CMT (Final Paper)

Construction Materials and Testing 2018
FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: “A Study on compressive strength of concrete using soybean oil”
Objectives:
The researcher objective is to determine the effectiveness of the soybean oil extract
to increase the compressive strength of the concrete. Specifically, the objectives of the are
to:
1. To compare the slump between concrete with soybean oil extract and without
soybean oil extract
2. To determine the best concentration of the soybean oil extract to increase the
compressive strength of the concrete.
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:
 Apply all standards set by ASTM
 Produce a sample product using Soybean oil as an admixture in concrete.
 Have detailed knowledge in compressive strength.

Discussion:
Abstract
Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays including
construction industry as concrete usage become next to water. A more cost effective and
economic new type of green admixture may give positive impact worldwide concrete usage.
Therefore, this paper focuses on the effects of soybean oil as an admixture in concrete.
The researchers tackle about the effectiveness of the soybean oil in the concrete.
Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays including construction
Technological Institute of the Philippines

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industry as concrete usage become next to water. A more cost effective and economic new
type of green admixture may give positive impact worldwide concrete usage. Therefore, this
paper focuses on the effects of soybean oil as an admixture in concrete. And as well as the
effect of the soybean oil in the concrete. And also the researchers want to know to workability
of the soybean oil. And it shows that Soybean oil give positive effects in compressive strength
and it increases the workability of fresh concrete and to decreases the air voids size because
of compaction so that the soybean oil can possibly act as an admixture of concrete towards a
good quality using sustainable products
CHAPTER One:
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The simple factors of lifestyles for a human being is food, clothes and haven among
this shelter is viewed dearer one in the current lifestyles and in order to achieve shelter early
man had invented a hut made of trees and leaves and located those matters are having
energy to withstand exceptional calamities later on year and years handed in cutting-edge
dream residence and cement. Concrete was invented similarly usage of metal in concrete is
broadly spread.
More over the contemporary technologies and innovations are the contemporary world
and researchers are working on cement and concrete in unique aspects generally cement is

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manufactured from manufacturing unit with specific chemical properties specifically in market
we can see normal cement, Portland cement and Portland pozzolanic cement.
The predominant difference of these merchandise in the course of the powdering of
clinkers gypsum is delivered to beautify the setting of cement like this merchandise called as
additives similarly Admixtures are additionally a merchandise delivered to concrete which are
other than elements of concrete such as cement, best aggregates, coarse aggregates and
water which exhibits a unique property.
Nowadays, for pleasant in building with silent aspects such greater sustainability
more durable, thermal permeability and many others are acquired with chemical admixtures
and chemical substances components which are high-priced in basic terms as one hundred
sixty pesos per liter. we can additionally use additives or admixtures from herbs
and term these products as herbal additives and admixtures and flip building industry to a
green initiative. utilization a habit in development industry as what our ancients did.
The potential of soybean oil as a curing agent explored by Kevern (2010),
to improve the sturdiness of concrete pavements. He concluded that the soybean
oil notably reduces moisture loss from fresh concrete and affords noticeably expanded diecer
scaling resistance
In the similar research of Han and Woo (2013), investigated the impact of Use Coconut Oil on
the engineering houses and sturdiness of excessive volume admixture concrete. Resistance
to carbonation and chloride penetration was expanded with the extend of emulsified refining
cooking oil contents due to reduced pore distribution via saponification between emulsified

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refining cooking oil and concrete while freeze-thaw resistance used to be degraded due to air
loss.
Inside the age of superior admixture technology that allows the whole lot from ultra-
excessive overall performance concretes to grout placement in high-speed transferring water,
an environmentally pleasant natural low-tech cloth is making concrete extra-long lasting and
outperforming chemical admixtures. For the past few years, college researchers have
investigated how soybean oil can enhance surface sturdiness.
Statement of the Problem
In this study, the soybean oil as an admixture is tested in compressive strength. Can
soybean oil can help the concrete in compressive strength.
These are the question that can be solve once we start the experiment in the soybean
oil:
What will the compressive strength of the soybean oil in 7, 14 and 28 curing days?
Can soybean oil be an alternative admixture in concrete?
What mixture (0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) would give significant increase in
compressive strength of concrete?
Significance of the Study
The significant of this study is to improve the strength of the conventional concrete by
using the Soybean oil. When the strength of the concrete can be controlled, the long life of

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the building also can be controlled. Therefore, it easily can manage the life of the building for
make it more safety and in good strength. In other words, the strength can be enhanced to be
the highest as it can and can be controlled for the good safety aspect.
The other significant is too involved in the new technology by using the soybean oil
and used it in others way. Nowadays, the new technology must be learned to make someone
life flow with the technology. Back to the old method that only uses concrete without fiber.
This method makes the strength of the concrete depend to the ratio of the concrete mix
design. But, by using the soybean oil, the strength is depending on the percentage of the oil
and it also depend on the concrete mix design.
Conceptual Framework
PROCESS
Portland Cement Mixing Test result of the concrete
Sand
Gravel Molding using soybean oil in 7, 14
Water Curing and 28 days.
Soybean Oil
Egg yolk Testing
INPUT OUTPUT

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Scope and Delimitation
 The focus of this study is to identify the effectiveness of soybean oil in improving the
concrete.
 To compare the difference between pure concrete and concrete incorporated with
soybean oil in terms of compressive strength and surface hardness.
 The test on concrete specimen were limited to rebound hammer test and compressive
strength test.
CHAPTER Two:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature and Studies
This study entitled “The performance of concrete containing used cooking oil” shows that
Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays including construction
industry. As concrete usage become next two water, a more cost effective and economic new
type of green admixtures may give positive impacts on the Malaysian construction building as
well as worldwide concrete usage. Therefore, this paper focuses on the effects of used
cooking oil as admixture in concrete. The objectives of this research are to determine effects
of UCO in terms of workability, mechanical properties and microstructure. The result obtained
shows that UCO give positive effects of all properties presented in this research. It increases
a workability, improve mechanical properties and decrease the ITZ and air voids size

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compared to control mix. Hence, it can be stated that UCO can possibly act as admixture
towards a good quality of concrete using sustainable products.
(The performance of concrete containing used cooking oil:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278244692_The_Performance_of_Concrete_Containing_Used_Cooking_Oil)
This study entitled “Linseed Oil as an Anti spalling Compound” shows that the protection of
concrete in winter weather from corrosive salts used to melt ice and snow has long
concerned highway engineers. In searching for a solution to this problem, member
companies of the National Flaxseed Processors Association, a number of State Highway
Departments have shown that boiled linseed oil in mineral spirits or as an emulsion in water
is an effective agent in reducing damage to concrete caused by freeze-thaw cycles and salt.
These linseed anti spalling compounds are usually applied to sheet cured concrete about one
month after placing. Liquid membrane curing compounds containing wax and resins which
are now being used in increasing amounts leave a coating on the surface that may lower the
effectiveness of the linseed anti-spalling compounds. It is believed that some penetration of
the boiled linseed oil from the solution or emulsion into the concrete is necessary to obtain
protection. Because no detailed study had been carried out to determine whether or not
linseed antispalling compounds will penetrate into concrete previously cured with
polyethylene or typical commercial pigmented resin and wax compounds, work was
undertaken to study the penetration of linseed oil into concrete under a variety of conditions
and to correlate this information eventually with companion durability studies. Concrete
blocks were prepared in polyethylene dishes according to a method developed by Sherwin-
Williams Company. The blocks were immediately sprayed with a curing compound at the

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recommended rate and the surface of the block was covered with polyethylene. The blocks
were cured indoors for seven days at room temperature. Either boiled linseed oil in mineral
spirits (LASC) or boiled linseed oil emulsion (LSOE) was used. Concrete cured under
polyethylene or by spraying with commercial wax or resin curing compounds and
subsequently treated with either a fifty percent LASC or a fifty percent LSOE was penetrated t
temperatures between 34 to 100 degrees F. Penetration of anti-spalling compounds was
greatest when the concrete was treated one month after curing. With concrete up to 35 days
old treated with a fifty percent solution or emulsion, all methods of curing tested gave similar
penetration patterns with time. It appears that the depth of penetration of these anti spalling
compounds into new concrete depends more on the age of the concrete at the time of
applying the linseed oil compound than it does on the curing method used.
(W. L. Kubie (2014). Linseed Oil as an Anti spalling Compound. https://www.concreteconstruction.net/how-
to/construction/linseed-oil-as-an-antispalling-compound_o)
This study enitled “Experimental Studies on Properties of Concrete by Addition of Neem oil
as a Natural Admixture” demonstrates that concrete is the most essential construction material
in all over the world. Due to change in climate or mode of construction various admixture
have come into practice to satisfy the need of every individual construction. These admixtures
mainly constitute some chemical process which in turn somehow have an adverse effect to
the environment. In order to make it eco-friendly, this various admixture can be extracted from
naturally available products in the environment, which significantly increase the amount of
green productivity in the environment. One such naturally available admixture source is
Neem oil, due to this consumption in concrete the demand of Neem oil will indirectly leads to

