0.667 41.81
1
c sin 1 1
n
1 n
1
Brewster’s angle Brewster’s angle
n2 n2
B,TM tan 1 tan 1.5 56.31 tan 0.667 33.69
1
B,TM tan 1 1
n1 n
1
Slide 28
14