A Project Synopsis Report On

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO

RESET ON TEMPORARY FAULT AND
PERMANENT TRIP OTHERWISE”
A Project Synopsis Report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the Degree in Bachelor of Engineering

in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By

AVINASH TANTI

PREM BADHE

SHALAKA GHULE

POOJA KOKATE

Under the Guidance of

Asst. Prof. Mrs. MONALISA DASH

Department of Electrical Engineering

Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Ghansoli

Navi Mumbai- 400701

(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

2017-18
 Jawaharlal Nehru Institute Of Education Science & Technological Research Trust, Nanded (M. S.)

Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Ghansoli

Navi Mumbai- 400701

Certificate

This is to certify that the project synopsis title “THREE PHASE FAULT
ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ON TEMPORARY FAULT AND
PERMANENT TRIP OTHERWISE” is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
project work for the Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from University of
Mumbai in academic year 2017-18.

By

AVINASH TANTI (03)

PREM BADHE (04)

SHALAKA GHULE (22)

POOJA KOKATE (37)

Mrs. MONALISA DASH Mrs. RAMA PANTAR

(Project Guide) (H.O.D, Electrical Engg. Department)

Dr. SUNIL P. CHAVAN

(Principal)
 Declaration

We, the undersigned, declare that the project entitled ‘THREE PHASE FAULT

ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ON TEMPORARY FAULT AND PERMANENT

TRIP OTHERWISE’, being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of

Engineering Degree in Electrical Engineering, affiliated to Mumbai University, is the

work carried out by us.

Avinash Tanti Prem Badhe Shalaka Ghule Pooja Kokate

 Acknowledgement

It is indeed a matter of great pleasure and proud privilege to be able to

present this project on "THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO

RESET ON TEMPORARY FAULT AND PERMANENT TRIP

OTHERWISE".

The completion of the project work is a millstone in student life and its

execution is inevitable in the hands of guide. We are highly indebted the project

guide Asst. Prof. Mrs. Monalisa Dash for her invaluable guidance and appreciation

for giving form and substance to this report. It is due to her enduring efforts,

patience and enthusiasm, which has given a sense of direction and purposefulness

to this project and ultimately made it a success.

We would also like to thank our head of department Prof. Mrs. Rama Pantar

for giving us this opportunity and guidance and encouragement. We would also like

to express our deep regards and gratitude to the Principal Dr. Sunil P. Chavan.

We would wish to thank the non - teaching staff and our friends who have

helped us all the time in one way or the other. Really it is highly impossible to

repay the debt of all the people who have directly or indirectly helped us for

performing the project.

 Abstract

The project is designed to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the

three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief
interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in
case of permanent fault.
The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e.
industries or domestic can have failures due to some faults which can be temporary
or permanent. These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system
equipment. In India it is common to observe the failures in supply system due to
the faults that occur during the transmission or distribution. The faults might be LG
(Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three lines) in the supply systems and
these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power system. To overcome
this problem a system is built, which can sense these faults and automatically
disconnects the supply to avoid large scale damage to the control gears in the grid
sub-stations.
This system is built using three single phase transformers which are wired in
star input and star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections,
having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of
fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers
are used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. A set of
switches are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for
activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the
load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in
permanent trip.
 Table of Contents

SR NAME OF THE CHAPTER.

no.
1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION.
2. CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
3. CHAPTER 3
PROJECT OVERVIEW.
4. CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE.
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Various studies have shown that anywhere from 70%, to as high as 90%, of
faults on most overhead lines are transient. A transient fault, such as an insulator
flashover, is a fault which is cleared by the immediate tripping of one or more
circuit breakers to isolate the fault, and which does not recur when the line is re-
energized. Faults tend to be less transient (near the 80% range) at lower,
distribution voltages and more transient (near the90% range) at higher, sub
transmission and transmission voltages.
Lightning is the most common cause of transient faults, partially resulting
from insulator flashover from the high transient voltages induced by the lightning.
Other possible causes are swinging wires and temporary contact with foreign
objects. Thus, transient faults can be cleared by momentarily de-energizing the line,
in order to allow the fault to clear. Auto reclosing can then restore service to the
line.
The remaining 10 - 30% of faults are semi-permanent or permanent in
nature. A small branch falling onto the line can cause a semi-permanent fault. In
this case, however, an immediate de-energizing of the line and subsequent auto
reclosing does not clear the fault. Instead, a coordinated time-delayed trip would
allow the branch to be burned away without damage to the system. Semi-permanent
faults of this type are likely to be most prevalent in highly wooded areas and can be
substantially controlled by aggressive line clearance programs.
Permanent faults are those that will not clear upon tripping and reclosing. An
example of a permanent fault on an overhead line is a broken wire causing a phase
to open, or a broken pole causing the phases to short together. Faults on
underground cables should be considered permanent. Cable faults should be cleared
without auto reclosing and the damaged cable repaired before service is restored.
There may be exceptions to this, as in the case of circuits composed of both
underground cables and overhead lines.
Although auto reclosing success rates vary from one company to another, it
is clear that the majority of faults can be successfully cleared by the proper use of
tripping and auto reclosing. This de-energizes the line long enough for the fault
source to pass and the fault arc to de-energize, then automatically recloses the line
to restore service. Thus, auto reclosing can significantly reduce the outage time due
to faults and provide a higher level of service continuity to the customer.
Furthermore, successful high-speed reclosing auto reclosing. on transmission
circuits can be a major factor when attempting to maintain system stability. For
those faults that are permanent, auto reclosing will reclose the circuit into a fault
that has not been cleared, which may have adverse effects on system stability
(particularly at transmission levels).
 Chapter 2