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the plantation of enormous Neem trees in the environment, which play a vital role for Green
Environment. In this project the role and behaviour characteristics of Neem oil used in
concrete will be studied.
(M. Manojpiriyan, R. Ramesh, V. Sreevidya (2010). Experimental Studies on Properties of Concrete by Addition of Neem oil
as a Natural Admixture. http://www.ijlemr.com/papers/ICFACE2018/ICFACE2018-021.pdf)
This study entitled “Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar
containing oil” shows that there is a vital need for managing oily materials resulting from the
petroleum industry as their toxic and persistent nature threatens the environment. In view of
oil waste remediation, current treatment technologies are either cost prohibitive and/or the
treated products have to be sent to landfill without any potential end-use. Cement-based
stabilization/solidification of oil contaminated materials is an emerging method however there
is limited knowledge in terms of the effect of the mixing method on the properties of the
resultant cementitious mix. For this purpose, the water wet (WW) and oil wet (OW) protocol
was devised to see if the observed behavior of the mortar was a function of the mixing
method rather than the ingredients. A cement-based mortar incorporating a mineral oil
addition of up to 10% of the aggregates mass was used. The results indicated that the mixing
method has only a small effect on the fresh and hardened properties. Increased oil content in
the cement mortar was found to increase the flow and setting time whereas there was
decreased wet density and air content irrespective of the type of the mixing method used.
The compressive strength decreased by 75% and 77% for water wet and oil wet respectively
compared to the control at 28 days of age. The mixing method has a relatively small impact

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overall on the hydration process. The calorimetry results showed that both mixing methods
followed the same trend whereby the hydration is inhibited due to oil incorporation.
(Magdi H. Almabrok, Robert G. McLaughlan, Kirk Vessalas (2001). Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the
performance of mortar containing oil. http://www.ijesi.org/papers/Vol(4)3/Version-1/J0431058064.pdf)
This study entitled “Effect of Curing Regime on Compressive Strength of Aerated Concrete
Containing Palm Oil” shows that the issues on preservation of natural river sand from being
used excessively in concrete industry has led to the efforts of utilizing palm oil fuel ash, a by-
product from palm oil industry as partial sand replacement in production of aerated concrete.
This paper reports the effect of curing regime on compressive strength development of
aerated concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as partial cement replacement. Two types of
mixes were used in this experimental work namely plain aerated concrete acting as control
specimen and aerated concrete containing 30% palm oil fuel ash as partial sand
replacement. Concrete cubes were subjected to different types of curing namely initial water
curing for 7 days followed by air curing, water curing and air curing until the testing date. The
compressive strength test was conducted in accordance to BS EN 12390-3 at 7, 14, 28 and
90 days. Application of water curing is the most suitable method to be applied to ensure
better strength development in aerated concrete containing POFA as partial sand
replacement. Continuous presence of moisture promotes better hydration and pozzolanic
reaction leading to formation of extra C-S-H gel and that subsequently make the concrete
denser and compressive strength higher.
(Fadzil Mat Yahaya , Khairunisa Muthusamy and Mohd Warid Hussin (2009). Effect of Curing Regime on Compressive
Strength of Aerated Concrete Containing Palm Oil.
http://www.challengejournal.com/index.php/cjcrl/article/download/188/147)

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This study entitled “Vegetable oils as water repellents for mortars” demonstrates that
vegetable oils from sunflower, olives, soya beans, peanuts, linseeds, corn and rapeseeds
were tested as water repellents for mortars. Dosages were 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % oil by
cement weight. The oils were dispersed in the mixing water by the aid of lignosulphonate.
The flexural and compressive strength of 1:3 mortars with w/c = 0.50 at 1 and 28 days were
measured and significant strength decrease was only noticed at 28 days for some oils at the
highest dosage. The capillary water absorption and water vapor diffusion was measured on
cast discs with skin as well as discs sawn from cast cylinders. In general water vapor diffused
slower through discs with cast surfaces compared with sawn surfaces. Capillary water
absorption was greatly reduced by the oils compared to the reference, while water vapor
diffusion was only marginally reduced. Mortars with vegetable oils should thus develop pore
structure with lower degree of water saturation and thereby be more durable since liquid
water is a medium for most detrimental reactions. The difference in behavior between the oils
is discussed in terms of their content of saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated
fats, and oils with highest content of mono-unsaturated fatty acid perform best.
(Harald Justnes, N Barnils Vila, Tone A. Østnor (2012). Vegetable oils as water repellents for mortars.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264849005_Vegetable_oils_as_water_repellents_for_morta)
This researched entitled “Influence of the processed sunflower oil on the cement properties”
shows that used oils (vegetable oil, animal oil, engine oil, etc.), which are essentially
industrial wastes, have found application as secondary raw materials in some braches of
industry. In particular, the only well-known and commonly-used way of utilizing wastes of

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vegetable oils is to apply them as raw materials in the production of biodiesel. The goal of the
present study is to develop a conceptually new way of vegetable oil wastes utilization in the
building industry. The test admixture D-148 was obtained from the processing of wastes of
sunflower oil and it mainly consists of fatty acid diethanolamide. The test admixture was
added to the cement system for the purpose of studying its influence on water demand,
flowability, setting times, compressive strength and moisture adsorption. The test admixture
D-148 at the optimal content 0. 2 weight % causes 10% decrease in water demand, 1.7 time
increase in flowability (namely spread diameter), 23% increase in grade strength and 34%
decrease in moisture adsorption. The results of the present investigation make it possible to
consider the final product of the waste sunflower oil processing as multifunctional plasticizing-
waterproofing admixture.
(A U Fleysher, V V Tokarchuk and V A Sviderskiy (2008). Influence of the processed sunflower oil on the cement properties.
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/71/1/012021/meta)
This research entitled “Feasibility Study Of Palm Oil Clinker As Environmentally Friendly
Self-Compacting Concrete.” Shows that construction industry and environmental management
system has undergone major development over the years throughout the world.
Unfortunately, development of construction industry and the environmental management
have resulted in escalating usage of unsustainable raw materials and continuous generation
of the waste from various sources, respectively. Thus, the need for good coherence between
these two entities has been a major focus for most if not all the engineers and scientists to
ensure safer living and appropriate atmosphere for current and future generations.
Management of waste materials from major processing and production plants be it from

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agricultural industry, food industry, metal industry, power plant, waste treatment plant or
others into a proper channel is of the utmost important to avoid serious environmental
catastrophe. In tandem with that, re-usage of waste materials in construction industry would
be a way of managing the waste appropriately. Construction industry would benefit greatly
from the inclusion of these waste materials taking into account the reduction in availability of
natural resources to supplement the increasing need. These waste materials could pave a
better way to avoid excessive utilization of natural resources for use as construction
materials. Among the avenues of the waste materials to be incorporated into the construction
industry is in the concrete mixture. Traditionally, conventional vibrated concrete has been the
popular type of concrete over many decades in the construction industry until the need for
different performance and application were required. Subsequently, the industry moved
towards high and ultra-performance concrete to supplement the constantly changing industry.
Self compacting concrete (SCC), a latest advancement in concrete has become one of the
most important elements in construction industry lately. Generally, SCC can be described as
a concrete that has the ability to flow under its own weight without the need of any external
vibration. Besides that, the enhancement made through introduction of extra powder
materials to make it highly flowable and fill up voids has improved its capability to produce
quality concrete with good surface finishing, improved hardened properties and enhanced
durability features. SCC usage has been diversified to construct various components of
building structure such as beams, columns, slabs and also the precast concrete elements. As
the concrete has the capability to consolidate on its own, the need for laborers to vibrate and
place the concrete can be significantly reduced. The fast casting process speeds up the

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overall project schedule to allow for earlier completion. It is also proven to be economically
viable as the cost of
construction could be decreased substantially due to reduced labor requirements and shorten
construction time (Daczko, 2012). Next, the ability of SCC to fill areas of congested
reinforcements and adjust according to different shapes and sizes of molds allows for
detailed and fine structural designs. In addition, designs which were thought to be
architecturally challenging and technically impossible were made possible.
(Jegathish Kanadasan (2010). Feasibility Study Of Palm Oil Clinker As Environmentally Friendly Self-Compacting Concrete.
https://www.google.com.ph/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00011057_151494_62854.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiP_4
KRsoPdAhWFf30KHUzEAgsQFjAGegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw3MilCPL0ftvmtD6JuWeNaX )
This study entitled “Using Soybean Oil to Improve the Durability of Concrete Pavements”
demonstrated that one sustainable product that has shown promise in concrete application is
commercially available soybean oil emulsion marketed for concrete curing. This paper
describes research performed to determine what impacts soybean oil had on concrete and to
evaluate the effectiveness as a curing agent. Soybean oil was tested for moisture retention
and evaluated surface applied and integrally mixed. Depth of penetration was measured
using several application schemes to determine effectiveness in reducing surface
permeability. Deicer testing was then performed on straight cement samples and samples
with 50% replacement of Portland cement with blast furnace slag. Results indicate that
soybean oil substantially reduces moisture loss from fresh concrete and provides greatly
improved deicer scaling resistance. For projects looking for more sustainable curing options

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or those located in environmentally sensitive areas where traditional curing compounds are
not allowed, soybean oil may be a viable alternative.
(John T. Kevern (2005). Using Soybean Oil to Improve the Durability of Concrete Pavements.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265573390_Using_Soybean_Oil_to_Improve_the_Durability_of_Concrete_Pavem
ents)
This study entitled “Soybean-Based Treatments Are Sustainable Solution” shows that
Soybean oil in a water-based emulsion can serve as an all-natural alternative to acrylic
sealers for concrete driveways, sidewalks, patios, garage floors, and other flatwork. One such
product, called The Bean, is marketed for this purpose by C2 Products Inc., Arcadia, Ind. The
company’s founder, Jim Miller, says eco-friendliness is the sealer’s strongest selling point,
“People are looking at greener alternatives for all sorts of products, and it’s become more of
an issue for concrete sealers as VOC regulations have gotten stronger.” It has become
common to use soybean oil emulsions to promote proper curing of pervious pavements. The
material is sprayed on the pavement surface after screeding, and then covered with plastic
sheeting for seven days or more. The oil penetrates into the surface pores, and within about
24 hours, dries to form a sticky, pliable coating.
(Kenneth A. Hooker (2012). Soybean-Based Treatments Are Sustainable Solution.
https://www.concreteconstruction.net/business/management/soybean-based-treatments-are-sustainabile-solution_o)
This study entitled “The Performance of Concrete Containing Used Cooking Oil”
demonstrates that Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays
including construction industry. As concrete usage become next two water, a more cost
effective and economic new type of green admixtures may give positive impacts on the

