A Study On The Durability Properties of Concrete Using Coconut Shell and Quarry Dust

Construction Materials and Testing 2020
FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: “A Study on the Durability Properties of Concrete Using Coconut Shell and Quarry
Dust”
Objectives:
This study generally aims:
 To analyze the durability properties of concrete by using coconut shell and quarry dust
 To determine the difference in durability properties between conventional concrete and

coconut shell concrete
 To determine the right mixture of coconut shell and quarry dust in order to produce a
solid and durable concrete cylinder
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
In performing the experiment, the students shall be able to:

 Familiarize with the used of tools and equipment in performing the experiment
 Understand all principles governs under construction materials and testing especially in
the field of concrete
 Apply mathematical and analytical skills in researching and conducting the experiment
 Enable to put material together to form a new whole production of unique concrete
 Develop a broader knowledge in utilizing the coconut shell and quarry dust
 Synthesize the significance of all the knowledge learned in Construction Materials and
Testing
 Produce a sample concrete using coconut shell and quarry dust as partial replacement
to coarse aggregates and fine aggregates
Discussion:
Abstract:
Concrete is the foremost construction material around the world and is the most widely
used in all types of construction works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings,
and domestic developments.
Technological Institute of the Philippines 1|Page

It consists mainly of mixture of cement, sand, aggregates, water and admixture(s).

Nowadays, the continuous extensive use of aggregates from natural ecosystem will eventually
result to the depletion of these primary resources, the rising cost of construction materials is a
matter of concern to mankind. The concept of replacing fine aggregates and coarse
aggregates by quarry dust and coconut shell, respectively, serves as a solution for the scarcity
of natural aggregates.
The experimental study aims to produce a 4 x 8 inches concrete cylinder moulds using
Coconut Shell as partial replacement for coarse aggregates, Quarry Dust as fine aggregates,
Portland Cement, which is the most commonly used type of cement for the production of
concrete, Gravel and the Potable Water from the University was used for mixing and curing.
This study examines the durability performance of quarry dust as fine aggregates and
coconut shell as coarse aggregates in concrete. The test conducted for the durability
properties includes Water Absorption, Water Sorptivity and Rapid Chloride Permeability Test at
an age of 7, 14 and 28 days of curing.
This research shows that quarry dust is one of the sustainable alternative materials for
replacing sand and also, coconut shells are qualified in the partial replacement of coarse
aggregate for the concrete production.
CHAPTER ONE
The Problem and its Background
Introduction:
Concrete is the most important building material used in the construction industry like
high-rise buildings, bridges, roads, and dams, etc. and it serves as the strongest element of all
the construction materials. Its composite is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates, water and
admixture(s). Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a
process known as hydration, a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement
form chemical bonds with water molecules and become hydrates or hydration products. The
correct proportion of ingredients and curing are a great factor in producing a solid and compact
concrete.

Due to its popularity and extensive usage, resulting in the

depletion of natural resources, Engineers perform different
experimentation in order to replace the normal composite of
a concrete mixture by using waste materials produced from
the everyday activities of the mankind. These waste
materials creates environmental issues that has been a
concern at present times. Utilization of various waste
materials in manufacturing of concrete will decrease
environmental pollution and the cost of building materials.
A concrete mixture is consists of coarse aggregates and fine aggregates where the
former is naturally available while the latter is often obtained from the river beds. Different
waste materials such as fly ash, glass, rubber, palm shell, and coconut shells are considered
to be as an alternative material for replacing coarse aggregates while quarry dust, a waste
product formed after crushing the stones, is proposed for replacing fine aggregates in concrete
due to its similar properties to sand (Balamurugan & Perumal, 2013).
Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) which is commonly

referred as the “Tree of Heaven”, “King of the Tropical
Flora” and the "Tree of Life" due to the reason that all of its
part are useful for various aspects, it provides food,
clothing, medication and shelter.
The coconut when dried and crushed can produce

coconut shell that is qualified to use as a coarse aggregate
due to its high strength and modulus properties while the
Quarry Dust is a by-product produced from the crushing
process of stones in quarrying sites. It has a particle size distribution close to that of a sand
and these quarry dust provides sufficient workability and also the required strength.

The alternative material used are waste materials for the intent of reducing
environmental load and reduction of production cost of concrete. Hence, quarry dust has been
identified as a partial replacement for river sand.
This study shows that coarse aggregate and fine aggregates are partially replaced by
coconut shell and quarry dust in concrete mixture and by that, agriculture waste material get
reduced in number. Therefore, the use of natural by-products in concrete production helps to
make construction ecofriendly and can produced lightweight concrete.
Statement of the Problem:
In this study, a concrete cylinder with Coconut Shell and Quarry Dust as replacement in
the composites of a concrete mixture is tested for its durability properties.
The following questions will be satisfied from the obtained data and results of the tests:
 What are the durability properties of concrete by using Coconut Shell and Quarry Dust
for 7, 14, and 28 days of curing?
 What mixture (10%, 20%, and 30%) would give a significant increase in the durability of
the coconut shell concrete?
 What are the comparative durability properties of conventional concrete cylinder

compared to concrete cylinder with Coconut Shell and Quarry Dust?
Significance of the Study:
This study will give a significant overview of the effective use of Coconut Shell and
Quarry dust in the production of concrete cylinder:
 Economy
It will benefit the economy due to that it can achieve the cheapest cost of
concrete mixture by using coconut shell and quarry dust as substitute for coarse
aggregates and fine aggregates, respectively. Although it is inexpensive, still, the
produced concrete suits the qualification and properties of a conventional concrete.

