C-1 Introduction To Transportation Planning and Engineering

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Transportation Engineering
• Definition
– Transportation engineering is the application of
Chapter:1 Introduction to technology and scientific principles to the planning,
functional design, operation and management of
Transportation Planning and facilities for any mode of transportation in order to
provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,
Engineering convenient, economical, and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods.
Er. Sarita Prajapati

Khwopa Engineering College
CH 1 Introduction to transportation
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planning and engineering
Transportation Engineering Transportation System

• Definition
• Transportation Engineering as defined by the • A facility consisting of the means and
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) is the equipment necessary for the movement of the
application of technology and scientific principles to passenger or goods.
planning, functional design, operation and • Passenger transportation
management of facilities for any mode of • Freight transportation
transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical and
environmentally compatible movement for people and
goods.
CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

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planning and engineering planning and engineering
Er. Sarita Prajapati 1

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Role of Transportation in Society • Political role

– Plays important role in functioning political units
• Economic role such as mutual protection, economic advantages
– Increases the development of road in undeveloped and development of common culture.
area • Environmental role
– Can attract people and also increases the land – Transportation has both negative and positive
value. impact but negative effect is more dominating
• Social role environmental effects have been categorized as
– Easy in movement safety, pollution, social life etc.
– Helps in interlink within different community &
people.

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Components of Transportation System

Impact of Transportation System • Fixed facilities
– It is the components that are fixed in space and
• Economic development constitute network of links such as: railway tracks,
• Social development roads, airports, ocean or river to be traversed,
harbor etc.
• Spatial development
• Flow entities
• Cultural development
– It includes vehicles, aircraft and are considered
• Political development only in terms of their size, weight, acceleration and
deceleration capabilities.
• Control system
– This component includes control over vehicle and
flow. CH 1 Introduction to transportation
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Characteristics of transportation system Characteristics of transportation system

• Multimodal
• Multi-objective
– Covering all modes of transport; air, land, and sea for
both passenger and freight. – Aiming at national and regional economic
development, urban development, environment
• Multi-sector quality, and social quality, as well as service to
– Encompassing the problems and viewpoints of users and financial and economic feasibility.
government, private industry, and public.
• Multi-disciplinary
• Multi-problem
– Drawing on the theories and methods of
– Ranging across a spectrum of issues that includes engineering, economics, operations research,
national and international policy, planning of regional
political science, psychology, other natural, and
system, the location and design of specific facilities,
social sciences, management and law.
carrier management issues, regulatory, institutional and
financial policies.CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation
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Scope of transportation engineering 3. Traffic performance and its control

– Traffic studies and analysis
1. Development planning and location – Traffic regulation and control
– Historical background – Intersection design and their controls with signs,
– Basic for planning and master plan signal, islands and markings.
– Engineering surveys and highway alignment. 4. Material, construction and maintenance
2. Geometric design, pavement and structures – Highway materials and mix design
– Road geometrics and their design – Highway construction, earth work, construction of
– Rigid and flexible pavements different type of pavements
– Design factors and thickness design – Pavement failures and maintenance
– Design of drainage system – Drainage system
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5. Economics, finance and administration Classification of transportation system

– Road user cost
– Economic analysis of highway projects 1. Primary mode of transportation
– Highway finance and phasing of expenditures. – Land transportation
• Highway
• Railway
– Air transportation
• Domestic
• International
– Water transportation
• Inland : internal
• Coastal
CH 1 Introduction to transportation • Ocean CH 1 Introduction to transportation
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Classification of transportation system

– Pipelines transportation
• Water
• Gas
• Sewer
2. Secondary mode of transportation
– Ropeways(cable based cabin)
– Canal(irrigation, water drainage)
– Belt conveyors

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Primary Modes
Belt conveyors

