Professional Documents
Culture Documents
marine
EQUIPMENT
2
Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION 4
4 OTHER ISSUES 15
Energy saving 15
Pump characteristic with throttle valve control 15
Pump characteristic with speed control 15
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 16
Harmonic currents and tuned filter circuits 17
Harmonic distortion of mains supply 17
Marine frequency with three possibilities
for Bus communication 18
Communication with PROFIBUS 18
Communication between drives by Siemens DRIVE-CLiQ 18
Commissioning and service with a Personal computer 19
Dynamic load limitation (DLL) 19
SUMMARY 20
3
1 Introduction
The Marine frequency converter system represents applications of Marine frequency converters on board
a new concept due to its uniform power range. a ship, pointing out the advantages of using them. It
will present to you the properties of Marine frequency
The regulation and control properties of Marine
converters in given applications and suggest the cor-
frequency converters enable the use of the same type
responding solutions. At the same time, we will present
of frequency converters with all drives on board. Even
the possibility of integrating Marine frequency con-
hydraulically operated equipment may advantageously
verters in automation systems.
be replaced by Marine frequency converters and electric
motors. Any frequency converter will by nature create distortions
in the supply voltage and can thereby cause disturbances
to other on-board equipment. We will present how to
avoid such disturbances by the selective use of Marine
frequency converter configurations and show the
potential for improvements.
4
Marine frequency converter
Technical Description
for Marine frequency
converters
AC motors controlled by
Marine frequency converters
Frequency converters using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
2
inverter units provide the most favorable technical and
economical solution for controlling AC motors. New IGBT
transistor technology components favor AC motor drives.
Siemens Marine frequency converters Highly integrated microelectronic components having
Frequency converter requirements vary with respect to powerful calculation capabilities and nearly unlimited
functions, the required survey and the uniformity of control storage possibilities make it possible to realize large and
throughout the power range. The frequency converter complex functions at low cost with small space require-
should also be connectable to all system supply voltages. ments.
The new Marine frequency converter family from Siemens The speed-controlled AC motor has been a major innovation
has been developed for the ship industry market and com- in all branches of industry, and the rapid rate of innovation
plies with all the associated requirements. will cause a further increase in the need for such drive
The Marine frequency converters can also be delivered systems.
with rectifiers drawing a pure sine-shaped current, thereby The quality of a speed-controlled drive depends on the ac-
reducing total harmonic distortion to less than 1 %. curacy and the dynamic ability of the power exertion (the
All frequency converters in the Marine design have the torque) to be transferred to the driven machine and also
following properties: on how precisely the speed regulation can be controlled.
Additionally, it is extremely important to achieve optimum
• Frequency conversion using IGBT technology efficiency and to minimize power consumption.
• Uniform control philosophy
• Same type of control panel Today, it is almost unthinkable to drive modern machinery
without speed-controlled drives. Economical as well as
• Identical electronic solutions and basic functions
technical conditions must be evaluated when investing in
• Identical connection of control functions
new motor drive technology.
• Identical commissioning technique
• Open software for customized applications Disregarding the efficiency of the motor and the frequency
converter, the load on the primary power source is the
A function (a parametric number) given in one unit has the
active power required by the working machinery at any
identical meaning in all other units found in the range. The time only. This will be the case even when the motor
same applies to the function of the signal terminals and operates in the partially loaded area, i.e. with unity power
their allocation. The same also applies to functions like factor against the mains.
diagnostic memory, trace and reaction to faults. All units
react in the same way to control commands. This is an The onboard generators are not loaded with reactive
important advantage to you as user: if you know how to power and do not need be dimensioned for this. The figure
use one Marine converter, you know how to use them all. below shows the typical efficiency factor of a motor and
a frequency converter throughout the speed range with
Marine frequency converters from Siemens is the first a constant load torque at all speeds. Marine frequency
frequency converter system on the market covering all kind converters use optimum Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
of applications with the same frequency converter philo- causing the connected motors to maintain a high efficiency
sophy. Here, the smallest units may be used for driving and high torque utilization over the complete speed range.
pumps and fans, while the larger units may drive transverse
thrusters and motors for main propulsion. You will deal
with only one concept with respect to operation and main-
The efficiency curve throughout the speed range
tenance. for a Marine frequency converter controlled motor
100
Motor
90
Converter
80
Total
70
60
0
0 40 60 80 100
Speed n/nrated [%]
5
Large drives such as diesel-electric propulsion systems
normally get their electrical power from three or more
diesel engines. Here is a great potential for energy saving
in using only the number of diesel engines needed for the
desired propulsion and the other energy needs on board.