 Profession
This study will help Civil Engineers to apply cheap but durable quality of
materials and provides them for profession advancement by the utilization of better
concrete.
 Research
To obtain broad and additional information in the field of designing materials and
fortified solid structure as a piece of BS Civil Engineering educational plan.
 Society
It will serve as a useful investigation that will help in the development of new
items and for the strong durability of building materials and lastly, in the field of
structural designing.
Conceptual Framework:
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Portland Cement Crushing
Test results of the
Sand Saturating cylindrical
Gravel Mixing concrete for their
Water Molding durability
Coconut Shell
Curing properties in 7, 14
and 28 days
Quarry Dust Testing
Scope and Delimitation
This study will determine the durability properties of concrete using coconut shell as
replacement to coarse aggregates and quarry dust as substitute to fine aggregates in concrete
mixture. The test will be done by undergoing the process of Water Absorption, Water Sorptivity
and Rapid Chloride Permeability Test to determine its durability. The curing age will be 7, 14,
and 28 days in order to perform the testing.

CHAPTER TWO
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents the related literature of both conceptual and research in nature.
These are reviewed to provide theoretical background to this study. Books, journals,
magazines, as well as the grey literatures and predatory journals, are the sources.
Literature and Studies:
Besides, it is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some

extent and the flexural strength also reduced as replacement of coconut shell is increased, but
the 10% replacement is possible to use in construction work and 20% and 30% replacement
are possible to use for less important construction work under some conditions. It is found that,
workability of concrete is increased than traditional concrete as percentage replacement is
increased (Kumbhar, 2018).
Adajar, M. (2017) stated that the waste from aggregate quarry contains more silicon,
iron, and calcium as compared to sand. These are elements that caused concrete mixture with
waq to have an increased cohesive property. Sem results showed that waq has finer, less-
angular particles than sand. The finer particles of waq and presence of more silicon, iron, and
calcium elements produced positive effect in terms of cohesive property of the concrete.
A study by Nadir et al. (2017) tested the cast specimens for durability characteristics
such as water absorption, volume of pore voids, sorptivity, bulk diffusion, rapid chloride
penetration, abrasion resistance and chemical attack tests. The test results showed that
durability properties of all the mixes were comparable to normal concrete and some durability
properties were enhanced by the addition of mineral admixtures.
According to Prakash et al. (2016) quarry dust can be used as alternative to natural
river sand and as a practical building material. Quarry dust's physical and chemical properties
meet fine aggregate requirements. It has the ability to provide an alternative to fine aggregate,
thus reducing the waste products and the associated problems of disposal.

Moreover, Prakash et al. (2018) used quarry dust as an alternate material for river sand
both in conventional and also in coconut shell concrete. For any materials in concrete to be
used in realistic situations, its strength and durability need to be examined. Therefore, this
study examines durability performance of quarry dust as fine aggregate and coconut shell as
coarse aggregate in concrete. The test results showed that the durability properties of quarry
dust used concrete performed as a traditional one and coconut shell concrete are comparable
to that of other conventional lightweight concretes.
ASTM international (2013) states that there are factors that affecting the water
absorption of a concrete surface including: concrete mixture proportions; the presence of
chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials; the composition and physical
characteristics of the cementitious component and of the aggregates; the entrained air content;
the type and duration of curing; the degree of hydration or age; the presence of microcracks;
the presence of surface treatments such as sealers or form oil; and placement method
including consolidation and finishing. Water absorption is also strongly affected by the moisture
condition of the concrete at the time of testing.
Additionally, ASTM international states that water sorptivity is used to determine the rate
of water absorption by hydraulic cement concrete by calculating the increase in the mass of a
specimen resulting from water absorption as a function of time when only one surface of the
specimen is exposed to water. The specimen is treated at normal relative humidity in an
atmosphere to produce a clear state of moisture in the capillary pores system. The specimen's
exposed surface is immersed in water, and absorption of unsaturated concrete by water is
controlled by capillary suction during initial contact with water.
According to San Nicolas et.al. (2017), sorptivity provides an indication of the pore
structure and connectivity, which is a major factor influencing the penetration of aggressive
ions into the concrete when exposed to severe environments. Lower sorptivity delivers a
higher resistance of concrete towards water absorption. A high sorptivity coefficient indicates
the existence of a highly connected porous structure or low tortuosity of the pore network.
Based on Zhang et.al (2014) paper, the height of the permeability can be determined by
soaking testing. It also notes that both the capillary pressure and the effective porosity depend
upon sorption. By the Young-Laplace equation, capillary pressure is related to pore size, and
effective porosity refers to the pore space in the capillary and gel pores. However, varying pore
size leads to different capillary pressure, and the average pore size can be used to measure
the capillary concrete pressure.