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Malaysian construction building as well as worldwide concrete usage. Therefore, this paper
focuses on the effects of used cooking oil as admixture in concrete. The objectives of this
research are to determine effects of UCO in terms of workability, mechanical properties and
microstructure. The result obtained shows that UCO give positive effects of all properties
presented in this research. It increases a workability, improve mechanical properties and
decrease the ITZ and air voids size compared to control mix. Hence, it can be stated that
UCO can possibly act as admixture towards a good quality of concrete using sustainable
products.
(Salmia Beddu, Siti Hidayah Abu Talib, N L M Kamal, A B M Khidzir (2015). The Performance of Concrete Containing Used
Cooking Oil.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278244692_The_Performance_of_Concrete_Containing_Used_Cooking_Oil)
This article entitled “Can Soy Methyl Esters Reduce Fluid Transport and Improve Durability of
Concrete?” shows that many durability problems in concrete are caused by the transport of
water or fluid containing aggressive ions. As a result, many seek to reduce the absorption
and flow of fluids in concrete through the use of admixtures or topical sealants that refine or
block pores. Results are presented of a pilot study that evaluated the potential use of soy
methyl ester-polystyrene blends (SME-PS) as either an admixture or a topical treatment or
both. Results are presented for tests on the fresh properties, hardened properties, and
transport properties of concrete containing SME-PS. Dramatic reductions in fluid absorption
can be obtained with SME-PS, with little noticeable influence on set time, strength, or
shrinkage. Eventually the application of SME-PS to concrete may have the potential to be

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used as a method to penetrate into the pore structure at saw cuts and reduce long-term
damage.
(Kevin Coates , Samia Mohtar , Bernard Tao , Jason Weiss (2004). Can Soy Methyl Esters Reduce Fluid Transport and
Improve Durability of Concrete?. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2113-03)
This research entitled “Used cooking oil as a green chemical admixture in concrete” shows
that according to National Statistics Approximately 1.35 billion gallons of used oil are
generated yearly. With the increasing of the concrete usage, a more cost effective and
economic new type of admixtures may give positive impacts on the Malaysian construction
building as well as worldwide concrete usage. To objective of this is study is to investigate the
effect of used cooking oil in terms of slump test, compressive strength test and rebound
hammer. By adding the used cooking oil to the concrete, it increases the slump value from
4% to 72%. And the compressive strength has an increment from 1% to 16.8%. The used
cooking oil obtains the optimum contribution to the concrete mix proportion of containing used
cooking oil of 1.50% from the cement content. The result of used cooking oil from
experimental program of slump value and compressive strength proved that used cooking oil
have positive effects on replacement of commercially available superplasticizer.
(B. Salmia , Zakaria Che Muda, Md. Ashraful Alam, L.M. Sidek, B. Hidayah (2016). Used cooking oil as a green chemical
admixture in concrete. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012077/pdf)
This study entitled “Vegetable oil based construction materials” shows that the present
invention provides a method for producing a construction element which comprises partially
curing an amount of vegetable oil, mixing said partially cured vegetable oil with an aggregate
and then further curing said vegetable oil within said mixture. There is further provided a

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structural element comprising at least partially cured vegetable oil and an aggregate. A
composition for use in the production of a reinforced construction element is provided, said
composition comprising a vegetable oil, a graded aggregate and a fibrous reinforcing agent.
Construction elements produced using the composition are described. A method for
producing a reinforced construction element comprises mixing vegetable oil with a graded
aggregate, mixing a fibrous reinforcing agent with said mixture of vegetable oil and
aggregate, and then curing said vegetable oil within said mixture of vegetable oil, graded
aggregate and fibrous reinforcing agent.
(John Paul Forth, Salah Zoorob (2010). Vegetable oil based construction materials.
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2129634A2)
This article entitled “The use of soy methyl ester-polystyrene sealants and internal curing to
enhance concrete durability” demonstrates that the US infrastructure is dominated by concrete
structures. As it ages, these structures are beginning to deteriorate. Although concrete is
typically assumed to be a very durable material, exposure to the environment and time is
leading to cracking, spalling, and other deterioration of concrete elements. In order to
continue maintaining and expanding the current infrastructure steps must be taken to improve
durability. This thesis explores the use of Soy Methyl Ester-Polystyrene and internal curing
(IC) as methods to enhance concrete durability. ^ Soy Methyl Ester (SME) is a non-toxic,
biodegradable, and renewable concrete sealant. As it is derived from soy bean oil, this
product is highly hydrophobic making it ideal for use as a water sealant. This thesis explores
the use of Soy Methyl Ester-Polystyrene (SME-PS) blends as a topical sealant to increase
the durability of concrete. Experimental results show that SME-PS reduces water absorption

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(up to 75%), protects from damage caused by freezing and thawing (reduces damage by
66%), reduces chloride ingress depth by up to 50%, and slows the rate of the alkali-silica
reaction by 50%. ^ Internal curing is a technique in which cement hydration is enhanced by
internal water which is not part of the mixing water. This process is accomplished by providing
curing water throughout the concrete matrix through the use of pre-wetted inclusions such as
lightweight aggregate (LWA). The use of this technique improves concrete durability by
increasing compressive strengths, reducing shrinkage and cracking potential, and reducing
fluid transport. This thesis investigates the role of initial LWA moisture content and explored
utilizing LWA with different levels of initial moisture. Although typically pre-wetted for a
minimum of 24 hours prior to mixing, it was possible to achieve internal curing benefits
(improved mechanical and fluid transport properties) with either initially dry or vacuum
saturated LWA. ^ When proper external curing is not provided concrete can experience
significant moisture loss to evaporation leading to long term durability problems including
cracking and increased fluid ingress. Despite typically being used to compensate for self-
desiccation (internal drying) in low water-to-cement ratio systems, it should be possible to use
IC to compensate for water lost to evaporation (external drying). While experimental results
confirm the hypothesis that the use of internal curing can help mitigate the negative effects of
drying, it is not recommended that IC be used as a substitute for good curing practices.
(Michael Ryan Golias (2007). The use of soy methyl ester-polystyrene sealants and internal curing to enhance concrete
durability. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI1490651/)
This study entitled “Performance evaluation of palm oil in high strength lightweight concrete”
shows that the enhancement in the mechanical properties of high strength lightweight

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concrete (HSLWC) utilizing palm oil clinker (POC) as a replacement for oil palm shell (OPS)
as lightweight coarse aggregate has been investigated and reported. A series of concrete
mixes was prepared with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate by
POC in HSLWC, while setting other parameters as constant. The parameters investigated
include slump value, compressive strength, stress-strain behavior, modulus of elasticity and
its normalization, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and failure modes. The results showed that
the replacement of OPS by POC as coarse aggregate has significant positive impact on
compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and UPV. The highest compressive strength of
about 63 MPa obtained for the mix with POC was about 43% higher than the control mix.
Moreover, the enhancement in modulus of elasticity up to 2.5 times could significantly control
the deflection.
(Rasel Ahmmad, Mohd Zamin Jumaat (2015). Performance evaluation of palm oil in high strength lightweight concrete.
https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00011057_129289.pdf)
This study entitled “Workability, Setting Time and Strength of High-Strength Concrete
Containing High Volume of Palm Oil Fuel Ash” shows that Palm oil fuel ash in two various forms-
ground (GPOFA) by heat-treated carbon-free ultrafine of a median particle size of 2 μm
(UPOFA) were utilized to produce high strength concretes (HSC-GPOFA (HSCg x), HSC-
UPOFA (HSCux), and HSC-OPC) at different levels ordinary Portland cement (OPC) partial
replacements (x) of 20, 40 and 60%. The results showed that HSCu had improved physical
properties and chemical compositions, extended setting times, enhanced workability, better
strength, and enhanced workability retention compared to HSCg and HSC-OPC. Further,
POFA carbon content negatively influenced the workability and setting time, while its specific

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gravity had a positive influence due to the enhancement of paste volume and particles
lubrication effects. However, carbon content and surface areas of POFA did not significantly
influence the compressive strength of HSC at the level of partial OPC substitution not
exceeding 40%.
(A.M. Zeyad, Bassam A. Tayeh (2008). Workability, Setting Time and Strength of High-Strength Concrete Containing High
Volume of Palm Oil Fuel Ash. https://benthamopen.com/FULLTEXT/TOCIEJ-12-35)
This study entitled “A Green Bean Solution” demonstrates that in the age of advanced
admixture technology that allows everything from ultra-high performance concretes to grout
placement in high-velocity moving water, an environmentally friendly natural low-tech material
is making concrete more durable and outperforming chemical admixtures. For the past few
years, university researchers have investigated how soybean oil can improve surface
durability. Building owners, architects, and others expect and demand sustainable
construction practices. Sustainability of concrete includes improving construction durability to
maximize useful service life. One key component of concrete durability is providing complete
curing for increased hydrated cement paste density and performance. Denser cement paste
lowers permeability and helps to minimize unwanted penetration of water and aggressive
ions into the cement paste matrix. Curing is commonly performed by applying a chemical
curing compound to the surface of the fresh concrete.
Common curing compounds are chlorinated-vinyl rubbers. These work well, but they have the
potential for stormwater and groundwater pollution.
(John Kevern (2010). A Green Bean Solution. https://www.concreteconstruction.net/how-to/repair/a-green-bean-solution_o)