Auxiliary diesel engines will no longer be needed and the
planning of maintenance becomes easier.
A diesel-electric propulsion system enables a more flexible
and optimal positioning of the heavy and bulky compo-
Diesel-electric propulsion of a luxury yacht
nents and will at the same time reduce the total requirement
for area and space. Simultaneously, improved system plann-
ing will result in reduced service costs.
Cooling water pumps and fans also represent a great Overview of the Marine frequency converter
energy saving potential since they are dimensioned ac-
cording to classification requirements with respect to
operation
temperatures. The result is the use of excessive energy in The task of the frequency converter is to convert the fixed
pumping unnecessary volumes of air and water through frequency and voltage of the power supply (mains supply)
the system. For much of the year, air and water temperatures to a variable frequency and voltage for feeding the motor.
are normally considerably lower than the criteria used as The speed of the motor will change linearly with the
the basis for the classification requirements. Investment in frequency. In order to exert an exact control of the motor
Marine frequency converters with integrated temperature torque, it is important to keep the ratio of voltage and
regulation will soon pay for itself. frequency constant throughout the speed range of the
For other uses such as winches, thrusters, discharging motor, i.e. V/f ~ = constant; is the magnetization flux
pumps, etc., a Marine frequency converter-fed AC motor of the motor.
will exhibit better operational features than hydraulics. The rectifier of the Marine frequency converter converts
A Marine frequency converter will regulate the speed ac- the AC supply voltage to a constant DC voltage, and the
curately and make the motor yield an exact pre-set torque. task of the AC inverter is to transform this DC voltage into
The rugged squirrel cage motor may be controlled to give a variable AC voltage. The Marine frequency converter
a uniform torque from standstill to well beyond the rated performs this energy conversion in an almost loss-free way.
speed. The efficiency of the Marine frequency converters lies in
the range of 97–98 %. The power rectifier, consisting of
Speed-controlled motor drives have the following diodes or thyristors, does this in a way to ensure that the
advantages: current drawn from the supply is in phase with the supply
voltage, i.e. the Marine frequency converter will only draw
• Lower investments active power from the supply, i.e. almost unity power factor,
• Energy saving in the partial load range and there is no need for reactive power. Ignoring the
• Low maintenance costs as wear of machinery and efficiency factor of the motor and the Marine frequency
materials are saved by the controlled motor operation converter, the motor drive will only draw the active power
• Less space in relation to hydraulic or diesel solutions at any time needed by the driven load. This also applies
when the motor operates in the partial load range.
Technically better process solutions:
The high efficiency of a speed-controlled squirrel cage
• Improved operation reliability
motor throughout the speed range is superior compared
• Less wear, less maintenance
with other forms of drives.
• Simple monitoring and operation
• Fast and safe fault diagnosis
• Economically friendly operation
Rectifier
V
DC link
t
Inverter
V
3AC 0 - Vrated
t
M
~
6
The Marine frequency converter's
load on the power supply
The figure below shows the principle of a Marine frequency
converter controlled motor drive. The two graphs show the
current, voltage and power supplied to the motor or driven
machine and corresponding conditions on the supply side
as a function of the motor speed. The condition here is that
the driven machine requires a constant torque T over the
speed range.
The physical relation between torque T and power P is
T [Nm] = 9.55 . P [W] / n [rpm]
We see from this that the output power P will increase
Applications with
Marine frequency
converters
Power [kW]
Torque [Nm]
8
Marine frequency converters for booster For on-deck location, the motors must have a degree of
IP56 – heavy sea protection – and must often have an
Booster drives increase the main power propulsion of
explosion-proof design. Speed-controlled pump drives using
vessels by using an electric motor in combination with the
Marine frequency converters provide much better flexibility,
main engine.
efficiency and noise level than hydraulically-driven pumps.