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Comparison between various modes of transportation Constraints on the development of road

mode: Railways, Waterways, Roadways, Airways transportation in Nepal
S.N. Factors Railways Waterways Roadways Airways • Difficult geographical condition
Moderate
1 Speed Speed Low speed Moderate speed High speed • Poor geological condition
Capital costs of
Capital cost of
vessels is high but
physical facilities Capital and operating
vary depending on costs for commercial
• Hydrological condition(River system)
operating cost per the type and costs for commercial is – Number of river crossing
Relatively high ton mile are capacity of quite high bu for general
2 Cost capital cost extremely low roadway is moderate – Run-off is very high in monsoon and velocity is
More safe in Depends on
comparision to safety depends on volume of traffic high
3 Safety roadway weather condition flow Safest mode
offers more Offers door to door
– Lack of financial resources
4 Comfort between seats service Provide more comfort – Technological development

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Constraints on the development of other • Waterways

modes of transportation in Nepal – Lack of sea courses
• Railways – High velocity of water in monsoon
– Water level in rivers
–Initial investment is high
–Geographical condition • Airways
– High transportation cost and not affordable for each
–Technological development(lack of experience) person.
–Geological condition – Only for small aircraft/helicopters
–Hydrological condition – Climatic condition
– Geographical condition

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Historical development of road construction • Roman Roads(312 B.C.)

• Ancient Roads – The earliest large scale road construction is attributed
to Romans who constructed an extensive system of
– Oldest mode of travel was on the foot-path.
roads radiating in many directions from Rome.
– Next major mode of transport was the use of animals
– Romans are considered to be the pioneer in road
– After invention of the wheel, simple animal drawn construction.
vehicle were developed and the need for hard surface
– Some of these roads are still in existence after over
road emerged.
2000 years.
– Traces of such hard roads were obtained from various
– Appian way which was build by Romans in 312 B.C.
ancient civilization dated as old as 3500 BC
extended over a length of about 580 KM.
(Mesopotamia).
– The earliest authentic record of road was found from
Assyrian empire constructed about 1900 BC.
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• Main Features of Roman roads

– An earthen road with a graveled surface.
– They were build straight without any gradient.
– The soft soil from top was removed till the hard
stratum was reached.
25 to 40 cm thick – Built without side drain.
25 to 40 cm thick – The total thickness of road section worked out as
high as 750 mm to 1200 mm.
Typical cross-section of Roman road

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• Tresaguet construction (1775 A.D.)

– Pierre Tresaguet, in 1775 developed an advanced
method of construction with total depth of only 30 (1 in 45)
cm maximum.
30 cm
– The first man to realize the importance of surface
drainage and its methodical maintenance.
– However his construction did not confirm the present
day theory of soil science.
– Much cheaper than Roman Road.
Typical cross-section of Tresaguet construction

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• Main Features of Tresaguet construction • Metcalf Construction

– Thickness of construction needs 30 cm. – While Tresaguet developed his typical pavement
– On the prepared subgrade a layer of large foundation detail in France in 1764 and implemented in 1775
stones was laid. Metcalf in England started his work independently
– Pavement used 200 mm pieces of queried stone. and proposed a similar type of construction.
– Cross slope of 1 in 45 to the surface to provide – About 290km of road was constructed
surface drainage. – As Metcalf was blind, no records of his works
– Shoulders are also provided.
– Shoulder Cross slope is 1 in 20 to drain the surface
water in side drain.

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• Telford Construction (1803 A.D.)

– Thomas Telford(1757-1834)
– Subgrade was however kept horizontal and sloping
surface on the top was achieved.
– As the lateral confinement Telford used a block made
of broken stones in lime mortar.
Typical cross-section of Telford construction

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• Main Features of Telford construction • Macadam Construction (1827 A.D.)

