10.

The forerun in a distillation is the first fraction, (or the mixture

between fractions), and usually it is just a few drops. This contains
any very volatile substances that are present in the sample, and it is
a kind of first rinse of the distillation glassware. It may be combined
with the next fraction if the analysis warrants.

11. Essential oil is immiscible in water (not forming a homogeneous

mixture), it is why the collected distillate is cloudy, and if let to sit
will separate in two distinct layers. On the other hand, miscible
liquids will not separate in to two layers and will form a clear
solution.

12. Partial pressure of 1-octanol = Total pressure – Partial pressure

of water
Partial pressure of 1-octanol = 760 mmHg – 744 mmHg = 16
mmHg

Weight substance = (substance’s partial pressure)(substance’s

molecular weight)
Weight water. (water’s partial pressure)(water’s molecular
weight)

Weight water = (1.55)(744)(18) / (16)(30) = 9.979 g of water

% 1-octanol = 1.55 g / (9.979 + 1.55) = 13.44 %

% water = 9.979 g / (1.55 + 9.979) = 86.55 %