Moreover, Zhang concludes that both of surface sorptivity and internal sorptivity have
no clear relationship with compressive strength.
In the analysis by Joshi and Pitroda (2018), the cement has been substituted by hypo
sludge in the range of 0 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, 30 percent and 40 percent by weight
of cement for the M25 and M40 mix. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared
in terms of sorptivity and water absorption to the traditional concrete. The mix design was
conducted for the proportions 1:1.50:3.36 (M25) and 1:0.80:2.29 (M40) of cement concrete on
the basis of IS: 10262-2009. The results show that the % water captivation and sorptivity of
hypo sludge concrete shows higher % water captivation and sorptivity than conventional
concrete.
Prakash et.al (2017) study on some durability properties of coconut shell concrete with
quarry dust. The test was conducted at an age of 3, 7, 28, 56, 90, 180 and one-year period of
curing. The results showed that the durability of coconut shell concrete with quarry dust
performed as tradional one and coconut shell concrete is comparable to other lightweight
concrete.
In the study conducted by Gunasekaran et al (2015), coconut shell was used as

recycled lightweight aggregate in concrete. For coconut shell aggregate concrete (CSAC) to be
used as alternative concrete, its strength, durability and its temperature resistance need to be
examined. Therefore, the study conducted investigated the durability performance of CSAC in
three curing conditions and resistance at elevated temperatures. The durability properties
investigated include the absorption, volume of permeable voids, sorptivity, rapid chloride
penetration test, salt ponding test, and temperature resistance. The tests showed that the
durability properties of CSAC are comparable to that of other conventional lightweight
concretes (LWCs) and convenient curing is necessary for CSAC to achieve better durability. .
Yerramala and Ramachandrudu (2012) explains that the results from their stuy showed
that, density of the concretes decreases with increase in CS percent. Workability decreased
with increase in CS replacement. Compressive and split tensile strengths of CS concretes
were lower than control concrete. Permeable voids, absorption and sorption were higher for
CS replaced concretes than control concrete. Coarse aggregate replacement with equivalent
weight of fly ash had no influence when compared with properties of corresponding CS
replaced concrete.
Hallett et al (2004), measured water sorptivity on the surface of a large intact block of
soil (0.9 m wide, 1.3 m long, 0.25 m deep) taken from a grassland site and examined the
effects of surface elevation and water repellency on water sorptivity at the millimeter scale. In
light of this, the results suggested that repellency can induce levels of spatial variability in
water transport at small scales comparable to what macropores induce at larger scales.

However, Thokchom et al (2009) conducted an experiment to study the effect of water
absorption, apparent porosity and sorptivity on durability of fly ash based geopolymer mortar
specimens in sulphuric acid solution. The durability of geopolymer mortar specimens was
evaluated on the basis of reduction in compressive strength when exposed in 10% Sulphuric
acid solution for 24 weeks. Specimens containing lesser alkali were found to possess higher
apparent porosity, water absorption and water sorptivity. After 24 weeks in sulphuric acid
solution, specimens still had substantial residual compressive strength ranging from 29.4% to
54.8%. Therefore it concludes that the specimens with higher water absorption, porosity and
water sorptivity lost more strength than those with lesser corresponding values.
According to the Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to
Resist Chloride Ion Penetration1, This test method consists of monitoring the amount of
electrical current passed through 2-in. (51-mm) thick slices of 4-in. (102-mm) nominal diameter
cores or cylinders during a 6-h period. A potential difference of 60 V dc is maintained across
the ends of the specimen, one of which is immersed in a sodium chloride solution, the other in
a sodium hydroxide solution. The total charge passed, in coulombs, has been found to be
related to the resistance of the specimen to chloride ion penetration
According to the Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes, The water absorption of a concrete surface depends on many
factors including: (a) concrete mixture proportions; (b)the presence of chemical admixtures and
supplementary cementitious materials; (c) the composition and physical characteristics of the
cementitious component and of the aggregates;(d) the entrained air content; (e) the type and
duration of curing; (f) the degree of hydration or age; (g) the presence of microcracks; (h) the
presence of surface treatments such as sealers or form oil; and (i) placement method including
consolidation and finishing. Water absorption is also strongly affected by the moisture
condition of the concrete at the time of testing.
The coconut shell has a future as light-weight combination in concrete. It also reduces
the complete fee of concreting, due to the fact of the low fee and its ease of availability is
profusion. Coconut Shell Concrete can be used in rural areas and places the place coconut is
profusion and the locations the place the ordinary aggregates are now not economic. Through
the experiment done by Ramesh, A. et. al. (2018), It is concluded that the Coconut Shells are
more suitable as low strength-giving lightweight combination when used to change frequent
coarse combination in manufacturing concrete. Coconut shell s greater electricity to face up to
crushing, and influence compared to usual granite aggregate. There is no want to treat the
coconut shell before use as an combination without for water absorption.
Moisture holding and water absorbing capability of coconut shell are higher compared to
conventional aggregate. Moisture absorption of the shell used to be additionally cited due to
the fact it stood towards absorption of water. The absorption of water in the concrete did no

longer have an effect on its electricity for the reason that lesser voids were formed. Kho, M. et.
al. (2016)
According to Nadir, A. and Sujatha A. (2017) ,Water absorption, advantageous porosity,

and sorptivity were found to be higher for CS mixes than that of manipulate mix and the
addition of mineral admixtures into CS aggregates improved the properties of CS concrete.
These houses are related to the microstructure of concrete specimens.
According to Ramachandrudu, A. (2012), In order to investigate residences of CS

