Chapter 6

• Theory of flexure

Er. Shova Shrestha 1

Er. Shova Shrestha 2
Er. Shova Shrestha 3
Er. Shova Shrestha 4
Er. Shova Shrestha 5
Er. Shova Shrestha 7
Er. Shova Shrestha 8
Er. Shova Shrestha 9
Er. Shova Shrestha 10
Er. Shova Shrestha 11
ef

Er. Shova Shrestha 12

 da
y
N A

Er. Shova Shrestha 13

Er. Shova Shrestha 14
Er. Shova Shrestha 15
Er. Shova Shrestha 16
Er. Shova Shrestha 17
Er. Shova Shrestha 18
Er. Shova Shrestha 19
Er. Shova Shrestha 20
Er. Shova Shrestha 21
Bending stresses in symmetrical
section(e.g.rectangular section,circular section)

 In this case,NA lies at a distance of d/2 from the

outermost layer of the section where d is the
diameter (for a circular section) and depth (for
rectangular & square section)
 Stress at a point is directly proportional to its
distance from the neutral axis.
 Maximum stress takes place at the outermost layer.

Er. Shova Shrestha 22

Er. Shova Shrestha 23
Bending stresses in unsymmetrical
section(e.g.T section,I section,C section)
 In this case, neutral axis doesnot passes through the
geometrical centre of the section.
 Value of y for topmost layer or bottom layer of the
section from for the NA will not be same.
 For finding the bending stress in the beam,the bigger
value of the y is used.
 Hence for unsymmetrical section ,first centre of
gravity is calculated.

Er. Shova Shrestha 24

Er. Shova Shrestha 25
 Composite Beams(Flitched Beams)
Beam made up of two or more different materials
assumed to be rigidly connected together and
behaving like a single piece is known as a
composite beam or a wooden flitched beam.
In composite beam:
Strain at the common surfaces will be same for both
materials
Total moment of resistance will be equal to the sum of
the moments of individual sections.

Er. Shova Shrestha 26

• When such a beam is subjected to bending, the
bending stresses at a point are proportional to the
distance of the point from the common neutral
axis.
• Consider the composite beam as shown in fig.
and let at a distance y from the N.A, the stresses
in steel and wood are σ1 and σ2 respectively.

Er. Shova Shrestha 27

Er. Shova Shrestha 28
Er. Shova Shrestha 29
• (mI1 +I2) Can be treated as equivalent moment
of inertia of the cross section, as if all made of
material 2(i.e wood) which will give the same
amount of resistance as the composite beam
and denoted by I.
σ2
• Then M = I
𝑦

Er. Shova Shrestha 30

RELATION BETWEEN SLOPE,DEFLECTION
AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE

• Let the curve AB represent the deflection of a

beam as shown in fig.
• Consider small portion PQ of this beam.
• Let the tangents at P and Q make angle ψ and
ψ+dψ with the x axis.
• Normal at P and Q will meet at C such that
• PC = QC = R

Er. Shova Shrestha 31

Er. Shova Shrestha 32
Er. Shova Shrestha 33
Er. Shova Shrestha 34
Er. Shova Shrestha 35
Er. Shova Shrestha 36
Er. Shova Shrestha 37
Methods of determining slope and
deflection at a section in a loaded
beam
1. Double integration method
2. Moment area method
3. Macaulay’s method
4. Conjugate beam method
5. Virtual work method

Er. Shova Shrestha 38

In case of double integration method,the equation used
is,

The first two methods are used for a single load whereas
the third method is used for several loads.
Er. Shova Shrestha 39
Er. Shova Shrestha 40
Er. Shova Shrestha 41
Er. Shova Shrestha 42
Er. Shova Shrestha 43
Er. Shova Shrestha 44
Er. Shova Shrestha 45
Er. Shova Shrestha 46
Shear stresses
 In actual practice, a beam is subjected to a
bending moment which varies from section to
section.
 Shear force acting on the beam is not zero, varies
from section to section.
 Due to shear forces, beam will be subjected to
shear stresses.
 These shear stresses will be acting across
transverse sections of the beam.
 These transverse shear stresses will produce a
complimentary horizontal shear stresses which
will be acting on longitudinal layers of the beam.
 Hence beam will also be subjected to shear
stresses.
Er. Shova Shrestha 47
Er. Shova Shrestha 48
Er. Shova Shrestha 49
 Shear stress at a section
• Given fig.shows a simply supported beam
carrying uniformly distributed load
• Consider two sections AB and CD of this
beam at a distance dx apart
Fig 8.1
 Shear stress distribution for
different sections
1.Rectangular section
2.Circular section
3.I section
4.T section

Er. Shova Shrestha 62

Shear stress distribution for Rectangular
section

Er. Shova Shrestha 63

Er. Shova Shrestha 64
Er. Shova Shrestha 65
Er. Shova Shrestha 66
Er. Shova Shrestha 67
Er. Shova Shrestha 68
Er. Shova Shrestha 69
Er. Shova Shrestha 70
Er. Shova Shrestha 71
Er. Shova Shrestha 72
Er. Shova Shrestha 73
Er. Shova Shrestha 74
Er. Shova Shrestha 75
Er. Shova Shrestha 76
Er. Shova Shrestha 77
Er. Shova Shrestha 78
Er. Shova Shrestha 79
Er. Shova Shrestha 80
Er. Shova Shrestha 81
Er. Shova Shrestha 82
 Numerical
• A circular beam of 100mm diameter is
subjected to a shear force 5 KN. Calculate:
1. Average shear stress
2. Maximum shear stress
3. Shear stress at a distance of 40 mm from N.A

Er. Shova Shrestha 83

Er. Shova Shrestha 84
Er. Shova Shrestha 85
Er. Shova Shrestha 86
Er. Shova Shrestha 87
Er. Shova Shrestha 88
Er. Shova Shrestha 89