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Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Wave Parameters
Lecture Outline
Slide 2
1
2/26/2020
Wave Velocity,
The scalar wave equation has been known since the 1700’s to be
2 wave disturbance
2 0 angular frequency
v v wave velocity
2
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1 1
v
me m 0e 0
1
c0 299, 792, 458 m s
m 0e 0
Slide 5
Refractive Index, n
When not in a vacuum, m = m0mr and e = e0er and the velocity is reduced by a
factor n called the refractive index.
1 1 1 1 1
v c0
me m 0 m r e 0e r m 0e 0 mr e r n
3
2/26/2020
l0
materials.
c0
v l
n n
Slide 7
v fl c0 f l0
It is now possible to derive an expression for wavelength.
1 1 2
v fl l
me f me me
Slide 8
4
2/26/2020
Wave Vector
The wave vector 𝑘 conveys two pieces of information: (1) Magnitude conveys the
wavelength l inside the medium, and (2) direction conveys the direction of the wave and is
perpendicular to the wave fronts.
k k x aˆ x k y aˆ y k z aˆ z
Slide 10
5
2/26/2020
l1 l2
2 2
k1 k2
l1 l2
Slide 11
l1 l2
2 n1 2 n2 2
k1 k0 n1 k2 k0 n2 k0
l0 l0 l0
Slide 12
6
2/26/2020
Material Impedance, h (1 of 3)
Impedance 𝜂 is defined as the relationship between the amplitudes of 𝐸 and 𝐻.
h E0 H 0
Recall the relationship between 𝐸 and 𝐻.
jk r 1 jk r
E r Pe and H
k P e
m
An expression for impedance 𝜂 can be derived by collecting all of the amplitude
terms together in the expression for 𝐻.
1 ˆ Ek
H kk E0 Pˆ e jk r 0 kˆ Pˆ e jk r
m m
This term is the amplitude of H
Slide 13
Material Impedance, h (2 of 3)
From the last slide, the amplitude of 𝐻 is
Ek
E0 k
H 0 kˆ Pˆ e jk r H0
m m
Expressions have been obtained for both E0 and H0. It follows that impedance is
E0 E0 m
h
H 0 E0 k m k
Since 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀, the final expression for impedance 𝜂 is
m m m m
h h
k me me e
Slide 14
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2/26/2020
Material Impedance, h (3 of 3)
The expressions for the electric and magnetic field components of a wave can
now be modified to be in terms of impedance.
jk r kˆ P jkr
E r Pe and H e
h
where
E m Vacuum Impedance
h 0 m0
H0 e h0
e0
376.73011346177
Slide 15