Bending of Prismatic bar

Lecture 8

Dereje Engida Woldemichael (PhD, CEng MIMechE)

Lesson Outcomes

n At the end of this lesson you should be able to:

q Formulate stress-strain, strain-displacement relations

q Determine the constitutive and compatibility equations

Introduction
n What is beam?
n What kind of loading does it support?
Pure bending of prismatic Bar
n Consider a prismatic bar bent in one of its principal plane
by two equal and opposite couple M.

n Taking the origin of the coordinates at the centroid of the

cross section and the xz plane in the principal plane of
bending, the stress components from the elementary
theory of bending are
 X   y   XY   XZ   ZY  0
E.x
Z  R – Radius of curvature of the bar after bending
R
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
 X   y   XY   XZ   ZY  0 E.x
Z 
R
1 1

 x   x   . y   z 
E
  x    . z
E 1
1
  1  x   y    . z
 y   y  . x   z   y    . z
E E E
1 Z Z x

 z   z  . x   y   Z  Z  
E E E R
If there is no body force, the equilibrium equation is given by
 z
0
z
The boundary condition for a lateral surface of the bar
Fz   z
Pure bending of prismatic Bar
E.x
Z 
n The bending moment is given by R

M y  Fz .x
E.x2
E .I y
   z .x.dA .dA 
R R

My 1

E .I y R
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar x
Z x
Z    x   y  
E R R

If  x 
u x x x2
  u     dx     u o ( z, y)
x R R 2R
x2
u    uo ( z , y )
2R

 x x x.z
If z   w   dz   wo ( x , y )
z R R R
x.z
w  wo ( x, y )
R
  xz
Pure bending of prismatic Bar  xz 
G
x.z u w
w  wo ( x, y )  xz    XZ  0
R z x
Considering now, the angular deformation:

 x.z 
  wo  u z w0
 xz 
u w u
   
R  0   
z x z x z R x

z 2
w0
Integrating: u z  u0
2R x
Uo is unknown function of x and y
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar

x.z  yz  yz
 YZ  0
w  wo ( x, y ) G
R
Considering now, the angular deformation:

v w v w0
 yz   0  
z y z y

w0
Integrating: v  z  v0
y
vo is unknown function of x and y
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
z2 w u x
u
2R
 z 0  u0
x
x  y   
x R
 z2 w0 
  z  u 0 
 2R x  x x  2 w0 u 0
x        z 2

x R R x x

 w0 
  z  v0  2
 y    x x  w0 v0
y      z 2

y R R y y
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
z2 w w0
u  z 0  u0 v  z  v0
2R x y

x 2
 w0 u0 x  2 w0 v0
   z     z 2

R x 2
x R y y

These equations must be satisfied for any value of z,

 2 w0  2 w0
hence 2
 0, 2
0
x y
x u0 x v0
 
  R y
R x
x
u0     dx
R
x2 z2 w0 x2
uo    f1  y  u z   f1  y 
2R 2R x 2R
Pure bending of prismatic Bar
z2 w w0
u  z 0  u0 v  z  v0
2R x y

x 2
 w0 u0 x  2 w0 v0
   z     z 2

R x 2
x R y y

These equations must be satisfied for any value of z,

 2 w0  2 w0
hence  0, 0
u0
x 2 y 2
x v0
x u0  
  x R y
R x x
v0     dy
w0 xy R
v  z   f 2 x  xy
y R vo     f 2  x 
R
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
z2 w0 x2 w0 xy
u z   f1  y  v  z   f 2 x 
2R x 2R y R

Considering: u v
 xy   0
y x
u   z2 w0 x2 
   z   f 1  y  
y y  2 R x 2R 

u  2 w0  f1  y 
 z 
y xy y
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
z2 w0 x2
u z   f1  y  w0 xy
2R x 2R v  z   f 2 x 
y R
u v
Considering:  xy   0
y x
v   w0 xy 
   z   f 2  x  
x x  y R 
v  2 w0 y f 2 x 
 z   
x xy R x
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
u v
 xy   0
y x
u  2 w0  f1  y  v  2 w0 y f 2 x 
 z   z   
y xy y x xy R x

 2 w 0  f1  y   f 2  x  y
 xy  2z     0
xy y x R
Noting that only the first term in this equation depends on z, we conclude that
it is necessary to have

 2 w0 f1  y  f 2  x  y
0   0
xy y x R
f 1 ( y ) y f 2 ( x) f 2 ( x) y f 1 ( y )
   
Then: y R x or x R y
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar ;

;
;
 2 w0
 0,
 2 w0
0
f1  y  f 2  x  y  2 w0
2 2   0 0
x y y x R xy

According equations (*) and (**), it requires that

o  mx  ny  p y2
f1 ( y )    y  
2R
f 2 ( x)  x  
z2 x2 y2
u  mz     .y  
2R 2R 2R
xy x.z
v   nz     .x     mx  ny  p
R R

m, n, p, , ,  are arbitrary constants.