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This study entitled influence of Vegetable Oils on Durability and Pore Structure of Mortars”
shows that most organic admixtures for mortar and concrete are based on mineral oil
derivatives. Future generations will need natural replacements that can secure a sustainable
development, the so-called bio-admixtures. This study focuses on influence of vegetable oils
on long term water repellency and other durability aspects. Vegetable oils from sunflower,
olives, soya beans, peanuts, linseeds, corn and rapeseeds were tested in 2002: Dosages
were 0.0, 0.5 and 1.5% vegetable oil by cement weight. The flexural and compressive
strength of 1:3 mortars with w/c = 0.50 at 1 and 28 days were then measured together with
the capillary water absorption and water vapor diffusion. Thereafter the specimens were
stored in room temperature at 93% relative humidity for three years before compressive
strength, chloride intrusion, carbonation, capillary water absorption, monolayer capacity and
chemically bound water on the mortar samples were measured to investigate long term
durability of the samples and how the water repellency changes with time. This last program
is reported in the present paper.
(H. Vikan and H. Justnes (2006). Influence of Vegetable Oils on Durability and Pore Structure of Mortars.
https://www.concrete.org/publications/internationalconcreteabstractsportal.aspx?m=details&ID=1599)
This study entitled “). A Study on the Characteristics of Palm-Based Polyurethane as a
Lightweight Aggregate in Concrete Mix” shows that the research on the development of
lightweight concrete (LWC) utilizing wastes and natural resources as lightweight aggregates
(LWA) is increasingly gaining attention worldwide due to sustainable and environmental
concerns. A new alternative is using palm kernel oil polyol (PKO-p)-based polyurethane (PU)
as filler. Rigid PU is a block copolymer comprised of a monomeric PKO-p and 2, 4-methylene

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diphenyl diisocyanate (crude MDI). The property of PKO-p, its ratio with crude MDI and
reaction time were determined. The reaction time showed the average of 60 s for cream time
and 95 s for rise time with maximum hardening time of 8 min. The reaction between PKO-p to
MDI at 1:1 ratio resulted in a very short hardening time (within 2 min). The compressive
strength of the rigid PU was at 7.0 MPa at a density of 206 kg/m3 . Further increase in the
amount of PKO-p increased the density and compressive strength of the PU. PU aggregate
in the concrete mixture was added at 1 to 5% (w/w) to obtain concrete with density of less
than 1800 kg/m3 . The resulting concrete has excellent compressive strength (17.5 MPa) and
thermal conductivity (0.24 W/m⋅K). The results showed that physical properties of PU played
the most significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the lightweight
concrete.
(Kamarul Aini Mohd Sari, Sohif Mat, Khairiah Haji Badri& Muhammad Fauzi Mohd Zain (2015). A Study on the
Characteristics of Palm-Based Polyurethane as a Lightweight Aggregate in Concrete Mix.
http://www.ukm.my/jsm/pdf_files/SM-PDF-44-6-2015/01%20Kamarul%20Aini.pdf)
This article entitled “Mechanical properties of castor oil polymer mortars” shows that in the
last years, ecological concerns have resulted in the interest to substitute petroleum-based
materials by renewable resources-based ones. Natural oils constitute an excellent alternative
for the development of natural composites. The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of
natural polymer, manufactured from castor oil, as substitute to synthetic, epoxy and polyester,
in polymer mortars matrices, with particular regards to compressive, flexural and fracture
properties. Mechanical properties of castor oil polymer mortars are similar to epoxy based

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ones and significantly higher than polyester polymer mortars with improved flexural properties
and less brittle failure.
(João Marciano Laredo dos Reis; Eduardo Pereira Motta (2014). Mechanical properties of castor oil polymer mortars.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-14392014000500009)
This paper entitled “Compressive and flexural strength of concrete containing palm oil
biomass clinker and polypropylene fiber” presents the effects of using palm oil biomass (POB)
clinker with polypropylene (PP) fibers in concrete on its compressive and flexural strength
performances. Due to infrastructural development works, the use of concrete in the
construction industry has been increased. Simultaneously, it raises the demand natural sand,
which causes depletion of natural resources. While considering the environmental and
economic benefits, the utilization of industrial waste by-products in concrete will be the
alternative solution of the problem. Among the waste products, one of such waste by-product
is the palm oil biomass clinker, which is a waste product from burning processes of palm oil
fibers. Therefore, it is important to utilize palm oil biomass clinker as partial replacement of
fine aggregates in concrete. Considering the facts, an experimental study was conducted to
find out the potential usage of palm oil fibers in concrete. In this study, total 48 number of
specimens were cast to evaluate the compressive and flexural strength performances.
Polypropylene fiber was added in concrete at the rate of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, and sand was
replaced at a constant rate of 10% with palm oil biomass clinker. The flexural strength of
concrete was noticed in the range of 2.25 MPa and 2.29 MPa, whereas, the higher value of
flexural strength was recorded with 0.4% polypropylene fiber addition. Hence, these results

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show that the strength performances of concrete containing POB clinker could be improved
with the addition of polypropylene fiber.
(Wan Ibrahim M, Sajjad Ali Mangi , Burhanudin M , Ridzuan M , Jamaluddin N, Shahidan S, Wong YH , Faisal SK ., Fadzil
M ,Ramadhansyah P, Ayop S and Othman N (2017). Compressive and flexural strength of concrete containing palm oil
biomass clinker and polypropylene fibres. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012011/pdf)
This article entitled “A Study on Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel
Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement” One of the main products required in manufacturing
concrete is cement, with the increase in the amount of cement used, heat of hydration
increases which will lead to the formation of cracks in concrete accompanied by shrinkage
effect. To control this, palm oil fuel ash and agro waste which contains some amount of silica
act as a pozzolanic material is being used as cement replacement and its strength is
compared with conventional concrete of grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by
burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat
of hydration effect on concrete, after pulverizing and making into a fine powder. In this study
cement is being replaced with palm oil fuel ash in different percentages (5%, 10%, 15%,20%)
to get an optimum point. From this optimum point the Steel fiber in different percentages (0%,
0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and glass fiber in different percentages (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%,
0.4%). For each set of fibers, mechanical properties were studied by performing
Compression test for Cubes, Flexural test for beams and Split Tensile test for cylinders and
durability properties were studied by performing sulphate attack test cubes.
(Krishna Priya, V. Kanaka Durga, (2017), A Study on Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash as
Partial Replacement of Cement. http://ijesc.org/upload/1310ccc1b4b5ec75d656f3986f871faa.A%20Study%20on

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%20Strength%20of%20Fibre%20Reinforced%20Concrete%20with%20Palm%20Oil%20Fuel%20Ash%20as%20Partial
%20Replacement%20of%20Cement.pdf)
This paper entitled “Behavior Of Concrete Made Using Oil Shale Ash And Cement Mixtures”
presents an experimental study on mechanical and thermal properties of concrete made from
oil shale ash, cement and sand and/or aggregate mixtures. The properties determined were
compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the concrete mixtures. The used ash was
obtained by direct combustion of Sultani oil shale. The composition of ash is close to that of
Estonian oil shale ash. Thirty-two cubes and twelve cylindrical samples were prepared to
conduct compression and thermal conductivity tests, respectively. The cure duration for the
cubes was 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, for the cylinders – 28 days. The content of ash in binder
was 10, 20, and 30% for compression and 10, 20, 30, 60, and 70% for thermal tests. The
weight ratios of cement:aggregate, cement:sand and water:binder were 1:4.5, 1:3 and 1:2.5,
respectively, kept constant for each sample. The results are compared with the corresponding
data for concrete made without oil shale ash . The results show that compressive strength
decreases with increasing proportion of ash in the mixtures and increases with increasing
curing time for all cases. Thermal conductivity of concrete samples decreases with increasing
content of ash in the mixtures.
(M. Al-Hasan (2006), Behavior Of Concrete Made Using Oil Shale Ash And Cement Mixtures.
Http://Www.Kirj.Ee/Public/Oilshale/Oil-2006-2-6.Pdf)
This paper entitled “Influence Of Oil Palm Shell On Workability And Compressive Strength Of
High Strength Concrete” illustrates a quantitative study on workability and strength properties of

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concrete which is produced by Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as coarse aggregate. A set of laboratory
tests including Slump, Compaction Factor, Density, Compressive Strength and Schmidt
Hammer test was conducted on concrete made by natural aggregate as control sample and
concrete produced by different percentage of OPS i.e. 10%,20%,30%,40% and 50% of dry
weight of coarse aggregate. All samples were submerged for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days as curing
age. The results demonstrate that the rate of workability for OPS samples shows a relatively
medium to high workability ranging from 28 to 50mm for slump height and 0.93 to 0.95 for
compaction factor. The general strength of OPS concrete samples produced high strength
concrete with compressive strength reaching up to 52.2N/mm2 for 28 days. 50% is sufficient
for lightweight concrete however, 30% is the optimum percent to produce high strength with
partially lightweight concrete. The results of this study can be contributed to produce high
strength concrete as well as lightweight concrete particularly in construction of high rise
buildings
(Saman Daneshmand, .Omidreza Saadatian (2011), Influence Of Oil Palm Shell On Workability And Compressive Strength
Of High Strength Concrete. Http://Annals.Fih.Upt.Ro/Pdf-Full/2011/Annals-2011-2-07.Pdf)
This study entitled “Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm shell: Tensile strength
and effect of initial curing on compressive strength” shows that Oil palm shell (OPS) is a waste
lightweight aggregate originating from the palm oil industry, which is approximately 50%
lighter than conventional aggregate. In this study, crushed old OPS was used as coarse
aggregate. Compressive strength under different curing conditions and the splitting tensile
and flexural strengths were compared with those of the normal weight granite concrete. The
test results showed that OPS concrete with a compressive strength in the range of 34–53