concretes, six mixes have been employed. Control mix (M1) that is, besides CS was made.
Coarse combination was once then replaced with CS in 10 (M2), 15 (M3), 20 (M4)
percentages to study effect of CS replacement. Furthermore, a mix with both CS and fly ash
(M5) was once also employed, in which, 20% of CS was once changed with mixture and 25%
of fly ash was changed with cement. M6 combine contained 20% of coconut shells and 5% of
fly ash each replaced with aggregate. Free water to cementitious ratio was once maintained
regular at 0.6 for all concrete mixes. Extra water was once brought in the mixes depending on
the CS substitute to compensate water absorption of the CS particles.
The chemical composition of quarry dust and sand possess that the strength property
remains constant for each the materials. The silica share is above 80% which offers the
excessive electricity as same as sand. It is located that the distinction of chemical composition
for the quarry dirt samples collected from quite a number crushers. The fractional substitute of
Quarry Dust gave a relaxed compressive strength at 20%, 30% and 40% substitute level.
Prakash, K. and Rao, C. (2017)
It is concluded that the quarry dirt can be used as a alternative for exceptional
aggregate. It is determined that 40% alternative of sand by means of quarry dust gives
maximum end result in electricity compared to everyday concrete and then decreases from
50%. The results proved that up to 40% alternative of sand through the quarry dust induced
higher compressive power and the workability of concrete decreases as alternative increases.
Thus the environmental effects and waste can be drastically reduced. Prakash, K. and Rao, C.
(2016)
Durability shows the lifestyles length of the cloth under the given environmental
conditions. In general, concrete is long lasting underneath normal environmental situations.
The durability troubles arise due to either unknowingly introducing deleterious substances
whilst adding the ingredients or when the concrete is uncovered to severe dangerous
environmental prerequisites not anticipated earlier. Stated by Sekar, A. and Kandasamy,
G. (2019) External moisture or air can penetrate through the concrete which can facilitate the
corrosion of steel embedded in the concrete in case of reinforced cement concrete. This
corrosion pastime may lead to an amplify in extent of metal which in flip initiates cracking and
Technological Institute of the Philippines 10 | P a g e

spalling of concrete cover. Sorptivity take a look at on a concrete specimen will provide facts
about the pore shape of concrete. If the sorptivity is low it shows that the quality of concrete is
excessive towards the resistance of water absorption. Sorptivity check on a concrete specimen
will provide data about the pore structure of concrete. If the sorptivity is low it suggests that the
pleasant of concrete is excessive against the resistance of water absorption.
Waste from aggregate quarry includes extra silicon, iron, and calcium as in contrast to
sand. These are elements that prompted concrete combination with WAQ to have an
expanded cohesive property. SEM results confirmed that WAQ has finer, less angular particles
than sand. The finer particles of WAQ and presence of extra Silicon, Iron, and Calcium
elements produced fine effect in phrases of cohesive property of the concrete. Adajar, M.
(2017)
According to Balamurugan, G. And Perumal, Dr. P. (2013). Two grades of concrete M20
and M25 having nominal mix proportion of 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2 respectively were used by weight
and w/c ratio was fixed according to the slump requirement of 60mm. For this concrete mix,
quarry dust was added for replacement of sand from 0% to 100% in step of 10%. Quarry dust
can be utilized in concrete mixtures as a good substitute for natural river sand with higher
strength at 50% replacement..
Durability of coconut shell powder (CSP) concrete
According to Johor Bahru(2017), The rising cost of construction in developing countries

like Malaysia has led concrete experts to explore alternative materials such as coconut shells
which are renewable and possess high potential to be used as construction material. Coconut
shell powder in varying percentages of1%, 3% and 5% was used as filler material in concrete
grade 30 and evaluated after a curing period of 7 days and 28days respectively. Compressive
strength, water absorption and carbonation tests were conducted to evaluate the strength and
durability of CSP concrete in comparison with normal concrete. The test results revealed that
1%, 3% and 5% of CSP concrete achieved a compressive strength of 47.65 MPa, 45.6 MPa
and 40.55% respectively. The rate of water absorption of CSP concrete was recorded as
3.21%, 2.47%, and 2.73% for 1%, 3% and 5% of CSP concrete respectively. Although CSP
contained a carbon composition of 47%, the carbonation test showed that CSP no signs of
carbon were detected inside the concrete. To conclude, CSP offers great prospects as it
demonstrated relatively high durability as a construction material.
Study on Durability Properties of Coconut Shell Concrete with Coconut Fiber
According to Anandh Sekar and Gunasekaran Kandasamy(2019), This study was

aimed at the durability performance of coconut shell concrete with coconut fibers. For
comparison, conventional concrete with coconut fibers was also considered. From the test
results on durability properties and elevated temperature resistance, the significant

conclusions drawn are: In case of conventional concrete mixes without and with coconut fibers,
water absorption and volume of permeable pore voids results are better in the case of full
water immersion compared to site curing and air-dry curing conditions. But in the case of
coconut shell concrete mixes without and with coconut fibers, the site curing condition
performed better compared to full water immersion and air-dry curing conditions. All the mixes,
conventional concrete and coconut shell concrete without and with coconut fibers, are rated as
having moderate chloride-ion penetrability. Sorptivity test results on the conventional concrete
mixes without and with coconut fibers are less than 0.1 mm/min0.5 in case of full water
immersion and site curing conditions. Sorptivity is also less in case of coconut shell concrete
mix without coconut fibers under site curing condition. Therefore, it can be stated that in these
cases, the quality of concrete is high compared with other mixes. There is a minimum
guarantee that both conventional concrete and coconut shell concrete mixes without and with
coconut fibers provide resistance against temperature for 2 h and hence are safe for
construction. Finally, this study encourages the idea that though both coconut shell and
coconut fibers are wood based in nature, these materials can be used in the production of
concrete and can be used in practice without any hesitation considering their durability
properties.
Durability Properties of Coconut Shell Aggregate Concrete
According to the researcher Yashida Nadir and A. Sujatha(2018), An experimental