They support the ship's diesel engine when accelerating,
Also pump-related special “Technology software” can be
relieve it over the complete speed range, guarantee con-
part of this solution for protection of the pump and a higher
sistently high speeds and improve its efficiency.
productivity of the total pump system.
In the diagram below, you will find an overview of a booster
Marine frequency converters offer both speed and torque
drive system implemented in an electrical system.
control and with AC motors of high thermal reserve, supreme
flexibility can be achieved in a pump system of this kind.
Propulsion
The figure shows the high torque obtained with Siemens
AC motors used in conjunction with Marine frequency con-
Booster
verters, even above the rated motor speed.
M
~
Constant flux Field weakening
Diesel engine Torque
range range
T/Trated [%]
Generator G G ~ G G 100
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
90
80 Utilization
according to
Main 70 temperature class F
switchboard
60 Utilization
according to
Example of a booster drive system with 3 auxiliary generators temperature class B
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Frequency [Hz]
The Booster drive can operate in conditions such as:
Typical torque utilization characteristic
• Main engine is out of order. This means that the propeller
for a self-cooled squirrel-cage motor as a function of speed
of the vessel is controlled over the Booster drive.
• In case the vessel is at crawl speed, the main engine can AC-connected systems
be switched off and propulsion power is delivered by the
Booster drive. Input power to the Marine frequency converter feeding the
cargo pumps comes from a circuit breaker via the main
• When the main engine is running at nominal power and
distribution board. Each cargo pump has its own Marine
the speed has to be increased.
frequency converter and is individually controlled. The
Highlights for this device are: Marine frequency converters communicate with the auto-
• Main engine and main generator can be smaller due to mation system via conventional I/O signals or via serial
the fact that additional propulsion power can be supplied communication channels, for instance PROFIBUS, Ethernet,
by the booster. Also the auxiliary generators will be used and CAN-Bus.
more optimally. The Marine frequency converter may form part of the main
• Lower energy consumption especially in partial loads. switchboard or be mounted in separate cubicles or cabinet
Also fuel saving by switching off the main engine at systems.
crawl speed.
• Less maintenance due to the fact that auxiliary engines
Cargo pumps with AC-connected system
are running at optimal condition and main engine is not
used at low speed where low power is applicable. Main switchboard
3AC 380 / 690 V, 50/60 Hz
Marine frequency converters
for cargo pumps
In connection with transport of goods, we need equipment AC Busbar
for loading and unloading ships.
These are for example pump drives for oil tankers, chemical
tankers or edible-oil tankers.
As the Marine frequency converter system is of a modular
construction, it is possible to customize pump concepts
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
according to the number of pumps, their sizes and their
simultaneity factor. The pump drives with associated elec-
M M M M M M M M
trical motors are either located in a pump room or long- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
axled pumps are used with their motors placed on deck.
9
DC-connected system
Main switchboard
Especially where pumps are not to be simultaneously 3AC 380 / 690 V, 50/60 Hz
operated, it may be practical to allow the Marine frequency
converters to be fed from the main switchboard via two
rectifiers or Active Front End. The rectifiers or Active Front
End in turn feed each converter via a DC busbar. The di-
mensioning of the rectifiers should be based on the simul-
taneity factor of the pumps, and not on the totally installed
pumping power. The advantage of such a system is that
the total dimensions of the main switchboard including the
Marine frequency converters are optimized. ~ ~
~ ~
Main switchboard
3AC 380 / 690 V, 50/60 Hz
M M M M
~ ~ ~ ~
10
Main switchboard
Operator desk 3AC 380 / 690 V, 50/60 Hz
Touch panel
~ ~ ~
Interface connection ~ ~ ~
I/O or serial
Remote access communication
M M M M M M
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
11
LV Switchgear
Emergency
Stop
Electric motors
Winch
With Marine frequency converters, electrical braking can In conjunction with Marine frequency converters, the con-
be performed as follows: trollability requirements for winches are analogous to those
• The electrical braking energy is fed back to the mains. for cranes, be it grab cranes or container cranes. On a crane,
The precondition is that the mains is able to receive the there are often many motor drives, like for instance for the
superfluous electrical energy, i.e. other heavy loads must main hoist, an auxiliary hoist, gantry movements and
be connected. transverse movements.