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MPa has a splitting tensile strength range of 2.8–3.5 MPa and flexural strength range of 4.4–
7.0 MPa. The sensitivity of compressive strength of OPS concrete in this study is significantly
lower than uncrushed OPS concrete reported in the literature. The sensitivity of OPS
concrete, under poor curing regime, can be reduced by decreasing the water/cement ratio,
increasing the OPS content or reducing the cement content. It was found that there was no
substantial difference in 28-day compressive strength for OPS concretes cured initially for 3,
5 and 7 days. The 28-day compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of OPS
concrete was found to be 38%, 28% and 17%, lower than that of granite concrete,
respectively.
(Payam Shafigh, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Hilmi Bin Mahmud, Norjidah Anjang Abd Hamid (2012), Lightweight concrete made
from crushed oil palm shell: Tensile strength and effect of initial curing on compressive strength.
https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00003136_74365.pdf)
This research entitled “Oil Shale as an Aggregate in Making Concrete Mix” presents the
benefits gained from using Oil Shale as part of the mixing aggregate in concrete technology.
The effect of oil shale on both compressive strength and tensile strength has been
investigated. Results from several cylinder specimens as well as cube specimens have been
presented in this study. The results presented herein indicated that the strength of specimens
having oil shale aggregate is controlled by the composite action of both oil shale and natural
aggregate in making concrete. The presence of shale in aggregate enhances the composite
material properties. A comparison between the usage of natural aggregate and oil Shale
aggregate was investigated in this work, and the results have shown satisfactory
improvement.

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(Bassam Z. Mahasneh (2014), Oil Shale as an Aggregate in Making Concrete Mix. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/oil-2006-
2-6.pdf)
This article entitled “Mix Design Of Palm Oil Fiber Concrete” shows that most countries are
looking forwards in reducing POLLUTION; one of the best solutions is utilizing waste product
into recycle materials. This not only can develop sustainable environment management but
also introducing new materials for public usage. As Malaysia currently heading to
biotechnology hub in the region, it is expected that billions tones of palm oil by-products will
be produced annually and normally been treated as waste disposal. This paper discussed the
usage of palm oil fiber can be used as discrete reinforcing fiber that can restrain minor cracks
that developed in the concrete from spreading. Fiber reinforced concrete is able to increase
its performance against tensile strength and toughness due to ability to adsorb energy by
reinforcing fibers. Palm oil fiber concrete was investigated for its workability, compressive
strength and tensile splitting strength where trial mixture based on Department of
Environmental (DOE) was conducted. mix designs according to fibres added and PFA
replacement level were identified and tested for slump, compression and tensile spliiting
tests. Study shows that the mix design of Palm oil Fiber concrete added with and 0.50 and
10% PFA replacement gave the best compresive strength. It is shows that series with using
palm oil fibres reduces workability and compressive strength but increse the tensile splitting
strength.
(Mohd Hilton Ahmad, Nurazuwa Mohd Noor (2010), Mix Design Of Palm Oil Fiber Concrete.
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12005610.pdf)

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This study entitled “Improvement Of Concrete Properties Made From Recycled concrete
Aggregate Using Non-Traditional Admixture” aims to improve the fresh and hardened concrete
properties made from recycled concrete aggregate, by using a non-traditional admixture .As
the previous researches concluded, using different ratios of recycled concrete aggregate has
a harmful effect on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Otherwise, it presents a
cheap, environmental and sustainable concrete by using the waste materials of demolitions
to replace the natural aggregate in concrete mixes. Therefore, organic non-traditional
admixture is used in this study to improve fresh and hardened concrete properties. The
admixture was prepared using a cheap local material mainly from wastes of vegetable oil
industries. Six different types of admixtures were prepared to select the best and most
homogenous one. The suggested admixture gives best workability and increase the
compressive strength of concrete mixes containing recycled concrete aggregate.
(Yehia A. Hassanean, M.M. Rashwan, Kamal A. Assaf, Khaledabd El Samee (2014), Improvement Of Concrete Properties
Made From Recycledconcrete Aggregate Using Non-Traditional Admixture.
Http://Www.Aun.Edu.Eg/Journal_Files/142_J_993.Pdf)
This study entitled “Hydrophobic lime based mortars with linseed oil: Characterization and
durability assessment” shows that Linseed oil was added to lime and lime metakaolin mortars
in order to impart hydrophobic properties and investigate its resistance to weathering agents
involving water transport. Different properties of the mortars with 6 months of age were
evaluated: open porosity, pore size distribution, water absorption by capillarity, mechanical
strength, carbonation reactions, microstructure and durability assessed by testing the
resistance to sodium chloride accelerated ageing test. Significant durability improvement of

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both lime and lime metakaolin mortars enriched with linseed oil was achieved: remarkable
capillarity reduction and consequently higher resistance to NaCl cycles. Linseed oil had a
different effect on the two studied mortars: mechanical strength was slightly reduced for lime
and slightly raised for lime metakaolin. The mechanism for the durability improvement was
found to be related to the modification of the chemical structure rather than on the alteration
of the physical properties of the mortars.
(C. Nunes, Z. Slížková (2014), Hydrophobic lime based mortars with linseed oil: Characterization and durability assessment.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884614000738)
This article entitled “Influence of Vegetable Oils on Durability and Pore Structure of Mortars”
shows that most organic admixtures for mortar and concrete are based on mineral oil
derivatives. Future generations will need natural replacements that can secure a sustainable
development, the so-called bio-admixtures. This study focuses on influence of vegetable oils
on long term water repellency and other durability aspects. Vegetable oils from sunflower,
olives, soya beans, peanuts, linseeds, corn and rapeseeds were tested in 2002: Dosages
were 0.0, 0.5 and 1.5% vegetable oil by cement weight. The flexural and compressive
strength of 1:3 mortars with w/c = 0.50 at 1 and 28 days were then measured together with
the capillary water absorption and water vapor diffusion. Thereafter the specimens were
stored in room temperature at 93% relative humidity for three years before compressive
strength, chloride intrusion, carbonation, capillary water absorption, monolayer capacity and
chemically bound water on the mortar samples were measured to investigate long term
durability of the samples and how the water repellency changes with time.

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(H. Vikan and H. Justnes (2006), Influence of Vegetable Oils on Durability and Pore Structure of Mortars.
https://www.concrete.org/publications/internationalconcreteabstractsportal.aspx?m=details&ID=15949
This study entitled “Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the compressive strength of
the concrete and the grindability of the cement” In cement industry, a great energy consumption
has been observed during grinding of clinker. To reduce this consumption, some waste
products have been used as grinding aids. In this investigation, the effects of sunflower oil
(SO), oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), myristic acid (MA) and lauric acid (LA) on the
fineness and strength of the cement have been examined. These aids were added into
clinker in certain ratios based on the cement clinker weight and the grinding has been done
for a definite time at the same condition. All of the fatty acids used increased the fineness as
compared with the cement without the grinding additives. SO and OA decreased the strength
significantly, LA decreased it to a lesser extent and SA increased it definitely according to the
common cement. But MA did not alter the strength of the cement as much as SA. In addition,
the covering of the balls influences the grinding of cement clinker unfavourably.
(Ali Tugrul Albayrak, Muzaffer Yasar M., Ali Gurkaynak, IsmetGurgey (2005). Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the
compressive strength of the concrete and the grindability of the cement. Cement and Concrete Research Volume 35, Issue
2. Pages 400-404. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884604003527)
This paper entitled “Behavior Of Concrete Made Using Oil Shale Ash And Cement Mixtures”
presents an experimental study on mechanical and thermal properties of concrete made from
oil shale ash, cement and sand and/or aggregate mixtures. The properties determined were
compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the concrete mixtures. The used ash was

32 | P a g e
obtained by direct combustion of Sultani oil shale. The composition of ash is close to that of
Estonian oil shale ash. Thirty-two cubes and twelve cylindrical samples were prepared to
conduct compression and thermal conductivity tests, respectively. The cure duration for the
cubes was 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, for the cylinders – 28 days. The content of ash in binder
was 10, 20, and 30% for compression and 10, 20, 30, 60, and 70% for thermal tests. The
weight ratios of cement:aggregate, cement:sand and water:binder were 1:4.5, 1:3 and 1:2.5,
respectively, kept constant for each sample. The results are compared with the corresponding
data for concrete made without oil shale ash. The results show that compressive strength
decreases with increasing proportion of ash in the mixtures and increases with increasing
curing time for all cases. Thermal conductivity of concrete samples decreases with increasing
content of ash in the mixtures.
(M. Al-Hasan (2006). Behavior Of Concrete Made Using Oil Shale Ash And Cement Mixtures. Oil Shale, 2006, Vol. 23, No. 2
Pp. 135–143. File:///C:/Users/Erika%20nell%20lachica/Downloads/Oil-2006-2-6.Pdf)
Most organic admixtures for mortar and concrete are based on mineral oil derivatives.
The need for natural replacement that can secure sustainable development cannot therefore
be over emphasized. This study therefore focus on characterizing the oil extracted from
locally sourced castor seed, verifying the effects of castor oil on setting times of ordinary
Portland cement paste and also establishing the effects of castor oil on the workability and air
entrainment of both fresh mortar and Concrete. The castor oil dosages by weight of cement
adopted were 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0%. Fresh mortar mixes used were M 1:4 and M 1:3
while Concrete grade C20 and C25 were used for the fresh concrete. The study found that
the physiochemical properties of the castor oil meet the standards and also comparable with