– Large foundation stones of varying thickness (17- – John Macadam (1756-1836), a Scottish road builder,
22cm) which provides the cross slope. is considered as the pioneer of modern road
– To provide lateral stability, a block made of broken construction.
stones in lime mortar was provided. – The first man to realize the importance if subgrade
– Sloped downward from the centre allowing drainage drainage in addition to surface drainage.
of water. – The first person to notice the baseless use of hard
– The top layer of road was made of 40 mm thick stones in the base.
binding layer of gravel. – Stress below the wheel will be reduced as the depth
increases.
– The theory of soil science was first realized by
Macadam.
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• Main Features of Macadam construction

1 in 36
– New method of road construction as compared to all
the previous methods.
– Subgrade was compacted and prepared with a cross
25cm
slope of 1 in 36.
– Heavy foundation are not necessary.
– Total thickness of construction was less than previous
methods.
– Pavement surface was also prepared with a cross
slope 1 in 36.
Typical cross-section of Macadam construction – Multi layer road system.
– Economical construction technology.
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• Modern roads
– The modern roads by and large follow Macadam's
construction method.
– Use of bituminous concrete and cement
– Various advanced and cost- effective construction
technologies are used.
– Development of new equipment's help in the faster
construction of roads.
– Many easily and locally available materials are tested
in the laboratories and then implemented on roads for
making economical and durable pavements

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• Main Features of Modern road

– Development of heavy vehicle and need of high
Roman road
speed resulted to the more stable and durable
pavement structures.
Tresaguet road
– Crushed stone of different gradation are suitable for
compaction and interlocking between them.
– Top layer of the pavement is constructed by stone
aggregates bound by binding materials.
– For good friction to the wheel and to resist the forces
during movement, surface treatment is done. Macadam road
Flexible pavement
– Pavement designed by considering wheel load,
natural soil and other construction material. Concrete pavement Modern road
– Use standards, norms and procedures developed by

government authority.
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• Road construction in Nepal

Classification of Road
– 80,078 km distance road is constructed in Nepal.
– 26,935 km roads constructed and being maintained by A. According to Nepal Road Standard 2070
the Department of Roads (DoR) i. e SRN 1. Administrative classification
– Local roads contribute to distance more than 53,143 2. Technical classification
km.
– 400 villages are devoid or roads. 15000-20000km
roads are to be constructed to overcome this.
– Out of Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, Bhaktapur
is highly fascinated with roads.
– 60% of National Highways are black topped.
– 40-50% of Feeder roads are black topped.

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1. Administrative Classification
1. Administrative Classification a. National Highway:
– National Highway – Main roads connecting East to West and North to
– Feeder Roads South of the Nation.
– District Roads – Serve directly the greater portion of the longer
– Urban Roads distance travel, provide consistently higher level of
service in terms of travel speeds, and bear the
2. Technical Classification
inter-community mobility.
– Class-I
– These roads shall be the main arterial routes
– Class-II passing through the length and breadth of the
– Class-III country as a whole.
– Class-IV – They are designated by letter “H” followed by a
two-digit number.
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43 – H01- MahendraCHHighway
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1 Introduction to transportation
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b. Feeder Roads: c. District Roads:

– Important roads of localized nature. – Important roads within a district serving areas of
– These serve the community's wide interest and production and markets, and connecting with each
connect District Headquarters, Major economic other or with the main highways.
centres, Tourism centres to National Highways or d. Urban Roads
other feeder roads. – The roads serving within the urban municipalities.
– They are designated by letter “F” followed by 3- • In Nepal, National Highways and Feeder Roads comes
digit number. within the responsibility of the Department of Roads
– F01- Birtamod - Chandragadhi Bhadrapur Road (DOR) and collectively called Strategic Roads Network
(SRN) roads.
– F02- Padajungi Damal – Gajurigunj Road
• District Roads and Urban Roads are managed by
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and
Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR). These roads are
collectively called Local Roads Network (LRN) roads.
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2. Technical Classification 2. Technical Classification

a. Class-I c. Class-III
– The highest standard roads with divided carriageway – Class III roads are those with ADT of 2,000 -5,000
and access control (Expressways) with ADT of 20,000 PCU in 20 yrs perspective period.
PCU or more in 20 yrs perspective period. – Design speed adopted for design of this class of roads
– Design speed adopted for design of this class of roads in plain terrain is 80 km/h.
in plain terrain is120 km/h. d. Class-IV
b. Class-II – Class IV roads are those with ADT of 2000 PCU in 20
– Class II roads are those with ADT of 5000-20000 yrs perspective period.
PCU in 20 yrs perspective period.
– Design speed adopted for design of this class of roads
in plain terrain is 100 km/h.
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Classification of Road a. District road

B. According to Nepal Rural Road Standard – Roads joining a VDC headquater office or
2071 nearest economic centre to the district
headquaters, via either a neighbouring district
– District road(Core Network)
headquater or the SRN.
– Village road
b. Village road
• Smaller road not falling under district road
category are village roads, including agricultural
road.