• The electrical braking energy is absorbed by a brake Considering power load and the simultaneity factors, the
resistor. With braking of long duration, this will lead to most compact configuration of the Marine frequency con-
a lot of heat being dissipated from the resistor, requiring verter system would be to use a common mains rectifier
more space than the previous braking option. feeding all converters via a DC busbar. The rectifier may
well be of the feedback-of brake-energy type or with a com-
mon brake chopper mounted on the DC busbar. The DC
busbar will then work as an energy smoothing connection.
12
Marine frequency converters in fans
and cooling systems Required
temperature
On board most ships, there are a great number of pumps 4 - 20 mA
serving multiple purposes. Cooling water pumps are es-
PID ~
pecially dimensioned to have their rated capacity at a water
~
temperature of 32 °C or 38 °C. When operating in cooler
Temperature
seas, this means that unnecessary high volumes of cooling signal
M
water are pumped through the systems, resulting in high 4 - 20 mA ~
cost of energy and wear of the mechanical equipment.
Vessels used for instance for transporting fruit require very
stable temperatures. In passing through climatic zones with Temperature regulation of a pump with Marine frequency converter
changing temperature conditions, a Marine frequency
converter controlled cooling system will ensure constant
storage room temperature.
On board passenger and cruise vessels, considerable energy
Required
is used for ventilation and air conditioning. Day cycles and pressure
changing environmental temperatures mean the motor 4 - 20 mA
power requirement for systems of this kind will undergo
PID ~
large variations.
~
With temperature control, only the required motor power Measured
pressure
will be used to maintain the desired temperature. 4 - 20 mA
For supply vessels, the ballast pumps, cargo pumps for fuel,
brine and mud, etc. are installed with speed regulation
using Marine frequency converters. M M
~ ~
The use of Marine frequency converters in regulating engine
room temperature has also proved to provide great savings
in energy.
Most pump and fan systems pay for themselves within a Pump control with Marine frequency converter, pumps working
couple of months of operation through energy saving. The in parallel with only one speed-controlled machine
13
Marine frequency converters
Main switchboard
for other applications 3AC 380 / 690 V, 50/60 Hz
The Marine frequency converter drives can also be used
for other applications such as cranes and conveyor belts.
Especially where speed or torque-controlled drives are
necessary, the marine drives are at their best.
With the open software functionality, customized
applications can be easily adapted in the Marine frequency
converter by using this open software. ~
=
DC Busbar
= = = =
~ ~ ~ ~
M M M M M M M
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Main Swing Portal Braking
lift chopper
14
Energy saving
Within the ship industry, fuel consumption is an important
part of operational costs. Especially when oil prices are
rising, the fuel consumption of the vessel will get a more
important priority within these costs.
Energy saving is then an attractive way to reduce the fuel
costs of a vessel.
With Siemens Marine frequency converters, a substantial
amount of energy can be saved, especially in partial loads
at pumps and fans.
Shown below is a comparison between pump operation
with throttle valve control and with variable speed control.
Other Issues
The energy difference (red arrows) has to be “throttled Operation point Q = 400 m3/h at 150 m Flow Q [m3/h]
away” = wasted. Qmax = 450 m3/h
Available power in operation point
The energy consumption at the input is approx. the same,
*) To despense (“throttle away“) 210 - 50 = 160 m!
throttle valve means mechanical control at the output.
Throttle valve control along pump characteristic (blue)
n = nA
Qmin QA Qmax Flow Q
n1 < nA
Legend n2 < n1
Blue: pump characteristic Red arrows: energy “throttled away” n3 < n2
Red: process characteristic Black: power consumption
n4 < n3
The following graph shows the pump characteristic (blue) Power P Flow Q
and the various regimes of the plant/process (red), regimes n
achieved using the throttle valve control.
The energy waste is materialized by the pump head
difference which is not used.
Example: necessary flow 200 m3/h: QA Qmax Flow Q
necessary Q = 200 m3/h at 50 m (equiv. potential energy),
but the pump can give 200 m3/h at 210 m (equiv. potential Legend
energy), results Blue: pump characteristic
Red: process characteristic
210 – 50 = 160 m wasted pump head, in other words Black below: power consumption at various speeds
this means 160 m wasted equiv. potential energy (see graph
right above).
