Strength and Materials

3.
(Deformation, Stress-strain relation)
 OBJECTIVES
Last Lecture:

• Defined Normal stress

• Defined Shear stress
• Use of the method of section

Today

• Define normal strain

• Define shear strain
• Relationship of stress and strain
• Deformation of axially loaded bars

2
 Normal Strain: Shear Strain:
Applied normal stresses cause a body to deform. Applied shear stresses cause a body to
Normal strain, e, is a measure of the resulting deform.
change in length of the material. shear strain, g, is a measure of the resulting
distortion
Concept of normal strain Change in Length
P P Original Length
Lo L  Lo
e
L Lo

Elongation.
P e is POSITIVE P f1

Strains are f2
dimensionless
e is NEGATIVE
Contraction.
gtanf1+tanf2
P P
g≈f1+f2

shear strain, g, approximately

Normal strain, e, deformation per unit length change in a right angle of two fibres.
A very important and common way of
assessing materials is the simple tension test:
A specimen is ‘stretched’; the load and
extension is measured, and the variation of s
against e is plotted

The plotted curve is called

‘stress-strain relation’ or
‘constitutive law’ of a material.

…and a variety of samples sizes.

 Stress and strain (se) relation of mild steel
Important Regions:
Range extended for illustration

• Elastic region
• Yielding
• Strain Hardening
• Necking

• Fracture

Recoverable deformation

Permanent deformation
 Young observed that the s-e slope was a constant for a
particular material, independent of the sample geometry.

Thomas Young (1810) defined an


s
important material parameter, now STRESS STRAIN
known as the modulus of
elasticity, or Young’s modulus.
For uniaxial loading: Elastic
 s  Ee Behaviour
E
s Unit:
or E
e Pa e
Mild Steel Aluminium Concrete Wood Nylon Rubber
Young’s Mod, E(GPa)
210 70 18.5 12.5 2.8 0.004
Similar relationship applies to shear stress and shear strain

  G g or G

g
G is called ‘shear modulus
 Material Properties (Cont.) (Simon Poisson, 1825)

Poisson made important observations and

theories about lateral deflections of materials.
When a bar is placed in tension, lateral A real math nut.
contractions accompany the extension.
Under uniaxial tension and in elastic Consider normal strains…
range: d
e lateral   e longitudinal elongitudin al  +ve
L
d'
elateral  -ve
d/2
r
d/2
Initial
Shape
Final
Shape
r
P

P
L
d’/2
 Example 1: Consider the rectangular bar below under tension.

Find expressions for the axial deformation. s

E
E,  e
y
P d P
x
b
L
What are the normal stress and strain in the axial direction?
Load P sx P
sx   & ex   A  bd
Area A E EA
• Extension (in X-direction):
PL PL
 dx  
dx  ex  L EA Ebd

The elongation of a bar, or the relative displacement of the two ends of a bar
(without any forces acting between the two ends)
PL
d Important formula
EA
EXAMPLE 2
Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm
Determine the elongation of the steel bar when
subjected to loading shown. Est = 210(103) MPa

1m 1m 1m

If the allowable elongation of the bar is 1mm, check

the design is satisfactory

Observations: Forces act between the two ends, so the axial force
along the axis is not always constant and sections must be taken
9
between any consecutive loading points.
 A  0.035m  0.01m  3.5  10  4 m 2
LAB  LBC  LCD  1m
d allow  1mm
Elongation of each segments PL
d
EA
PAB LAB 12  103 N  1m
d AB  
EAAB 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  3.5  10  4 m 2
 163  10 6 m

PBC LBC 30  103 N  1m

d BC  
EABC 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  3.5 10 4 m 2
 408 10 6 m

d  d AB + d BC + d CD
 (163 + 408 + 299) 10 6 m
PCD LCD 22 103 N 1m
6
 870 10 m  0.87 mm d CD  
EACD 210 109 ( N / m 2 )  3.5 10 4 m 2
d  1mm
10
 299 106 m
 Summary
The three important materials properties

E ---- Elastic (Young’s) modulus: Capacity of a material

against liner deformation (tensile or compressive)

G ---- Shear modulus: Capacity of a material against

shear deformation (e.g distortion of a section)

 ---- Poisson’s ratio: the ratio of transverse

contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in
the direction of stretching
E
G
2(1 +  )
 The three important material stresses

Yield stress---- at which permanent

deformation starts. Normally taken
as strength or allowable stress

Ultimate stress ---- maximum stress a material can

sustain
Fracture stress ---- at which total failure occurs

Next week…..
We will study a different form of
Deformation: bending

Additional example after this slide for you home work

EXAMPLE 3
Composite A-36 steel bar shown made from two
segments AB and BD. Area AAB = 600 mm2 and ABD
= 1200 mm2. Est = 210(103) MPa

Determine the vertical

displacement of end A

Observations: forces are applied at A,

B, C and D, so the internal forces
within the ranges of these sections
must be computed first.

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Internal force
Due to external loadings,
internal axial forces in regions
AB, BC and CD are different.
Apply method of sections and equation of
vertical force equilibrium as shown.

vertical

75  2  20  2  40  PCD  0
PCD  45kN

14
PCD Calculate PAB and PBC when you revise
Elongation of each segments, PL
d
EA
d AD  d AB + d BC + d CD PAB  75kN

PAB LAB 75  103 N  1m

d AB  
EAAB 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  600  106
PBC  35kN
4
 5.95  10 m  0.6mm
PBC LBC 35  103 N  0.75m
d BC  
EABC 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  1200  106
 1.04  104 m  0.1mm
PCD  45kN
PCD LCD  45  10 N  0.5m
3
d CD  
EACD 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  1200  106
 8.93  105 m  0.09mm

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d AD  d AB + d BC + d CD  0.6 + 0.1  0.09  0.61mm
Elongation of each segments, PL
d
EA
d AD  d AB + d BC + d CD PAB  75kN

PAB LAB 75  103 N  1m

d AB  
EAAB 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  600  106
PBC  35kN
4
 5.95  10 m  0.6mm
PBC LBC 35  103 N  0.75m
d BC  
EABC 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  1200  106
 1.04  104 m  0.1mm
PCD  45kN
PCD LCD  45  10 N  0.5m
3
d CD  
EACD 210  109 ( N / m 2 )  1200  106
 8.93  105 m  0.09mm

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d AD  d AB + d BC + d CD  0.6 + 0.1  0.09  0.61mm
 P
Example: --- conti. Of example 1 ex 
Find expressions for the lateral deformation. Ebd
E, 
y d
P P
x
b
L
• Lateral Contractions:
d y  Total contraction in the y-direction e lateral   e longitudinal
P P e y  e x
d y  e y  d  e x  d   d 
Ebd Eb