Review of Literature

2.1 General
Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed via large
interconnected power systems. The generation of electric power takes place in a
power plant. Then the voltage level of the power will be raised by the transformer
before the power is transmitted. Electric power is proportional to the product of
voltage and current this is the reason why power transmission voltage levels are
used in order to minimize power transmission losses.

The primary objective of all power systems is to maintain the continuous

power supply. During normal operating conditions, current will flow through all
elements of the electrical power system within pre-designed values which are
appropriate to these elements’ ratings. However, natural events such as lightning,
weather, ice, wind, heat, failure in related equipment and many other unpredictable
factors may lead to undesirable situations and connection between the phases
conductors of a transmission lines or the phase conductors to ground, these types of
events are known as faults. A falling tree on a transmission lines could cause a
three-phase fault where all phases share a point of contact called fault location. In
different occasions, fault could be a result of insulation deterioration, wind damage
or human vandalism.

Faults can be defined as the flow of a massive current through an improper

path which could cause enormous equipment damage which will lead to
interruption of power, personal injury, or death. In addition, the voltage level will
alternate which can affect the equipment insulation in case of an increase or could
cause a failure of equipment start-up if the voltage is below a minimum level. As a
result, the electrical potential difference of the system neutral will increase. Hence,
People and equipment will be exposed to the danger of electricity which is not
accepted.

Any power system can be analyzed by calculating the system voltages and
currents under normal & abnormal scenarios.

The fault currents caused by short circuits may be several orders of

magnitude larger than the normal operating currents and are determined by the
system impedance between the generator voltages and the fault, under the worst
scenario if the fault persists, it may lead to long-term power loss, blackouts and
permanently damage to the equipment. To prevent such an undesirable situation,
the temporary isolation of the fault from the whole system it is necessary as soon as
possible. This is accomplished by the protective relaying system.

The process of evaluating the system voltages and currents under various
types of short-circuits is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary
safety measures & the required protection system to guarantee the safety of public.

The analysis of faults leads to appropriate protection settings which can be

computed in order to select suitable fuse, circuit breaker size and type of relay.

The severity of the fault depends on the short-circuit location, the path taken
by fault current, the system impedance and its voltage level. In order to maintain
the continuation of power supply to all customers which is the core purpose of the
power system existence, all faulted parts must be isolated from the system
temporary by the protection schemes. When a fault exists within the relay
protection zone at any transmission line, a signal will trip or open the circuit
breaker isolating the faulted line.

To complete this task successfully, fault analysis has to be conducted in

every location assuming several fault conditions. The goal is to determine the
optimum protection scheme by determining the fault currents & voltages. In reality,
power system can consist of thousands of buses which complicate the task of
calculating these parameters without the use of computer softwares such as Matlab.
In 1956, L.W. Coombe and D. G. Lewis proposed the first fault analysis program.

Many exiting texts offer an extensive analysis in fault studies and

calculation. Two worth mentioning are Analysis of Faulted Power System by Paul
Anderson and Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering Analysis and
Design by Turan Gonen. In addition to offer a very illustrative and clear analysis in
the fault studies, they also offer an impressive guideline for the power systems
analysis understanding in general.

2.2 Type of Faults

There are two types of faults which can occur on any transmission lines;
balanced faults and unbalanced faults also known as symmetrical and asymmetrical
faults respectively. Most of the faults that occur on power systems are not the
balanced three-phase faults, but the unbalances faults. In addition, faults can be
categorized as the shunt faults, series faults and simultaneous faults. In the analysis
of power system under fault conditions, it is necessary to make a distinction
between the types of fault to ensure the best results possible in the analysis.
However, for this project only shunt faults are to be analyzed.