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CH 1 Introduction to transportation Source: DoR SSRN 2015/2016 51 CH 1 Introduction to transportation

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Advantages of road transport

• SRN 2017/2018 • Wide geographic coverage
• Total road network = 13447.62km • Large influential area
(BT,GR,ER) • Low capital investment
• Under construction = 442.49 km • Door to door service
• Planned = 1495.11 km • Flexibility
• Quick and assured deliveries
• Highest employment potential
• Low cost packing
• Personalized travel and service
• Economy
• Overall development of the country
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Disadvantages of road transport Transportation Planning

• Land coverage
• The planning of transportation and its components to
• Environmental pollution function in an organized way to optimally satisfy the
• High accident rate mobility requirement of the society is known as
• Energy consumption transportation planning.
• Uneconomical • Planning is necessary to establish project priority for a
• Parking country, region or locality and this becomes more
significant when the resources available are limited and
• Delay and congestion
requirements are higher.
• The main objective of planning is to optimally utilize
the available resources in the best possible way and in
a very systematic manner.
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Function of Transportation Planning Importance of Transportation Planning

• To identify highway system component • Efficiency – to achieve efficient management
and better management of existing resources
• To define transportation planning
– Effective use of transportation system
• To recall the process and purpose of – Uses of technology
construction planning design
– Land use and resource controlling
• To identify 4 models of transportation
• Quality
– Trip generation model
– To reduce a negative impact to the traffic that
– Trip distribution model produce a pollution
– Modal split model
• Equity
– Traffic assignment model
– To meet travel demand and response for all
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communities
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Types of Planning Types of Planning

• Short term(1-3 years) • Long term( ≥ 5 years)
– Review matters that can be completed within three – A complex problem and requires huge financial
years and involve high costs. expenditure and involves large and extensive
– Less complex and put no great demand on construction programs which affect the environment,
construction activities and require less capital economic, social and natural aspects.
expenditure. – As it is more structured and complicated, it must be
– Example: program an engineers to optimize the use designed better than short term planning
of existing transportation systems by installing – Urban transportation planning process involves
various traffic control devices such as signs and planning the next 20 to 25 year
signals
• Medium term( 3- 5 years)
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Land Use Transport Model

• An effective way to study and design transportation
plans.
• Can be studied under two phases: calibration phase
and projection phase.
• The calibration phase is followed by projection phase.
• In the calibration phase, models are built and tested
using data from a base period.
• In the projection phase, the developed model is used to
determine future transport design based on socio-
economic projection for a design year.

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Model used for Transport Planning

• Population model
• Economic activity model
• Land use model
• Trip generation model
• Trip distribution model
• Modal split model
• Traffic assignment model

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Road or Highway Plan Objectives of Road Planning

• Road transport plan is only one part of overall • To forecast the future requirements of roads
transport plan which should be fit overall needed
national development plan. • To set up priorities and schedules of construction
• Inter-modal plan should be considered in wider and renewal program in accordance with the
perspective so that all the modes of transport available resources.
will be well supported by road network plan. • For financial planning and management.

