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Introduction
•When does one need to use LEFM and EPFM?
•What is the concept of small-scale and large-scale yielding?
Background Knowledge
•Theory of Plasticity (Yield criteria, Hardening rules)
•Concept of K, G and K-dominated regions
•Plastic zone size due to Irwin and Dugdal
For =0
LEFM concepts are valid if the plastic zone is much smaller than the singularity zones.
1 KI 2
Irwin estimates rp ( )
2 ys
1 KI 2
Dugdale strip yield model: rp ( )
8 ys
K 1
ASTM: a,B, W-a 2.5 ( I ) , i.e. rp 50 of specimen dimension.
2
ys
EPFM
•In EPFM, the crack tip undergoes significant plasticity as seen in the following diagram.
s h a rp tip
Blunt tip
x
Sharp crack
ds
Blunting crack
CRACK TIP OPENING DISPLACEMENT- CTOD
• Irwin showed that crack tip plasticity makes the crack behave as if it were longer, say from size a to a + r p
1 KI
Unit-IV PPT -61 rp ( )2 -----plane stress
2 ys
KI r
From Table 2.2, uy sin( )[ k 1 2 cos 2 ( )]
2 2 2 2
k 1 ry a ry
Set = , uy KI
2 2
CTOD and strain-energy release rate
4 G
• Equation CTOD
ys
relates CTOD ( ) to G for small-scale yielding. Wells proved that
Can valid even for large scale yielding, and is later shown to be related to J.
• can also be analyzed using Dugdales strip yield model. If “ ” is the opening at the end of the strip.
K 2I K I2 1 2
and
G
If ys
0 ( ys ), then =
ys E
ys
, can be given as: [1 ( ) ]
ys E 6 2 ys
Blunting crack
Sharp crack
Blunting crack
Displacement at the original crack tip Displacement at 900 line intersection, suggested by Rice
CTOD measurement using three-point bend specimen displacement
Vp
z
p
p
expanding
W
'
P
'
rp (W a)Vp
pl
rp (W a ) a z '
Elastic-plastic analysis of three-point bend specimen
K I2 rp (W a)Vp
loa d
V,P
el pl
m ys E rp (W a) a z
K I2 (1 2 ) rp (W a)Vp
el pl
2 ys E rp (W a) a z
P a
KI is given by KI f( )
B W W
CTOD analysis using ASTM standards
loa d
Pc Pu Pm
Pi
Pi
fracture fracture
Mouth opening
Figure (a). Fracture mechanism is purely cleavage, and critical CTOD c <0.2mm, stable crack growth,
(lower transition).
Figure (b). i --- CTOD corresponding to initiation of stable crack growth.
u --- Stable crack growth prior to fracture.(upper transition of fracture steels).
Figure (c) i and then m ---CTOD at the maximum load plateau (case of raising R-curve).
More on CTOD
K I2 J
COD or
yE y
The derivative is based on Dugdale’s strip yield model. For
Strain hardening materials, based on HRR singular field.
n
J
n 1 1
ui y r ui , n
n 1
y y I n
By setting =0 and n the strain hardening index based on
n 1
y 3 e ij
y 2 y y
*Definition of COD is arbitrary since u y x,0 u y x,0
1
A function x
n 1 as the tip is approached
*Based on another definition, COD is the distance between upper
and lower crack faces between two 45o lines from the tip. With this
Definition J
COD d n
y
Where d n d n , y , n ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 as n is varied from
3 to 13 (Shih, 1981)
d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 5 d 6
k
1 2 3 4 5 6
J- Integral
1) Linear Elastic Behavior :
J Integral : G (is the strain energy release rate for the unit crack
extansion)
2
K IC
J IC G IC
E*
E
E* :Plane strain case
1 2
3.2 J-contour Integral, cont.
ds
z u
J ( wdy Ti i ds),
x i
w z 0
ij
ij d ij
ui
ij ( )
x j x
ij
Recall 0 (equilibrium)
(equilibrium) leads to
leads to
x j
ui ui
ij ( ) ( ij )
x j x x j x
Evaluation of J Integral ---2
Hence, J * 0. Thus for any closed contour J * 0.
Now consider 2
4
1
3
J J1 J2 J 3 J4 0
z
1 2 3 4
w
Recall J* ( wdy t ii ds )
x
y ti
a
x
2D body bounded by '
'
In the absence of body force, potential energy
z z
A'
wdA
''
t i i ui ds
w w i j ui
ij ( )
a ij a x j a
d
Using principle of virtual work, 0 for equilibrium, then from
da
eq.(1), we have
z ij
(
x j a
ui
) dA z t ii
ui
a
ds
zt z
'
A '
d dui dw
Thus, i ds dA
da '
dx dx
A'
Load
u d
-dP
Displacement
p
U P U * Complementary strain energy = dP
0
Evaluation of J-Integral
dU *
For Load Control J
da p
dU
For Displacement Control J
da
• Note that near tip strain distribution for a growing crack has a
logarithmic singularity which is weaker then 1/r singularity for a
Williams solution to fracture problem
Note will have singularity at the crack tip but is single valued
r 2 p r , q r ,
Note that both p and q satisfy Laplace equations such that
2 p 2q 0
Now, for the present problem.
Since the problem is linear, any linear combination of the above two will also be
acceptable.
Thus Z2 with Z= ... 3, 2, 1,0,1, 2,3...
Though all values are mathematically fine, from the physics point of view, since
ij r and ij r
Williams Singularity…4
U 12 ij ij r 2
2 R
= 1
ij ij rdrd
0 r0 2
2A R
r 2 1 drd
0 r0
U as r0 0, 1 ( 1 makes ˆ ij 0)
Also, ui r r 1 needs > 1. Thus
=- 12 ,0, 12 ,1, 23 , 2... with = Z2 where Z=-1,0,
positive number.
+ r 2 ...
r ...
5
2
and 2
ij A1r ij I ij r 0 ij r
1
1
2
Note the second term in ij ij r 0 is a non-singular
and non-vanishing term. However, higher order vanish as r 0
KI
with A1
2
KI
ij ij I T ix jx (no sum on x)
2 r
Williams Singularity…5
Now
3
r A1 cos 2 13 cos 32
2
r 2 ...
r ...
5
2
ij A1r ij ij r
12 I
r
0 1
and ij
2
Note the second term in ij ij r 0 is a non-singular
and non-vanishing term. However, higher order vanish as r 0
KI
with A1
2
KI
ij ij I T ix jx (no sum on x)
2 r
Williams Singularity…6
K I yy a and
2a
z
T= yy xx
HRR Singularity…1
Hutchinson, Rice and Rosenbren have evaluated the character of crack tip
in power-law hardening materials.
Suppose the material is represented by Ramberg-Osgood model,
n
0 0 0
0 Reference value of stress=yield strength
0 0 , strain at yield
E
dimensionless constant
n strain-hardening exponent
Note if elastic strains are negligible, then
n
y
y
n 1
ij 3 eq ˆ ij 3
; eq ˆ ij
y 2 ij y 2
HRR Singularity…2
Then
4 f , 0 , r , n,
C1 r s 2 r t (similar to Williams expression)
k 0 r s