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CH 1 and 2 FF Chen Solution PDF
CH 1 and 2 FF Chen Solution PDF
MEMORANDUM-1
1. Fundamental constants
2. Constants
3. Formulas
¡ε ¢1/2 ¡ T ¢1/2
0 kTe
Debye length λD = ne2
= 7430 eV
n
(m)
3/2
T
Number of particles in a Debye sphere ND = 34 πλ3D n = 1.72 · 1012 neV
1/2
|q|B
Electron cyclotron frequency ωc = m
= 1.76 · 1011 B
|q|B
Ion cyclotron frequency ωc = m
= 0.96 · 108 ZB
A
√
mv⊥ E⊥eV
Larmor radius (electron) rL = |q|B
= 3.37 · 10−6 B
√
mv⊥ AE⊥eV
Larmor radius (ion) rL = |q|B
= 1.44 × 10−4 ZB
1
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
4. Drift Velocities
E×B E
E-field drift of the guiding center vE = B2
vE = B
1 F ×B
General force drift vf = q B2
2
mv|| RC ×B
Curvature drift vR = qB 2 RC2
2
mv⊥
Magnetic moment µ= 2B
= const
B0
Loss cone sin2 θm = Bm
= 1
Rm
6. Adiabatic invariants
2
mv⊥
1st µ= 2B
= const
Rb
2nd J= v|| ds = const
a
Units
2
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 1-7
(b) The earth’s ionosphere, with n = 1012 m−3 , KTe = 0.1 eV.
—————————————————————————————————————————————
(a)
µ ¶1/2 µ ¶1/2
TeV 2
λD = 7430 = 7430 ≈ 10−4 m = 100 µm
n 1010
3/2
TeV 23/2
ND = 1.72 × 1012 = 1.72 × 10 12
≈ 48650 >> 1
n1/2 (1016 )1/2
(b)
µ ¶1/2 µ ¶1/2
TeV 0.1
λD = 7430 = 7430 ≈ 2.35 mm
n 1012
3/2 3/2
TeV 12 (0.1)
ND = 1.72 × 1012 = 1.72 × 10 ≈ 54390 >> 1
n1/2 (1012 )1/2
(c)
µ ¶1/2 µ ¶1/2
TeV 800
λD = 7430 = 7430 ≈ 6.65 · 10−7 m
n 1023
3/2 3/2
TeV 12 (800)
ND = 1.72 × 1012 = 1.72 × 10 ≈ 1.23 · 105 >> 1
n1/2 (1023 )1/2
3
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 1-10
A spherical conductor of radius a is immersed in a plasma and charged to a potential φ0 . The electrons remain
Maxwellian and move to form a Debye shield, but the ions are stationary during the time frame of the
experiment. Assuming φ0 << KTe /e , derive an expression for the potential as a function of r in terms of a, φ0
and λD .
—————————————————————————————————————————————
Poisson’s equation:
ε0 ∇2 φ = −ρ (1)
ρ = e(ni − ne ) (2)
ni = n0 = const (3)
Boltzmann’s distribution:
ne = n0 eeφ/KTe (4)
µ ¶
¡ eφ/KTe
¢ eφ φ
ρ = en0 1 − e ≈ en0 1−1− = −ε0 (5)
KTe λ2D
4
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
µ ¶ µ ¶
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂φ 1 ∂ ∂φ 1 ∂ 2φ
∇ φ= 2 r + 2 sin θ + 2 2
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ2
µ ¶
1 d 2 dφ φ
⇒ 2 r = 2 (7)
r dr dr λD
ψ
Substitution: φ = r
yields,
d2 ψ ψ
2
= 2 ⇒ (8)
dr λD
General solution:
A −r/λD
ψ = Ae−r/λD + Ber/λD → Ae−r/λD ⇒ φ = e
r
Boundary conditions:
A −a/λD
φ|r=a = φ0 ⇒ e = φ0 ⇒ A = aφ0 ea/λD ⇒
a
a
φ = φ0 e(a−r)/λD (9)
r
5
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 2-2
In the TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) at Princeton, the plasma will be heated by injection of 200-keV
neutral deuterium atoms, which, after entering the magnetic field, are converted to 200-keV D ions (A=2) by
charge exchange. These ions are confined only if rL << a , where a = 0.6 m is the minor radius of the toroidal
plasma. Compute the maximum Larmor radius in a 5-T field to see if this is satisfied.
—————————————————————————————————————————————
√ √
AE⊥eV 5
−4 −4 2 · 2 · 10
rL = 1.44 × 10 = 1.44 × 10 ≈ 0.02 m = 2 cm
ZB 5
6
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 2-7
An unneutralized electron beam has density ne = 1014 m−3 and radius a = 1 cm and flows along a 2-T magnetic
field. If B is in the +z direction and E is the electrostatic field due to the beam’s charge, calculate the magnitude
and direction of the E × B drift at r = a.
—————————————————————————————————————————————
Drift velocity:
E×B
vE = (1)
B2
Calculation of E-field:
Maxwell’s equation:
ρ
∇·E = (2)
ε0
Z Z
ρ
∇ · E dV = dV
ε0
R
LHS : E · dS = Er · 2πrl (dS = n · dS)
R (3)
ρ
RHS : ε
dV = − en
ε0
e
πr2 l (ρ = −ene )
ene
(3) ⇒ Er = − r (4)
2ε0
E×B
vE =
B2
At r = a:
ene
E|r=a = −r̂ a, B = ẑB
2ε0
7
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
8
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 2-11
A plasma with an isotropic velocity distribution is placed in a magnetic mirror trap with mirror ratio Rm = 4.