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other vegetable oils. From the study the duration between the initial and final setting times for
all the dosages tested remains almost same but the values for 0.5% and 0.7% shows higher
values. At a dosage of 0.5% oil, the workability value in lean mix was higher than the rich mix.
However there was a drop in the workability values after the increase in the oil dosage above
0.5% which could be due to the excess oil addition which makes the mix stickier. The study
on Air entrainment shows that richer mixes entrains more air than leaner mixes at any
particular oil dosage for both concrete and mortar mixes. It further shows that air entrained
drops steadily after the oil added in the mixes exceeds 0.5%. The study therefore,
recommends 0.5% castor oil by cement weight in mortar and concrete as satisfactory
dosage.
(Olorunmeye Fredrick JOB, Emmanuel ACHUENU, Solomon Soji MAXWELL, Sunday Ainoko ITODO,(2017),
Performance Of Castor Oil As Admixture In Fresh Cementitious Matrix)
Many chemically synthesized plasticizers are in use. This article mainly presents on
rain tree (Albizia saman) pod extract used as plasticizer. The extraction of solution from rain
treepod is done by crushing and soaking of pods in water and fermented to remove sugars
responsible for retardation. These solutions are added to concrete in various dosages.
Workability tests and compressive strength tests are conducted on normal concrete and
concrete to which natural plasticizer is added. Durability test is also conducted on concrete
cubes. The results showed that all solutions extracted from the rain tree pod improved
workability and gives water reduction of about 10%. On adding the rain tree pod extract at
10% dosage an increase of 12.77% compressive strength is achieved. Concrete also

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exhibited good workability and durability. The authors have patented the use of Rain tree pod
extract as plasticizer.
(Performance of Castor Oil as Admixture in Fresh Cementitious Matrix(2012), Performance of Castor Oil as
Admixture in Fresh Cementitious Matrix Abstract- Use of plasticizers to reduce the water content in concrete has
been the emerging .)
This article “Discovery of Used Cooking Oil as Foaming Agent Admixture for
Lightweight Foamed Concrete” is to observe the ability and potential of used cooking oil as
foaming agent admixture in lightweight foamed concrete. The intention is to utilize the waste
materials derived from food industry which is known as used cooking oil. Due to this aim,
several scientific observations and testings should be performed in order to observe the
morphology of used cooking oil foam and used cooking oil foamed concrete. Other physical
test has been performed to measure the viscosity and stability of used cooking oil foam. From
the result, the morphology of used cooking oil foam was well developed and able to show
their foam characteristic. Meanwhile, to compare the treated used cooking oil also having the
viscosity value of about 88 cP which is proven to have good foam ability behaviour.
Apparently the viscosity value of this used cooking oil showed that it had good stability
compared with cooking oil foam.
(M. M. A. Hafiz, A. R. Mohd Ridzuan, M. A. Fadzil, J. Nurliza (2016), Discovery of Used Cooking Oil as
Foaming Agent Admixture for Lightweight Foamed Concrete)
This article “Utilisation of Oil Palm Ash in Foamed Concrete” is a part of an on-going
research examining the properties of foam concrete when replacing the cement with semi-

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processed Oil Palm Ash (OPA). Replacements range from 25% to 65% were used for a mix
having the mix ratio of (1:2:0.45) and having the target density of 1300kg/m3 . All mixes were
tested for their strength using the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths up to
the age of 28 days. Results show that a 25% replacement level exhibited higher compressive
and splitting tensile strength than that of the control mix at the age of 28 days. However, the
same replacement level exhibited a close strength to that of the control mix when tested for
the flexural strength at the same age.
(H. Awang, M. Z. Al-Mulali, H.P.S. Abdul Khali, Z. S. Aljoumaily (2014), Utilisation of Oil Palm Ash in Foamed
Concrete)
Most organic admixtures for mortar and concrete are based on mineral oil derivatives.
The need for natural replacement that can secure sustainable development cannot therefore
be over emphasized. This study therefore focus on characterizing the oil extracted from
locally sourced castor seed, verifying the effects of castor oil on setting times of ordinary
Portland cement paste and also establishing the effects of castor oil on the workability and air
entrainment of both fresh mortar and Concrete. The castor oil dosages by weight of cement
adopted were 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0%. Fresh mortar mixes used were M 1:4 and M 1:3
while Concrete grade C20 and C25 were used for the fresh concrete. The study found that
the physiochemical properties of the castor oil meet the standards and also comparable with
other vegetable oils. From the study the duration between the initial and final setting times for
all the dosages tested remains almost same but the values for 0.5% and 0.7% shows higher
values. At a dosage of 0.5% oil, the workability value in lean mix was higher than the rich mix.
However there was a drop in the workability values after the increase in the oil dosage above

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0.5% which could be due to the excess oil addition which makes the mix stickier. The study
on Air entrainment shows that richer mixes entrains more air than leaner mixes at any
particular oil dosage for both concrete and mortar mixes. It further shows that air entrained
drops steadily after the oil added in the mixes exceeds 0.5%. The study therefore,
recommends 0.5% castor oil by cement weight in mortar and concrete as
satisfactory dosage
(Olorunmeye Fredrick Job,, Emmanuel ACHUENU, Maxwell S.S, Sunday Ainoko ITODO (2012), Performance
of Castor Oil as Admixture in Fresh Cementitious Matrix)
To estimate the environmental properties of oil shale ash-based mortars the leaching of
harmful components was studied. The leachates were highly alkaline. The predominant ions
were Ca2+, K+ , Na+ , SO4 2-. The leachable content of soluble components in PF ash
mortars was higher in comparison with that in CFB ash mortars. Results indicated that over
curing time the fraction of readily soluble inorganic components decreased and the mobility of
potentially hazardous Cd and Zn did not increase. Addition of bypass dust could affect the
content of leachable ions. Results give new knowledge about the environmental properties of
oil shale ash-based materials, including backfilling composites for underground mining
technology.
(Natalya Irha, Mai Uibu, Jekaterina Jefimova, Lembi-Merike Raado, Tiina Hain, Rein Kuusik (2009), Leaching
Behaviour Of Estonian Oil Shale Ash-Based Construction Mortars)
Utilization of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) in concrete is increasing in recent years as an
effort to mitigate the global warming and environmental damage caused by the high energy
consumption due to the production of cement. Many researchers investigated the POFA as

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an alternative binder to mitigate the cement usage in producing concrete. A foamed concrete
mixes have been prepared having a density of 900kg/m³ with a filler to binder ratio of 1:1.5
and three levels of POFA replacement. A polycarboxylate based superplasticizer was added
to the mixes at a dosage of 0.75% by weight of the binder. The compressive strength and
porosity have been investigated for preliminary study. The results reveal that at 28 days, the
LFC-PF30 concrete obtained higher compressive strength and porosity of 1.78MPa and 56%
respectively, as compared with the normal foamed concrete (NFC).
(Hanizam Awang, Wenny Arminda (2011), Preliminary study on the effect of the inclusion of palm oil fuel ash
(POFA) in foamed concrete on compressive strength and porosity)
This article “Synthesis and characterization of waterborne epoxy derived from
epoxidized soybean oil and bioderived C-36 dicarboxylic acid” focuses on synthesis of
waterborne epoxy (WBE) derived from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and its compatibility
with water-dispersible curing agent Pripol 1009, which is a bioderived long-chain dimer acid.
The reaction parameters involved in the synthesis of WBE from ESO have been optimized
based on physicochemical properties like hydroxyl value, epoxy equivalent value and degree
of solubility of WBE. The WBE obtained after 5 and 6 h of reaction time was found to be of
optimum composition with balanced physicochemical properties. The mechanical, thermal
and physicochemical properties of WBE obtained after 6 h of reaction time revealed relatively
better performance characteristics as compared to ESO.
(Sukanya Pradhan, Priyanka Pandey, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak (2017), Synthesis and characterization
of waterborne epoxy derived from epoxidized soybean oil and bioderived C-36 dicarboxylic acid)

38 | P a g e
This article deals with the use of waste materials, oil palm shell (OPS) as a
replacement for coarse aggregate in the concrete. The objectives of this thesis are to
determine the potential of OPS as a coarse aggregate replacement in lightweight concrete
and to study the structural behaviour of slab with the addition of OPS. The potential of palm
oil byproduct, OPS to be used as a replacement of coarse aggregates in the concrete
production can be guaranteed. As the cost of raw materials in the concrete industry is getting
higher therefore manipulating the waste material is the best way to lessen the cost of
concrete. The utilization of OPS in the concrete also helps to solve environmental problem
caused by the improper disposal of waste materials. The addition of OPS as a replacement to
coarse aggregate produces lightweight concrete which is a very cost effective. The paper
reports on the experimental works on the structural behaviour of concrete slab with the
addition of OPS. This thesis describes the tests which are to be applied on concrete which
are compression test and combined bending and shear test. Concrete specimens involved in
this research are cube of size 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm and slab of size 350 mm × 500
mm × 100 mm.Three different concrete mix compositions were prepared which were the
concrete without the addition of OPS (batch 1, B1), concrete with the addition of 50% OPS
(batch 2, B2) and concrete with the addition of 100% OPS (batch 3, B3). The compressive
strength of cube specimens was carried out at 7 and 28 days. The results show that the
increase in percentage replacement of OPS decreased the compressive strength. Concrete
slab specimens were tested at 28 days to observe the failure under the shear load. The
results showed that increasing the content of OPS into the concrete slab gives no significant
effect to the shear failure load improvement.