investigation was carried out to study the durability properties of Coconut Shell (CS) aggregate
concrete. Effect of mineral admixtures such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBFS) as partial replacement of cement on durability properties of CS aggregate
concrete was also verified. Specimens were cast and tested for durability characteristics such
as water absorption, volume of pore voids, sorptivity, bulk diffusion, rapid chloride penetration,
abrasion resistance and chemical attack tests. Four concrete mixes were considered for the
study. Control mix, mix with18.5% coarse aggregate replaced by CS by weight, mix with 18.5%
CS and 30% cement replaced by fly ash, and mix with 18.5% CS and 15% cement replaced by
GGBFS. Test results showed that durability properties of all the mixes were comparable to
normal concrete and some durability properties were enhanced by the addition of mineral
admixtures.
A Review of Experimental Investigation on Coconut Shell as Replacement on Concrete

as Course Aggregate in their Strength
According to A.Santhiya , N.Sakthieswaran , G.Shiny Brintha , O.Ganesh Babu (2016),

Based on limited experimental investigation on the compressive strength of concrete, Flexural

strength, Split tensile strength the following observations are made regarding the resistance of
partially replaced coconut shell scrap. In comparison of coconut shell concrete itself, in
between 35%,45%,55% the strength is achived in 35%. To comparison of conventional
concrete to the coconut shell concrete the strength of the coconut shell concrete not attained
target strength. The application of coconut shell concrete to flooring concrete and surface
coatings. etc. This project suggests reduction in amount of coarse aggregate. On one hand the
waste disposal problem is solved and on other hand the coconut shell is gainfully utilized. In
our location the coconut shell concrete is not use for structural elements but we used for non
structural elements.
Study of Strength of Concrete by Using Coconut Shell
According to Ajay Tharwani, Ashish Sablani, Gaurav Batra, Sakshi Tiwari, Divya Reel,
and Manish N. Gandhi(2016), In this constructed environment, the rising cost of building
construction materials is the factor of great concern. The prices of building materials are rising
day by day. The coarse aggregates are the main ingredients of concrete. In this paper, the
utilization of coconut shell as a coarse aggregate has been discussed based on the results
obtained from comprehensive review of literature. We all want that our buildings must be
strong and should build with the construction material of reasonable rates. Every construction
industry totally relies on cement, sand and aggregates for the production of concrete.
Nowadays, most of the researchers are doing the research on the material which can reduce
the cost of construction as well as increase the strength. Some of the waste materials are used
in concrete according to their properties. For instance fly ash, rice husk, slag and sludge from
the treatment of industrial and domestic waste water have been found suitable as partial
replacement for cement in concrete. The coconut shell is a material which can be a substitute
for aggregates. The shell of the coconut is mostly used as an ornament and as a source of
activated carbon. Coco’s Nucifera trees, otherwise known as coconut palm trees, grow
abundantly along the coast line of Kerala. As a result coconut shells are abundantly available
and it has been successfully utilized in many fields. It mainly represents an experimental study
on the effect of coconut shell on the strength of concrete when used in replacement of
aggregate. The tests were conducted on concrete with varying percentage of coconut shell
(5%, 10% and 15%). Data presented include strength and slump value of concrete. The use of
coconut shells can also help the prevention of the environment and also help economically.
Sun drying shell should be used to make sure biodegradable materials decay before its mixing
with concrete. It also contributes to sustainable construction. The aim of this paper is to spread
awareness about the utilization of coconut shell as a construction material in civil engineering.

REVIEW ON SUBSTITUTION OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE MIX IN CONCRETE
COMBINE BY MISTREATMENT OF NUMEROUS GRADES
Based on the researcher S.Andavan, N. Ravi Sreekar, and P. Vivek(2018), In this

paper, we have tendency to discussing the replacing coconut shell as coarse combination in
concrete mistreatment. Due to increase warrant of construction materials for the aim of
infrastructural, we will use an alternate material as coconut shell within the concrete combine.
Light weight concrete is a freelance material in tendency construction. Coconut shell has
received attribute as a result of its lower density and advanced thermal properties. This paper
represents the many grades were cubes, beams, cylinders square measure are casted by
replacement mixture. Therefore the various type of tests based on days were capsulated by
compressive strength, durability strength, flexural strengths. And workability take a glance at
additionally evaluated by whereas examine the replacement mix. Whereas the testing this
shells reduces the strength in concrete. Among the low cost construction materials cement
concrete takes an important role which also contains fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.
Coconut shell is the one among the waste product in even be used as a rough combination in
concrete.
Application of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: A Technical Review
Based on the study ofcParag S. Kamblicand Sandhya R. Mathapati(2014), Oil palm

shell (OPS) is a waste from the agricultural sector and is available in large quantities in the
tropical regions. The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting
housing delivery in world. This has necessitated research into alternative materials of
construction. The project paper aims at analysing compressive strength characteristics of
concrete produced using crushed, granular coconut as substitutes for conventional coarse
aggregate with partial replacement. The main objective is to encourage the use of these
‘seemingly’ waste products as construction materials in low-cost housing. It is also
expected to serve the purpose of encouraging housing developers in investing these
materials in house construction. From the experimental results and discussion, the coconut
shell has potential as lightweight aggregate in concrete. Also, using the coconut shell as
aggregate in concrete can reduce the material cost in construction because of the low cost and
abundant agricultural waste. Coconut Shell Concrete can be used in rural areas and places
where coconut is abundant and may also be used where the conventional aggregates are
costly. Coconut shell concrete is also classified as structural lightweight concrete. It is
concluded that the Coconut Shells are more suitable as low strength-giving lightweight
aggregate when used to replace common coarse aggregate in concrete production.