There are no collisions, so the particles in the l oss cone simply escape, and the rest remain trapped. What fraction
is trapped?
—————————————————————————————————————————————
Loss fraction:
nloss 2∆Ω ∆Ω
ηloss = = = (1)
ntotal 4π 2π
Trapped fraction:
∆Ω
ηtrap = 1 − ηloss = 1 − (2)
2π
∆S
∆Ω = (3)
r2
Zθm
∆S = 2πr2 sin θ · dθ = 2πr2 (1 − cos θm ) ⇒
0
2πr2 (1 − cos θm )
∆Ω = = 2π(1 − cos θm ) ⇒ (4)
r2
∆Ω 2π(1 − cos θm )
ηtrap = 1 − =1− = cos θm ⇒ (5)
2π 2π
9
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Loss cone:
B0 1 1
sin2 θm = = = ⇒
Bm Rm 4
1 π
sin θm = ⇒ θm = = 30◦
2 6
√
π 3
ηtrap = cos = ≈ 0.87
6 2
Figure 2: Example of trapped population of particles in the Earth’s magnetic field, called the radiation belts. These
particles do not only gyrate and bounce, they alo undergo a drift motion as an effect of the gradient and curvature of
the dipole magnetic field. Electrons drift eastward and ions drift westward and consitutes a current, called the ring
current.
10
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 2-17
A 1-keV proton with v|| = 0 in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.1 T is accelerated as B is slowly increased to
1 T. It then makes an elastic collision with a heavy particle and changes direction so that v⊥ = v|| .The B-field is
then slowly decreased back to 0.1 T. What is the proton’s energy now?
—————————————————————————————————————————————
Magnetic moment:
2
mv⊥
µ= = const
2B
region (1):
2
mv⊥0 mv0 2⊥ 2 B
= ⇒ v0 ⊥ = v⊥0
2
(1)
2B0 2B B0
region (2):
2
2
Energy conservation ⇒ v0 ⊥ = v⊥ + v||2
mp
(∆E ∝ mph
E << 1) (elastic collision; heavy particle)
2 1 2 1 2 B
v⊥ = 2 v0 ⊥ = 2 v⊥0 B0
v⊥ = v|| ⇒ (2)
v||2 = 21 v⊥0
2 B
B0
11
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
region (3):
2 B0
2 2
mv⊥f 2
v⊥f = v⊥ = [using (2)] = 21 v⊥0
2
mv⊥ B
= ⇒ (3)
2B 2B0 2
v||f = v||2
1 2
E0 = mv⊥0 ,
2
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
1 ¡ 2 2
¢ 1 1 2 B 1 2 1 2 B 1 B
Ef = m v||f + v⊥f = m v⊥0 + v⊥0 = mv⊥0 1 + = E0 1+ (4)
2 2 2 B0 2 4 B0 2 B0
Inserting numbers:
µ ¶
1 B 11
Ef = E0 1+ = E0 = 5.5 keV
2 B0 2
12
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
Problem 2-20
Suppose the magnetic field along the axis of a magnetic mirror is given by Bz = B0 (1 + α2 z 2 ) .
(b) Write the equation of motion of the guiding center for the direction parallel to the field.
(c) Show that the motion is sinusoidal, and calculate its frequency.
—————————————————————————————————————————————
(a) z reflected:
2
mv⊥
µ= = const (1)
2B
2 2
v⊥0 = v2 (2)
3
2 2
v⊥ref l = v (v|| = 0 at reflection point.) (3)
2
2
mv⊥0 mv⊥ref l 3
= ⇒ Bref l = B0 (4)
2B0 2Bref l 2
1 1
From problem definition of Bz and (4) ⇒ α2 zref
2
l = ⇒ zref l = √ (5)
2 2α
∇·B =0
13
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
· ¸
1 ∂Bz ∂Bz
⇒ Br = − r ( assuming given at r = 0 and does not vary much with r)
2 ∂z ∂z
µ ¶
1 ∂Bz
Fz = −vθ Br = qvθ r
2 ∂z
∂Bz
Fz = −µ = −2µB0 α2 z
∂z
r s
2µB0 α2 2
2B0 α2 mv⊥0 √
Ω= = = αv⊥0 = α 2v||0
m m 2B0
z̈ + Ω2 z = 0 ⇒ z = A sin Ωt + B cos Ωt
Initial condition:
14
Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and single particle motion
zZref l
J= v|| dz (8)
−zref l
v||0
v|| = ż = AΩ cos Ωt, v|| (t = 0) = v||0 ⇒ A= ⇒
Ω
v||0
z= sin Ωt (9)
Ω
s
p z2
v|| = v||0 cos Ωt = v||0 1 − sin2 Ωt, ⇒ v|| = v||0 1− 2
(10)
zref l
zZref l s
z2 π πv||0
J = v||0 1− 2
dz = v||0 zref l = √ (11)
zref l 2 2 2α
−zref l
Z1 √
Table’s integral (β): π
1 − x2 dx =
2
−1
15