 Pure bending of prismatic Bar ;

z2 x2 y2
u  mz      .; y  
2R 2R 2R x.z
xy   mx  ny  p
v   nz     .x   R
R
Assuming the point A, together with an element of the z-axis
and element of xz-plane are fixed, we have for x=y=z=0
u=v=w=0
These conditions are satisfied by taking all the arbitrary
constants equal to zero.
Then,
1 2
  xy xz
u
2R
z  (x 2  y 2 ) v w
R R
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
;

xy 1 2 xz
v
R
u
2R

z  (x 2  y 2 )  w
R

xz xc  x
Taking Z=C z cwc c  c1  
R R  R
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar ;

xy xz
v u
1 2

z  (x 2  y 2 )  w
R 2R R

Taking y=±b

 .x. y  .x.( b)   .x 

y  b  v  b   b    b 1  
R R  R 
 Pure bending of prismatic Bar
;

1 2 xz
v
xy u 
z  (x 2  y 2 )  w
R 2R R

Taking x=±a
1 2
x  a  u 
2R

z   (a 2  y 2 ) 
Pure bending of prismatic Bar
1 2 xy
u
2R

z  (x  y )
2 2
 v
R
xz
w
R
 X   y   XY   XZ   ZY  0
x
Z  E
R
 Bending of a cantilever beam
Consider now a more general case of bending of cantilever of
a constant cross section of any shape by a force P applied at
the end and parallel to one of the principal axes of the cross
section
 According elementary theory of bending:

τxy=σy=σx=0

There are shearing stress τxz and τyz acting on the same cross
section

And
 From the differential equilibrium equation:

 x  xy  xz
   Fx  0  xz  yz
x y z  0
z z
 y  xy  yz
   Fy  0
y x z  xz  yz  z  P.x
  
 z  xz  yz x y z I
   Fz  0
z x y

Conclude that the shearing stresses do not depend on

z and are the same in all cross section of the bar
 Considering the boundary condition:
Fx   x l   xy m   xz n Fy   y m   yz n   xy l
Fz   z n   xz l   yz m

0   z (0)   xz l   yz m

According the figure:

dy dx
l  cos( Nx )  and l  cos( N y ) 
ds ds
Considering compatibility equation

2  2
1     x  2  0
2 1    2 xy  0
x xy

2  2
1     y  2  0
2 1    2 xz  0
y xz

2  2
1     z  2  0
2 1    2 yz  0
z zy

Where:    x  y  z
2 2 2
  
and  2  2  2  2
x y z
If σx=σy =0 and

 2

1     z  2  0   2 z  0
2

z
 2
1    2 yz   0   2 yz  0
zy
 2 P
1    2 xz   0    xz 
2

xz I 1   
Since but τxy =0
By introducing a stress function φ(x,y), the differential equation

 xz  yz  xz  yz  z  P.x
  
 0
z z x y z I
They can be satisfied by taken

……… (g)

Substituting f into compatibility equation:

 Integrating with respect to dy:

Considering the rotation of an element of area in the plane of a cross

section of the cantilever (to see pag 318-319)

The stress
function can be
Substituting into the boundary conditions calculate if the
function f(y) is
chosen
 Circular cross section.
The boundary condition of the cross section is:
2 2 2
x y r
The right side of equation “boundary condition”

becomes zero if we take:

Substituting
The stress function is determined as:

f ( y )  Py

y I
 
2 2
 Py   py  1  2 Py
 2   
x 2
y 1  I  I  1  I
 This equation

 
2 2
 Py   py  1  2 Py
 2   
x 2
y 1  I  I  1  I
and boundary condition are satisfied by taking:

m- Constant factor
 2  2
Solving:
2
 2my and
2
 6my
x y
 2  2
m
1  2  P
 2  8my
81   I
then: 2
x y
 
1  2 P 2
x  y 2  r 2 y
And
81   I

From

3  2  P  2 1  2  2     1  2  P.x. y
 xz  2
 r  x  y 
41   I
yz
81   I  3  2 

τzy

x
τzx
  xz 
3  2 P  2 2
r  x 
1  2 2 
y 
y 81   I  3  2 
τzy
 yz  
1  2 P.x. y
x
τzx 41   I

Along the horizontal diameter of the cross section, x=0:

 xz 
3  2  P  2 1  2  2 
 r  y 
81   I  3  2 

 yz  0
 Along the horizontal diameter of the cross section, x=0:

y
 xz 
3  2  P  2 1  2  2 
 r  y 
τzy
81   I  3  2 

x
τzx
 yz  0
The maximum shearing The shearing stress at
stress is obtained at the the ends of the
center (y=0): horizontal diameter
(y=±r):

 xz (max) 
3  2  P 2
r  1  2 r 2 
 xz ( y   r )  
81   I  41  2 I



 Elliptic Cross Section
2b Let boundary condition be:

2 2
y x y
  1  0
2a

τzy 2 2
x
τzx a b
Stress

1   a 2  b 2 P  2 a 2 y 2
 x  b a  a  y
function 21   3a  b  I 
2 2
a 
21   a 2  b 2 P  2 1  2   a 2
2
 xz  2
 a  x  y 
 2 2

1    3a  b 2 I  21   a  b
2 2

Then:
 yz 
1   a 2  b 2 Pxy
1   3a 2  b 2  I
Exercise
n Study the behavior of stresses and strain in rectangular
bars subjected to bending.

n Compare the values of stresses and strains in two bars

of same area (one of circular section and the other of
elliptic section) subjected to bending.
References:

n Boresi, A. P., & Schmidt, R. J. (2002). Advanced

Mechanics of Materials (6th ed.): John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
n Ugural, A. C., & Fenster, S. K. Advanced Strength
and Applied Elasticity (5th ed): Prentis Hall (2011).