Properties of Concrete by using Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate
Based on the study of Vijay Kumar Shukla , Bharti Sharma , and Amarnath
Gupta(2017), The most affecting factor in construction is its cost. In most of the construction
work concrete is used which consist which consist cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water.
The compressive and flexural strength of concrete is mostly depend on the compressive and
flexural strength of coarse aggregate. In present day the coarse aggregate is obtained from
natural resources for example natural rocks etc. But artificial aggregate are also in practice. In
India coconut is widely used for various purposes like worship, industries etc. By use of
coconut its shell remains as by-product which can be useful for construction work in place of
coarse aggregate. In this experiment coarse aggregate of concrete are partially replaced by
coconut shell as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. The concrete are examine for compressive
strength and compare with conventional concrete of grade M20. All test of cement, sand,
aggregate and concrete was done as per IS code.
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR CONCRETE STRUCTURE BY USING COCONUT SHELL
According to Prashant B. Raut (2017), Now days, there is lots of development in

construction field. So, there is need for light weight aggregate and economical aggregate in
construction field. The cost of building materials are increases day by day. Therefore there is a
need for research on suitable material without affecting the strength of concrete structure. The
main aim of this project is to checks strength of structure by using coconut shell as an
aggregate. The coconut shell is a waste material and which is easily available as well as
economical in cost. Here, in this project we have analyzing compressive strength by using M25
grade concrete (1:1.5:3) with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100% partial replacement of
coconut shell. Keywords: coconut shell used in concrete, compressive strength of coconut
shell, Coconut shell concrete, Waste materials used in concrete. From this experiment, the
combination of coconut shell gives good strength by using quantities of 10% to 30% CS. Also,
using the combination of coconut shell as aggregate in concrete can reduce the cost of
material. For economical purpose, the coconut shell is suitable for course aggregate.
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Replacement of Sand by Quarry Dust in

Hollow Concrete Block for Different Mix Proportions

According to H. S. Sureshchandra, G. Sarangapani, and B. G. Naresh Kumar(2014),
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has increased a lot resulting in the
reduction of sources and an increase in price. Thus an increased need to identify a suitable
substitute, that is eco-friendly and inexpensive quarry dust being extensively used as an
alternative to the sand in the production of concrete. In this paper an attempt has been made
to determine the properties of hollow concrete blocks produced by replacing sand by quarry
dust. Both partial (i.e.50% ) and complete replacement has been tried with and without
admixtures. Four different proportions have been considered. In two proportions studies have
been made by considering different W/C ratios. River sand is costly due to transportation, large
scale depletion of resources and enforcement regulations. Quarry dust can be used as an
alternative to the river sand. Cost analysis shows that there is 40% savings if quarry dust is
used instead of sand. Illangoan.R [2000] [1] has done a study on 100% replacement of sand
by quarry dust in concrete. The compressive strength of concrete with quarry dust has 40%
more strength than that of the concrete with sand.
Strength Characteristics of Quarry Dust in Replacement of Sand
According to the researcher K Shyam Prakash and Ch Hanumantha Rao (2017), The

replacement of natural fine aggregate by using quarry dust leads to consumption of generated
quarry dust, the requirement of land fill area can be reduced and solves the natural sand
scarcity problem. The sand availability as a fine aggregate at low cost which needs the reason
to search as a alternative material. Even it causes saddle to dump the crusher dust at one
place which causes environmental pollution. The chemical analysis, specific gravity, sieve
analysis and compressive strength is identified for various percentage and grades of concrete
by replacement of sand with quarry dust.
Increasing concrete durability with high-reactivity metakaolin
Based in the study of K.AGruber, TerryRamlochan, AndreaBoddy, R.D Hooton, and

M.D.AThomas (2001), High-reactivity metakaolin (HRM) is a manufactured pozzolan produced
by thermal processing of purified kaolinitic clay. Field performance and laboratory research of
concrete containing HRM have demonstrated its value for bridge decks, bridge deck overlays,
industrial flooring, high-strength concrete and masonry products. This paper discusses
laboratory evaluations to assess the long-term performance of concrete containing HRM
produced in North America for resistance to chloride penetration and reduction in expansion
due to alkali-silica reactivity. Bulk diffusion testing indicated that HRM substantially reduced
chloride ion penetration in concrete with w/cm of 0.30 or 0.40. Reductions in diffusion
coefficients compared to control specimens were of the order of 50% and 60% for concrete

with 8% and 12% HRM, respectively. Also, the performance of the concrete containing 8% or
12% cement replacement with HRM showed improved performance versus merely reducing
the w/c from 0.4 to 0.3. Such reductions can be expected to have a substantial impact on the
service life of reinforced concrete in chloride environments. Expansion tests on concrete
prisms containing reactive aggregates showed that 15% HRM can prevent deleterious
expansion due to alkali-silica reactivity (ASR). The mechanism of control is likely linked to the
substantial reduction in pore solution alkalinity seen in pastes containing 20% HRM in
comparison to the control specimen which contained no supplementary cementing materials.
However, the reduction was not large enough to depassivate steel reinforcement.
Effectiveness of surface coatings in improving concrete durability
According to A.A.Almusallam, F.M.Khan, S.U.Dulaijan,O.S.B. Al-Amoudi (2003), this

paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate the durability of concrete coated with
concrete surface coatings representing five generic types. The durability of the uncoated and
coated concrete specimens was evaluated by assessing water absorption, chloride
permeability and chloride diffusion. The chemical resistance was evaluated by immersing the
uncoated and coated mortar specimens in 2.5% sulfuric acid. The results indicated that epoxy
and polyurethane coatings performed better than acrylic, polymer and chlorinated rubber
coatings. However, noticeable variation in the performance of the same generic type procured
from different manufacturers was noted. Therefore, the selection of coatings should be done
after conducting trial tests rather than basing it solely on the generic type.
Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes
According to the study of F.TOlorunsogoa, NPadayacheeb, (2002). The report of an investigation into
the performance of concrete manufactured with recycled aggregate (RA) using durability
indexes as indicators is presented in this paper. Durability indexes, such as chloride
conductivity, oxygen permeability and water sorptivity, of three different concrete mixes
containing 0%, 50% and 100% RA were monitored at ages 3, 7, 28 and 56 days. The results
show that durability quality reduced with increase in the quantities of RA included in a mix;
however, as expected, the quality improved with the age of curing.
Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates
According to L.Evangelistaa J.de Brito, (2010). Fine recycled aggregates are seen as the last
choice in recycling for concrete production. Many references quote their detrimental influence
on the most important characteristics of concrete: compressive and tensile strength; modulus
of elasticity; water absorption; shrinkage; carbonation and chloride penetration. These two last

characteristics are fundamental in terms of the long-term durability of reinforced or prestressed
concrete. This paper presents the main results of this research for water absorption by
immersion and capillarity, chloride penetration (by means of the chloride migration coefficient),
and carbonation resistance, drawing some conclusions on the feasibility of using this type of
aggregate in structural concrete, while taking into account any ensuing obvious positive
environmental impact.
Effects on concrete durability of using recycled ceramic aggregates
Based on the study of J. R. Correia, J. de Brito, A. S. Pereira (2006), Ceramic waste

from ceramic and construction industries is one of the most important parts in the global
volume of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Ceramic waste may have several uses,
one of which as coarse aggregate for concrete artefacts. Within a research campaign in course
at Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), concerning the reuse and recycling of CDW, the viability of
replacing primary limestone aggregates with ceramic waste on the production of concrete
pavement slabs has been studied. Compression and bending tests previously performed have
shown the mechanical suitability of replacing, at least partially, limestone aggregates with
ceramic recycled ones. In this paper, the results of the water absorption tests, either by
capillarity or by immersion, and the results of the abrasion resistance tests are presented, all
related to long-term concrete durability.
Durability of concrete made with EAF slag as aggregate
According to Juan M.Manso, Juan A.Polanco, Milagros Losañez, Javier J.González,

(2006), Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag, a by-product of steelmaking recovered after the
oxidizing process, is useful when employed as aggregate in hydraulic concrete and bituminous
mixtures. Concrete made with EAF oxidizing slag as an aggregate shows good physical and
mechanical properties and further study of its durability will ensure greater reliability in its
usage. This paper details a systematic study of slag concrete behaviour under severe test
conditions. The tests were designed to evaluate the internal expansivity of the slag, its
chemical reactivity with some components of the cement and its resistance to environmental
agents, ice and moisture. The results indicate that the durability of slag concrete is acceptable,
though slightly lower than that of conventional concrete. When the mix proportions are
adequate, both the mechanical strength and the durability of slag concrete are satisfactory,
although in less care mixes durability is likely to be impaired.
Recent durability studies on concrete structure
According to S. W. Tang, Y. Yao, C. Andrade, Z. J. Li, (2015). The durability of concrete

has attracted significant attention over the past several decades and is still a research hotspot
until now. This paper reviews and discusses recent research activities on the durability of
concrete, including: 1) major durability problems such as alkali aggregate reaction, sulfate
attack, steel corrosion and freeze–thaw; 2) durability of concrete in marine environment; and 3)
coupling effects of mechanical load and environmental factors on durability of concrete.

Moreover, the consideration of durability in concrete structure design (DuraCrete and
performance-based specifications) is also briefly reviewed.
Durability of Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregates: Influence of
According to Daniel Matias; Jorge de Brito; Alexandra Rosa, Diogo Pedro (2014), The

main goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of standard and high-performance
superplasticizers on the key durability-related properties (shrinkage, water absorption by
immersion and by capillarity, carbonation and chloride penetration resistance) of concrete
made with different percentages of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) from crushed concrete
and compare the findings with the corresponding effect on conventional concrete.
Mechanical properties of cold bonded quarry dust aggregate concrete subjected to

elevated temperature
Based on the study of lJobThomas, aB.Harilalb, (2016), The use of waste materials such as fly
ash and quarry dust in the building construction process is explored in this paper. The coarse
aggregate prepared using quarry dust and fly ash by cold bonding process is used for the
making of concrete. The mechanical properties of the concrete, namely, compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are determined. The variables considered
are aggregate ratio, water binder ratio, temperature ratio and type of aggregate.
According to Hmaid Mir (2017), The suitability of quarry dust as a sand replacement
material shows that the mechanical properties are improved and also elastic modulus. The
compressive strength achieved optimum by replacing fine aggregate with quarry dust in ratio of
60 : 40.
Concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate can be effectively utilized in the
construction industry with good quality materials, appropriate dosage of super plasticizer,
appropriate mixing methods, and proper curing thereby ensuring sustainable development
against environmental pollution. Devi and Kannan (2017)
Various experimentation and investigation proposes that the stone dust can be replaced
up to 50% without any effect on mechanical and physical properties and the economical saving
will be 56%. Nanda et al. (2017)
According to K Shyam Prakash and Dr Ch Hanumantha Rao (2017). The precise gravity
and sieve evaluation result indicates that the quarry dust can be used as opportunity to sand.
The unique gravity of all of the crusher samples is lies in among 2 to 2.7 which fulfil the sand
requirement. The sieve evaluation is achieved for the accumulated quarry dust crusher sample
and sand which possess the sand zone. From the experimental study it's far concluded that