15
Pump head H [m]
To limit the interference emissions of Marine frequency
250 converters, the following measures have to be taken:
200 • Interference suppression filters to limit conducted
150 emissions.
n
100 The Marine frequency converters are equipped with filter
50 components to reduce the conducted emissions according
0 to the standard EN 61800-3 for Industrial Environment
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
and in accordance with the specifications of the ship
Flow Q [m3/h]
classification societies like DNV, GL, LR, ABS and BV.
Speed control: along plant/process characteristic (red) • Shielded motor cables to reduce radiated emissions.
This precaution has to be taken when installing the drive
system.
Siemens Marine can support you with the calculation of
• Compliance with the installation guidelines.
the amount of energy saved – see graph below:
This part is delivered together with the operating instruc-
tions of a Marine frequency converter.
To ensure the immunity of Marine frequency converters,
Electrical power Pel [kW]
300
the following measures have to be taken:
250 • Shielded signal cables to protect the wires connected to
200 the controller against electromagnetic interference.
150 This precaution has to be taken when installing the drive
100 system.
50
• Compliance with the installation guidelines.
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 This part is delivered together with the operating instruc-
Flow Q [m3/h] tions of a Marine frequency converter.
Operation point Q = 400 m3/h at 150 m
Qmax = 450 m3/h When all these measures are taken, the Marine converters
Available power in operation point are operating reliably without interfering with other equip-
ment in the same environment.
The shaded area represents the energy saved due to the
variable speed i.e. speed control
Black: energy consumption with throttle valve control
Red: energy consumption with speed control
16
Harmonic currents and tuned filter circuits Medium voltage network
All power electronic units where diodes and thyristors are
Transformer
used will cause distortion of the mains voltage. Thyristor
Low voltage network
rectifiers will in addition cause considerable inductive
reactive currents.
The rectifier current consists of a multitude of sine-shaped
currents, a basic frequency component and a lot of harmonic ~
currents of frequencies several times that of the mains
~
frequency.
The network impedance will cause all these currents to M Tuned filter circuit
generate voltages superimposed on the fundamental sinu- ~
soidal wave form of the mains. This leads to distortion of
Absorption of harmonic currents in filter circuits
the mains voltage which may give rise to mains faults and
fall-out of other subscribers.
The mains rectifier loads the network with the basic fre- As seen from the figure, the capacitance and inductance
quency I1 and returns to the network (power line) currents play crucial parts in the reduction of harmonics. This means
with harmonic numbers v that to avoid resonance, the inductivity of the network is
v = 6 . k –+ 1, k = 1, 2, 3, ... important in the dimensioning of the filter circuits. The
number of generators in operation will change the network
inductivity, i.e. the short-circuit reactance of the network
Uphase
and the filter circuits must be dimensioned to cater for such
operational situations as well.
IL
17
For higher motor powers (as seen in relation to the generator Marine frequency with three possibilities
capacity), the Marine frequency converters should be for Bus communication
constructed with a 12-pulse rectifier, i.e. 2 times 6-pulse
mains rectifiers connected to a separate supply system The digitalization of control and regulation facilities provides
via a three-winding transformer. The transformer output potentials for new possibilities. Marine frequency converters
(Dy5Dd0) group is arranged to give a 30° electrical phase may be connected to automation systems via serial in-
shift between the two secondary winding systems. terfaces and data bus systems. Parameters from Marine
frequency converters may then be exchanged with those
The connection to the pre-connected mains circuit will in from an automation system for process control (scale values,
this case result in a reduction of the mains voltage distortion. actual values, commands and messages), for process adap-
With two such Marine frequency converter drives, the tation (control set points, choice of curve characteristics)
connection groups of the two transformers may be 15°
and for service cases (stored fault messages, times of
phase shifted relative to each other. We have then obtained
operation, measured and calculated process parameters).
a so-called 24-pulse connection to the mains; however, in
The quality of the data interface, the structure and content
order to obtain the full reduction of the harmonic distortion,
of parameters as well as the operational and service philo-
it is a condition that the two motor drive system are equally
sophy form parts of the essential quality properties of a
loaded.
speed-controlled motor drive.