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Importance of National Road Network

National Road Network Planning
Planning
• Included the planning of all roads to be • Long distance travel
developed in the national context. Such as: • National economy
– National highways • Overall development of country
– Feeder roads
• Rational distribution of agricultural products
• It creates a national skeleton network.
• Distribution of industrial products
• Required for the national economy, social justice
• National integrity
as well as political balance.
• Social and regional justice
• Political balance
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Urban Road Network Planning Road pattern in urban area

• The road system within urban areas • Grid iron pattern
• Consider the extent of town, future expansion – Rectangular or Block pattern
possibilities. – Hexagonal pattern
• May be classify as • Radial pattern
– Arterial – Radial star and block pattern
– Sub-arterial – Radial star and circular pattern
– Collector streets – Radial star and grid pattern
– Local streets

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Grid iron pattern

• Grid iron pattern
– In grid iron pattern the built up area is obtained in a
rectangular or hexagonal shape.
– It can produce monotonously long streets and dull
blocks of the building. Rectangular or Block pattern
– However, it encourages even spread of traffic over
the grid and as a consequence, the impact at a
particular location is reduced.
– One disadvantage of the grid iron pattern is that the
extra distance must be travelled when going in the
Hexagonal pattern
diagonal direction.
– It can be eliminated by providing major diagonal
routes upon the grid.
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• Radial pattern
– This system is widely used in many countries to join
one town centre to another town centre.
– Thus any given town may have several roads
radiating from its centre to other towns and villages
around it.
– As towns grow in size, they turned first to develop
along the radial direction and fill in the spaces after
that.
Radial star and block pattern
– The main traffic generator is located within the
centre area and all radiating roads converge on the
main business area of the focal point.

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Radial star and circular pattern

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Radial star and grid pattern

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Ring Road
• A ring road is a road or the series of connected road
encircling a town or city.
• As per American and European , the name Beltline,
circumferential (high)way, Loop or Orbital are
calling name after ring road.
• It is used for linkage nodes to enter urban center.

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Ring road in Kathmandu

• Network of nodes (Kalanki-Satdobato Koteshwor-
Chabihil-Balaju&Kalanki) is our Ring Road constructed
around 35 years ago.
• It has 2 lane capacity with 27 km in orbital length.
• Being Capital of country, the density of roads is
increasing with increased settlement & urbanization.
• About 9.5 km(8-lane) of the ring road was widened.
• Proposed outer ring road is about 72 km length, 50m
wide.

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Inner ring road and Proposed Outer ring road

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C-1 Introduction To Transportation Planning and Engineering

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C-1 Introduction To Transportation Planning and Engineering

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12/20/2019

Er. Sarita Prajapati

Transportation Engineering Transportation System

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 1

Role of Transportation in Society • Political role

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Components of Transportation System

Er. Sarita Prajapati 2

Characteristics of transportation system Characteristics of transportation system

Scope of transportation engineering 3. Traffic performance and its control

Er. Sarita Prajapati 3

5. Economics, finance and administration Classification of transportation system

Classification of transportation system

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 4

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Comparison between various modes of transportation Constraints on the development of road

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 5

Constraints on the development of other • Waterways

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Historical development of road construction • Roman Roads(312 B.C.)

Er. Sarita Prajapati 6

• Main Features of Roman roads

Typical cross-section of Roman road

• Tresaguet construction (1775 A.D.)

Typical cross-section of Tresaguet construction

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 7

• Main Features of Tresaguet construction • Metcalf Construction

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

• Telford Construction (1803 A.D.)

Typical cross-section of Telford construction

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 8

• Main Features of Telford construction • Macadam Construction (1827 A.D.)

• Main Features of Macadam construction

Er. Sarita Prajapati 9

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

• Main Features of Modern road

– Use standards, norms and procedures developed by

Er. Sarita Prajapati 10

• Road construction in Nepal

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 11

b. Feeder Roads: c. District Roads:

2. Technical Classification 2. Technical Classification

Er. Sarita Prajapati 12

Classification of Road a. District road

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

CH 1 Introduction to transportation Source: DoR SSRN 2015/2016 51 CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Er. Sarita Prajapati 13

Advantages of road transport

Disadvantages of road transport Transportation Planning

Er. Sarita Prajapati 14

Function of Transportation Planning Importance of Transportation Planning

Types of Planning Types of Planning

Er. Sarita Prajapati 15

Land Use Transport Model

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation

Model used for Transport Planning

CH 1 Introduction to transportation CH 1 Introduction to transportation