39 | P a g e
(Wan Nur Hafieza, Binti Wan Mat (2015), Shear Performance Of Concrete Slab With The Addition Of Oil Palm
Shell As Lightweight Concrete Aggregate)
Definition of Terms
Soybean oil- is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max). It is
one of the most widely consumed cooking oils. As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also
used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.
Concrete- a heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel,
sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or poured into molds and that forms a stone like
mass on hardening.
Aggregate- is a broad category of coarse to medium grained particulate material used
in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and
geosynthetic aggregates.
Fine aggregate- is a natural sand but in some area crushing stone or gravel manufacturing
it.
Coarse aggregate- Crushed Rock or crushed Gravel retained on a 1/4-inch sieve, with
allowable undersize. Coarse aggregates are an integral part of many construction
applications, sometimes used on their own, such as a granular base placed under a slab or
pavement, or as a component in a mixture, such as asphalt or concrete mixtures. Coarse
aggregates are generally categorized as rock larger than a standard No. 4 sieve (3/16
inches) and less than 2 inches.

40 | P a g e
Curing- is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and temperature in
freshly cast concrete for a definite period immediately following placement.
Emulsifying- to disperse in an emulsion, to convert (two or more immiscible liquids)
into an emulsion.
Portland Cement- is normal grey, cement with which most people are familiar. Is the
most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of
concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.
ASTM- is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary
consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems,
and services.

41 | P a g e
CHAPTER Three
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the experimental design, materials and method, treatment of data, and
the decision criteria were discussed. The main objective is to present the methodology and
research design.
Technical/ Experimental
The experimental research is concerned primarily on determining the compressive
strength of concrete using oil as an admixture.
Materials and Methods
This study would be using the experimental procedure. All concrete cylinder should be
set at a time. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) will be used in the concrete mixture with 0.25
soybean oil admixture, mix 2 with 0.5% soybean oil admixture, and last 1% of soybean oil
admixture.

42 | P a g e
Table 3.1 - Material Sampling
Portland Soybean Oil Sand(g) Gravel(g) Water(g)

Cement
100% 0% 1649.84 4950.25 311.00
(594) (0)
100% 0.25% 1649.84 4950.25 311.00

(594) (14.85)
100% 0.50% 1649.84 4950.25 311.00

(594) (29.2)
100% 1% 1649.84 4950.25 311.00

(594) (59.4)
Table 3.2 - Size of cylinders
MIX Length(inch) Diameter(inch)
1 8 4
2 8 4
3 8 4
The Concrete proportion will use in this study is mixture class A with 1:2:4 with water
cement ratio 0.5. The Ordinary Portland Cement weighs 40kg

43 | P a g e
Materials:
1. Soybean oil
2. Cement
3. Sand
4. Water
5. Molder
6. Basin/ Container
7. Weighing scale
8. Egg yolk(emulsifier)
Research Procedure:
This part of the study discusses the procedures in conducting the study. First, gather all
the required materials: a soybean, water and egg yolk for emulsifying substances, molding
material to mold the cylinder, water, weighing scale to measure sand, cement and soybean
oil; sun-dry the scallop shells for half a day then crush them thoroughly, third; prepare the
three set-ups, testing will be done at the laboratory immediately after the completed hollow
block making process.
Mixing, Curing and Testing:
 Thoroughly mix sand, water and cement together with admixture of emulsified
soybean oil as indicated percentage.

 Add enough amount of water and mix them together with the shovels.
 Undergone slump test
 Prepare the moulders
 Pour the concrete mixture into the moulders.
 Use tamping rod to avoid voids
 After one day, remove the concrete mixture from the form.

44 | P a g e
 Sprinkle water to the concrete every day.
 Prepare the specimen for testing
 Conduct test every, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing
 Set up the UTM in compression and put the specimen on the machine and start to
test.
 Record the resulting data of all the tests.
Specimens:
A total of 36 specimens at dimension of 4x8, 9 of these are controlled set up, were
prepared for the laboratory testing and investigation
The amount of soybean oil will be varied as 0.25%, 0.50% and 1%
ASTM C-140 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry
Units and Related Units
Procedure of Compressive Strength Test According to ASTM C39
1. The procedure followed shall be that as detailed in the main test method, modified as
noted below:
2. Place an extrusion controller, containing a neoprene cap, on the top and bottom
surfaces of the concrete cylinder. With the neoprene caps in contact with the concrete
cylinder, carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of thrust of the

45 | P a g e
spherically seated block. Bring the bearing blocks of the machine in contact with both
extrusion controllers.
3. No loose particles shall be trapped between the concrete cylinder and the neoprene
caps or between the bear

4. The same surface of the neoprene cap shall bear on the concrete cylinder for all tests
performed with that cap. Each neoprene cap shall not be used to test more than 100
cylinders. The life of alternate pads must be verified by the agency (or purchaser) in
accordance with Section A12.4.
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load
attained during the test by the cross-sectional area of the specimen.

46 | P a g e
CHAPTER Four:
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretation of data gathered whose
main objective is to find out the compressive strength of a concrete using soybean oil.
Table 4.1 Data gathered from slum test:
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

0% 4 in 3.6 in 3.9 in
.25 % 4.3 in 4.2 in 4.4 in
.50 % 5.7 in 5.5 in 5.4 in
1.0 % 6.9 in 7.0 in 6.7 in
4.2 Data gathered from testing after 7 days of curing:
Table 4.2.1 - Conventional Mix Design:
STRESS
TRIAL AREA (mm2) WEIGHT (g) LOAD (kN) (N/mm2)
1 4 224 51.73 6.31
2 8107.3 mm2 4 296 49.29 6.08
3 4 250 50.05 6.17

47 | P a g e
Table 4.1.2 - Mix Design (0.25% Soybean Oil):
STRESS
1 4 384 52.75 6.44
2 8107.3 mm2 4 314 54.33 6.70
3 4 388 50.18 6.19
STRESS
1 4 468 69.27 8.54
2 8107.3 mm2 4 470 65.27 8.05
3 4 474 56.51 6.97
STRESS
1 4 493 81.67 10.07
2 8107.3 mm2 4 505 79.53 9.81
3 4 490 83.26 10.27
Table 4.2.5 - Compressive Strength of Concrete samples:
Mix Design Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Strength
Conventional 6.31 6.08 6.17 6.19
.25% 6.44 6.70 6.19 6.44
.50% 8.54 8.05 6.97 7.85
1.0% 10.07 9.81 10.27 10.05

48 | P a g e
Figure 4.2.1 -
Anova: Single
Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Row 1 3 18.56 6.186667 0.013433
Row 2 3 19.33 6.443333 0.065033
Row 3 3 23.56 7.853333 0.645233
Row 4 3 30.15 10.05 0.0532
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
1.79E-
Between Groups 28.19287 3 9.397622 48.38523 05 4.066181
Within Groups 1.5538 8 0.194225
Total 29.74667 11
STRESS
1 4 235 84.54 10.35
2 4 289 85.74 10.49

49 | P a g e
3 8107.3 mm2 4 300 94.30 11.54
STRESS
1 4 376 111.52 13.65
2 8107.3 mm2 4 398 114.14 13.97
3 4 355 102.12 12.50
STRESS
2
TRIAL AREA (mm ) WEIGHT (g) LOAD (kN) (N/mm2)
1 4 478 125.17 15.32
2 8107.3 mm2 4 486 137.10 16.78
3 4 480 133.58 16.35
STRESS
1 4 486 138.57 16.96
2 8107.3 mm2 4 500 147.31 18.03
3 4 490 140.94 17.25
Conventional 10.35 10.49 11.54 10.79
.25% 13.65 13.97 12.50 13.37

50 | P a g e
.50% 15.32 16.78 16.35 16.15
1.0% 16.96 18.03 17.25 17.41
Figure 4.2.1 – Graph Result of Compressive Strength for 7 Days
In this fig 4.2.1 it show that in 7 days of curing the stress of the 0% is 6.31, .25% is 6.70, .
50% is 8.54 and the last one is 1% is 10.27 so it means the there is a chance the soybean oil
is effective in concrete.
Figure 4.2.2

51 | P a g e
Anova: Single
Factor
SUMMARY
Row 1 3 18.56 6.186667 0.013433
Row 2 3 19.33 6.443333 0.065033
Row 3 3 23.56 7.853333 0.645233
Row 4 3 30.15 10.05 0.0532
ANOVA
1.79E-
Between Groups 28.19287 3 9.397622 48.38523 05 4.066181
Within Groups 1.5538 8 0.194225
Total 29.74667 11
STRESS
1 4 235 84.54 10.35
2 8107.3 mm2 4 289 85.74 10.49
3 4 300 94.30 11.54
STRESS
1 4 376 111.52 13.65

2 8107.3 mm2 4 398 114.14 13.9752 | P a g e
3 4 355 102.12 12.50

STRESS
1 4 478 125.17 15.32
2 8107.3 mm2 4 486 137.10 16.78
3 4 480 133.58 16.35
STRESS
1 4 486 138.57 16.96
2 8107.3 mm2 4 500 147.31 18.03
3 4 490 140.94 17.25
Conventional 10.35 10.49 11.54 10.79
.25% 13.65 13.97 12.50 13.37
.50% 15.32 16.78 16.35 16.15
1.0% 16.96 18.03 17.25 17.41
Figure 4.3.1 – Graph Result of the Compressive Strength for 14 days

53 | P a g e
In this fig 4.3.2 show that in 14 days of curing the stress of 0% is 11.54, .25% is 13.97, .50% is 16.78
and 1% is 18.03. it means that the soybean has an effect in the compressive stress of the concrete.
Figure 4.3.2 -
Anova: Single
Factor
SUMMARY
Row 1 3 32.38 10.79333 0.423033
Row 2 3 40.12 13.37333 0.597633
Row 3 3 48.45 16.15 0.5629
Row 4 3 52.24 17.41333 0.306233
ANOVA
1.07E-
Between Groups 78.60163 3 26.20054 55.45675 05 4.066181
Within Groups 3.7796 8 0.47245
Total 82.38123 11