2.2.1 Series Faults

Series faults represent open conductor and take place when unbalanced series
impedance conditions of the lines are present. Two examples of series fault are
when the system holds one or two broken lines, or impedance inserted in one or
two lines. In the real world a series faults takes place, for example, when circuit
breakers controls the lines and do not open all three phases, in this case, one or two
phases of the line may be open while the other/s is closed. Series faults are
characterized by increase of voltage and frequency and fall in current in the faulted
phases.

2.2.2 Shunt Faults

The shunt faults are the most common type of fault taking place in the field.
They involve power conductors or conductor-to-ground or short circuits between
conductors. One of the most important characteristics of shunt faults is the
increment the current suffers and fall in voltage and frequency. Shunt faults cab be
classified into four categories.

1. Line-to-ground fault: this type of fault exists when one phase of any
transmission lines establishes a connection with the ground either by ice,
wind, falling tree or any other incident. 70% of all transmission lines
faults are classified under this category.
2. Line-to-line fault: as a result of high winds, one phase could touch anther
phase & line-to-line fault takes place. 15% of all transmission lines faults
are considered line-to-line faults.
3. Double line-to-ground: falling tree where two phases become in contact
with the ground could lead to this type of fault. In addition, two phases
will be involved instead of one at the line-to-ground faults scenarios. 10%
of all transmission lines faults are under this type of faults.
4. Three phase fault: in this case, falling tower, failure of equipment or even
a line breaking and touching the remaining phases can cause three phase
faults. In reality, this type of fault not often exists which can be seen from
its share of 5% of all transmission lines faults.
The first three of these faults are known as asymmetrical faults.
2.3 Method of Analysis

In order to analyze any unbalanced power system, C.L. Fortescue introduced

a method called symmetrical components in 1918 to solve such system using a
balanced representation. This method is considered the base of all traditional fault
analysis approaches of solving unbalanced power systems.

The theory suggests that any unbalanced system can be represented by a

number of balanced systems equal to the number of its phasors. The balanced
systems representations are called symmetrical components. In three-phase system,
there are three sets of balanced symmetrical components can be obtain; the
positive, negative and zero sequence components. The positive sequence consists
of set of phasors which has the same original system sequence. The second set of
phasors has an opposite sequence which is called the negative sequence. The zero
sequence has three components in phase with each other. The symmetrical
components theory will be discuss into more detail in chapter 3 of this project.
 Chapter 3

PROJECT OVERVIEW

3.1 Block Diagram

3.2 Components

1. TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)

2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)

3. FILTER

4. RECTIFIER

5. 555 TIMER

6. LM358

7. RELAY

8. 1N4007

9. RESISTOR

10. CAPACITOR

3.3 Description
Three single phase transformers are wired in star input and star output
having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. The contact relays which are
used energized from the output of comparators in the event of fault
conditions by tracking the input voltage conditions for each phase at the
input of the comparators. Two 555 timers are used, one in monostable and
the other in astable mode to drive a power relay that handles the load. A Set
of switches are used to introduce LL fault, LG fault ,3L short to get the
comparator output to drive both the relays to disconnect the load. Short
duration fault returns the load immediately while long duration shall result in
permanent trip.
 Chapter 4

Conclusion & Future scope

This project is designed in the form of Hardware for three single phase
transformers 230v to 12V of output for to develop an automatic tripping
mechanism for the three phase supply system while temporary fault and permanent
fault occurs. Here we are using 555 -timer with relay for the determination
wheather the fault is temporary or permanent. Short duration fault returns the
supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall
result in permanent trip.
The concept in the future can be extended to developing a mechanism to
send message to the authorities via SMS by interfacing a GSM modem.
 References

[1] HAVRAN, F.J. 1999. Fault investigation on power transmission system.

ESKOM. Internaldocument: 38, 96-99KELLER, P. 1998. Correct fault analysis.
Eskom internal document
[2] Turan Gonen, “Electric Power Transmission System Engineering, Analysis and
Design”, Crc Press Taylor and Francis Group.
[3] Paul M. Anderson, “Analysis of Faulted Power Systems”, the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1995.
[4] Miroslav D. Markovic, “Fault Analysis in Power Systems by Using the
Fortescue Method”, TESLA Institute, 2009.
[5] Jun Zhu. “Analysis of Transmission System Faults the Phase Domain”, Texas
A&M University. Master Thesis, 2004.
[6] Sathish Bakanagari,(2013) “Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for
Temporary Fault and Trip for Permanent Fault” Int. Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications vol.3,1082-1086, 2013.
[7] Jorge Santamaria, “ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS UNDER FAULT
CONDITIONS”, B.S., Universidad Centroamericana “Jose Simeon Canas”, El
Salvador, 2006.