With their Marine frequency converters, Siemens is having
a complete type range of mains rectifiers using transistor Communication with PROFIBUS
technology (IGBT). In construction, this rectifier is identical
Marine frequency converters may be connected to the
to the frequency inverter. The advantage of transistors is
their ability to be turned on and off. The Marine Active PROFIBUS system standardized by DIN 19245. Other com-
Front End mains rectifiers are controlled in a way to draw ponents are also available, like actuators, valves and sensors
an undistorted sine-shaped current from the mains. connectable to the PROFIBUS standardized bus system. All
information previously connected to the Marine frequency
This means that the power factor is exactly equal to 1. converter via the conventional I/O terminal block may now
However, the Active Front End rectifier may be parameterized be transferred via the bus system on a two-wire cable.
if the power factor is required to deviate from 1. The value The automation system delivers its commands and scale
of the power factor may be parameterized to be either values through the cable in the form of telegrams. Status
capacitive or inductive. This means that Marine frequency reports and actual values run in the opposite direction for
converters with Active Front End mains rectifiers may take possible presentation on a screen-based control system.
over the task of the generator to supply reactive power to PROFIBUS guarantees a quick and safe data transmission
inductive loads like for instance motors directly connected using the Master-Slave principle. The high transmission
to the mains. rate of 1.5 Mbit/sec and the short reaction time enables
The voltage distortion from an Active Front End is below transmission periods of less than 1 ms to and from the
2 %, which means that the distortion is not visible in the automation system (the master) for instance connected
oscilloscope picture. to a Marine frequency converter (a slave).
For vessels with an amount of large consumers relative
Communication between drives
to the generator power at its maximum, the Active Front
End is the ideal solution. This is true both with respect to
by Siemens DRIVE-CLiQ
price and space requirements, and the resulting low network When operating cranes and winches where one motor drive
distortion. The use of an Active Front End will make a clean is mutually dependent on the operation of other drives,
power machine superfluous, e.g. a rotating or static con- much equipment and planning may be saved by letting the
verter. motor drives communicate directly with each other. This
fast connection may convey information of changes in both
speed and torque to the other motor drives. The signaling
The principal construction of Marine frequency converters between drives is extremely fast due to the fact of the
as 6-pulse, 12-pulse and as Active Front End with the associated
network current loads
Ethernet communication. This fast communication may be
made with or without PROFIBUS.
6-pulse 12-pulse Active When PROFIBUS is used, non-time-critical information can
rectifier rectifier Front End
be handled over this communication net, the time-critical
information over the DRIVE-CLiQ bus. In this way, more
time-critical information can be handled.
M M M
~ ~ ~
Commissioning and service The dynamic load limitation system will continuously adapt
with a Personal computer and limit the power consumption to the generators' maxi-
mum load. Enabling the complete electric system, and
For the Marine frequency converters powerful service tools particularly the generators, to be run according to their
are available. nominal loads, no other control system is needed to ensure
STARTER is a tailor-made visualization program for com- the reliability of the power supply on board. If one diesel
missioning and service, creating figures and text to aid you generator has an unexpected sudden shutdown, the
safely through implementation. Having put the Marine DLL system will immediately react. The power consumption
frequency converter into service, STARTER may be used for of the heavy consumer system will, within 160 ms, be
easy adjustments of parameters and functions. reduced and kept within the nominal load limits for the
Having commissioned or made the necessary changes in remaining generators. The dynamic load limitation system
parameters, the complete content of the Marine frequency is so fast that a black-out is avoided. The dynamic load
converter parameter memory may be stored in a PC. This limitation system is an option in the Marine frequency
will be a safe back-up and may come in useful when the converter and is independent of the Power Management
day comes for replacing the Marine frequency converter System (PMS).
or its control board. You will then only have to transfer the
complete set of stored parameter data from the PC.
STARTER also has an oscilloscope function where up to
six physical values, for instance current, rotational speed,
torque, etc. may be simultaneously measured on the PC.
Load [%]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Load on generators Time [ms]
Drive output power
19
Summary