54 | P a g e
STRESS
2
1 4 305 113.73 13.92
2 8107.3 mm2 4 324 114.79 14.05
3 4 296 109.89 13.45
STRESS
1 4 390 113.24 13.86
2 8107.3 mm2 4 400 122.39 14.98
3 4 424 124.60 15.25
STRESS
1 4 498 154.42 18.90

Technological
2 Institute of8107.3
the Philippines
mm2 4 505 158.10 19.35
55 | P a g e
3 4 482 152.13 18.62
STRESS
2
1 4 493 149.11 18.25
2 8107.3 mm2 4 500 160.71 19.67
3 4 520 164.14 20.09
Conventional 13.92 14.05 13.45 13.81
.25% 13.86 14.98 15.25 14.70
.50% 18.90 19.35 18.62 18.96
1.0% 18.25 19.67 20.09 19.34
Figure 4.4.1 Graph Result of the Compressive Strength for 28 days

56 | P a g e
In this fig 4.3.2 show that in 14 days of curing the stress of 0% is 13.81, in .25% is 14.70, in .50% is
18.96 and in 1% is 19.34. .
Figure 4.4.2
Anova: Single
Factor
SUMMARY
Row 1 3 41.42 13.80667 0.099633
Row 2 3 44.09 14.69667 0.543233
Row 3 3 56.87 18.95667 0.135633
Row 4 3 58.01 19.33667 0.929733
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
9.51E-
Between Groups 73.28783 3 24.42928 57.2036 06 4.066181
Within Groups 3.416467 8 0.427058
Total 76.70429 11

57 | P a g e
CHAPTER Five
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
The important conclusions drawn from the present research are summarized as follows:
Based on the data gathered, it can be concluded that 1.0% is the highest percentage
that improve concrete performance by 40.11%.
Soybean Oil increases the concrete workability highly, thus it can act as a water
reducer or lubricant for concrete
As the soybean oil added percentage, the compressive strength increases from 6.44%
for 7 days, 37.32% for 14 days and 40.11% for 28 days
Recommendation
• The Researchers recommend that to use low water/cement ratio, using the percentage of
soybean oil, because as the water/cement ratio decreases up to 0.3 the higher the
compressive strength it will be.
• The researchers recommend that to use higher than 1% of soybean oil
• The researchers recommend that to use it on flexural

58 | P a g e
REFERRENCE:
[1]. The performance of concrete containing used cooking oil:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278244692_The_Performance_of_Concrete_Containing_Used_Cooking_Oil
[2]. W. L. Kubie (2014). “Linseed Oil as an Antispalling Compound. “
https://www.concreteconstruction.net/how-to/construction/linseed-oil-as-an-antispalling-compound_o
[3]. M. Manojpiriyan, R. Ramesh, V. Sreevidya (2010). “Experimental Studies on Properties of Concrete by Addition of
Neem oil as a Natural Admixture”. http://www.ijlemr.com/papers/ICFACE2018/ICFACE2018-021.pdf
[4]. Magdi H. Almabrok, Robert G. McLaughlan, Kirk Vessalas (2001).” Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the
performance of mortar containing oil.” http://www.ijesi.org/papers/Vol(4)3/Version-1/J0431058064.pdf
[5]. Fadzil Mat Yahaya , Khairunisa Muthusamy and Mohd Warid Hussin (2009).” Effect of Curing Regime on
Compressive Strength of Aerated Concrete Containing Palm Oil.”
http://www.challengejournal.com/index.php/cjcrl/article/download/188/147
[6]. Harald Justnes, N Barnils Vila, Tone A. Østnor (2012).” Vegetable oils as water repellents for mortars.”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264849005_Vegetable_oils_as_water_repellents_for_mort)
[7]. A U Fleysher, V V Tokarchuk and V A Sviderskiy (2008). “Influence of the processed sunflower oil on the cement
properties.”
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/71/1/012021/meta

59 | P a g e
[8]. Jegathish Kanadasan (2010). “Feasibility Study Of Palm Oil Clinker As Environmentally Friendly Self-Compacting
Concrete.”
[9]. John T. Kevern (2005). “Using Soybean Oil to Improve the Durability of Concrete Pavements.”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265573390_Using_Soybean_Oil_to_Improve_the_Durability_of_Concrete_Pa
vements
[10]. Kenneth A. Hooker (2012). “Soybean-Based Treatments Are Sustainabile Solution.”
https://www.concreteconstruction.net/business/management/soybean-based-treatments-are-sustainabile-solution_o
[11]. Salmia Beddu, Siti Hidayah Abu Talib, N L M Kamal, A B M Khidzir (2015). “The Performance of Concrete
Containing Used Cooking Oil.”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278244692_The_Performance_of_Concrete_Containing_Used_Cooking_Oil
[12]. Kevin Coates , Samia Mohtar , Bernard Tao , Jason Weiss (2004). “Can Soy Methyl Esters Reduce Fluid
Transport and Improve Durability of Concrete?”
https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2113-03)
[13]. B. Salmia , Zakaria Che Muda, Md. Ashraful Alam, L.M. Sidek, B. Hidayah (2016). “Used cooking oil as a green
chemical admixture in concrete.”
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012077/pdf

60 | P a g e
[14]. John Paul Forth, Salah Zoorob (2010). “Vegetable oil based construction materials.”
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2129634A2
[15]. Michael Ryan Golias (2007). “The use of soy methyl ester-polystyrene sealants and internal curing to enhance
concrete durability.” https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI1490651/
[16]. Rasel Ahmmad, Mohd Zamin Jumaat (2015). “Performance evaluation of palm oil in high strength lightweight
concrete.” https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00011057_129289.pdf
[17]. A.M. Zeyad, Bassam A. Tayeh (2008). “Workability, Setting Time and Strength of High-Strength Concrete
Containing High Volume of Palm Oil Fuel Ash.” https://benthamopen.com/FULLTEXT/TOCIEJ-12-35
[18]. John Kevern (2010). “A Green Bean Solution.”
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[19]. H. Vikan and H. Justnes (2006). “Influence of Vegetable Oils on Durability and Pore Structure of Mortars.”
[20]. Kamarul Aini Mohd Sari, Sohif Mat, Khairiah Haji Badri& Muhammad Fauzi Mohd Zain (2015). “A Study on the
Characteristics of Palm-Based Polyurethane as a Lightweight Aggregate in Concrete Mix.”
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containing palm oil biomass clinker and polypropylene fibres.”
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[26]. Payam Shafigh, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Hilmi Bin Mahmud, Norjidah Anjang Abd Hamid (2012), “Lightweight
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[27]. Bassam Z. Mahasneh (2014), “Oil Shale as an Aggregate in Making Concrete Mix.”
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[28]. Mohd Hilton Ahmad, Nurazuwa Mohd Noor (2010), “Mix Design Of Palm Oil Fiber Concrete.”
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[30].C. Nunes, Z. Slížková (2014), “Hydrophobic lime based mortars with linseed oil: Characterization and durability
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63 | P a g e

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Construction Materials and Testing 2018

soybean oil extract

compressive strength of the concrete.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

 Apply all standards set by ASTM

 Produce a sample product using Soybean oil as an admixture in concrete.

 Have detailed knowledge in compressive strength.

Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays including

Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays including construction

Technological Institute of the Philippines

good quality using sustainable products

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Technological Institute of the Philippines

The predominant difference of these merchandise in the course of the powdering of

water which exhibits a unique property.

The potential of soybean oil as a curing agent explored by Kevern (2010),

to improve the sturdiness of concrete pavements. He concluded that the soybean

Technological Institute of the Philippines

excessive overall performance concretes to grout placement in high-speed transferring water,

investigated how soybean oil can enhance surface sturdiness.

Statement of the Problem

soybean oil can help the concrete in compressive strength.

Can soybean oil be an alternative admixture in concrete?

compressive strength of concrete?

Significance of the Study

Technological Institute of the Philippines

and it also depend on the concrete mix design.

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Scope and Delimitation

soybean oil in terms of compressive strength and surface hardness.

Literature and Studies

Implementing the sustainable materials become a trend nowadays including construction

Technological Institute of the Philippines

towards a good quality of concrete using sustainable products.

(The performance of concrete containing used cooking oil:

concerned highway engineers. In searching for a solution to this problem, member

companies of the National Flaxseed Processors Association, a number of State Highway

effectiveness of the linseed anti-spalling compounds. It is believed that some penetration of

blocks were prepared in polyethylene dishes according to a method developed by Sherwin-

Technological Institute of the Philippines

polyethylene or by spraying with commercial wax or resin curing compounds and

temperatures between 34 to 100 degrees F. Penetration of anti-spalling compounds was

(W. L. Kubie (2014). Linseed Oil as an Anti spalling Compound. https://www.concreteconstruction.net/how-

Technological Institute of the Philippines

concrete will be studied.

as a Natural Admixture. http://www.ijlemr.com/papers/ICFACE2018/ICFACE2018-021.pdf)

stabilization/solidification of oil contaminated materials is an emerging method however there

Technological Institute of the Philippines

performance of mortar containing oil. http://www.ijesi.org/papers/Vol(4)3/Version-1/J0431058064.pdf)

compressive strength test was conducted in accordance to BS EN 12390-3 at 7, 14, 28 and

better strength development in aerated concrete containing POFA as partial sand

replacement. Continuous presence of moisture promotes better hydration and pozzolanic

denser and compressive strength higher.

Strength of Aerated Concrete Containing Palm Oil.

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is discussed in terms of their content of saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated

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Self-Compacting Concrete.” Shows that construction industry and environmental management

Unfortunately, development of construction industry and the environmental management

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

viable as the cost of