the quarry dirt can be used as a substitute for sand. It is identified that 40% substitute of sand
via quarry dust provide good end result in electricity than everyday concrete for m20 and m30
grade. The consequences possess that 40% replacement of sand by the quarry dirt induced
better compressive electricity and the workability of concrete decreases as replacement
increases.
According to Adajar, M. (2017) stated that the waste from aggregate quarry contains
more silicon, iron, and calcium as compared to sand. The finer particles of quarry dust and
presence of more silicon, iron, and calcium elements produced positive effect in terms of
cohesive property of the concrete.
The specific gravity and sieve analysis result shows that the quarry dust can be used as
alternative to sand. The specific gravity of all the crusher samples is lies in between 2 to 2.7
which fulfil the sand requirement. The sieve analysis is carried out for the collected quarry dust
crusher sample and sand which possess the sand zone. From the experimental study it is
concluded that the quarry dust can be used as a substitute for sand. It is identified that 40%
replacement of sand by quarry dust give good result in strength than normal concrete for m20
and m30 grade. Koganti, S.P. et al. (2017)
According to L.C. Wang (2014). In general, water acts as the medium for agents to
move into concrete, and water penetration by capillary absorption is more common for the real
concrete structures since concrete is rarely saturated. As a result, absorption of water is
regarded as the dominant factor for the ingress of aggressive substances. The sorptivity is acts
as a parameter to describe the rate of water moving into concrete since it can characterize the
tendency of cementitious material to absorb and transmit water by capillary mechanism.
Water plays a very important role in the transport processes of concrete because it acts
as the medium for aggressive agents to move into concrete and finally reach the surface of
steel bars. In general, there are two principal mechanisms controlling the ingress and
movement of water among concrete; permeation and absorption. Gerard, Breysse,
Ammouche, Houdusse, & Didry, 1996; Sabir, Wild, & O’Farrell, 1998
According to L.C. Wang (2014). The principal mechanism responsible for water
transport during the absorption process is hydrostatic pressure due to the capillary suction.

Therefore, the microstructures of concrete, the porosity and pore distribution or microcracks
play a crucial role in the velocity of water ingress. Thus, the cracking direction and connectivity
may also influence the speed of water penetration into the samples. Therefore, to fully
represent the role of microcracking, the main water absorption direction is made to be parallel
to the compressive loading direction or perpendicular to the tensile loading direction.
Quarry dust powder is the waste produced from manufactured sand units and accounts
for 30% to 40% of the total quarry dust produced. When dry, it turns into fine dust that causes
people to have severe health problems and causes serious environmental threats by polluting
soil and water. On the other hand, Quarry dust can be used as an alternative to natural river
sand and as a practical building material. Quarry dust's physical and chemical properties meet
fine aggregate requirements. It has the ability to provide an alternative to fine aggregate, thus
reducing the waste products and the associated problems of disposal. (Febin et al., 2019)
According to the paper of CJS technology Inc., RCPT or the rapid chloride permeability
test (ASTM C1202) has been criticized all over the world for its lack of scientific bases and
rough testing conditions. These standards specify the rating of the chloride permeability based
on the charge passed through the specimen during the hours of testing period. A comparison
specified that Portland cement may exhibit coulomb values 6 to 5 times higher.
Several techniques have been employed (Bassuoni, M.T. & Greenough, T. 2006),
though some are still questionable, for the evaluation and prediction of the corrosion damage
in reinforced concrete. It includes chemical analysis of chlorides, RCPT, half-cell potential,
ponding test, etc. The RCPT is mainly used to evaluate the resistance of concrete to chloride
ions ingress through electrical conductivity measurements.
Chloride ions induce corrosion of the reinforcement. Parts of the structures which are in
contact with seawater, spray, or other chloride sources, are at risk from the penetration of
chloride leading to the corrosion (Iffat, S. et. Al. 2014)
As from Ramezanianpour, A. A., et. Al., deterioration of concrete due to corrosion
caused by chemicals is one of the most significant durability problems that the construction
industry is concerned with. The corrosion of the steel inside the concrete normally happens as
a result of either the reduction of alkalinity of the steel or leaching of alkalis, or the presence of
a significant quantity of chloride ions in the concrete.
Portland cement as a binder in the production of concrete performs well for most of the
civil engineering projects and structures. However, the process for producing Portland cement
is highly internal-energy-intensive and causes emission of carbon dioxide and therefore has a
need to develop alternative materials. ( Rajamane N.P., et. Al. 2011)
Corrosion caused by chloride can be of concern in marine environments and cold
environments where de-icing of salts are used and other areas that chlorides are found. It is
logical to properly design the concrete mix to the combat the ingress of chlorides. Which can

be done by ensuring that the chemical and pore structure properties of the surface sufficiently
retard the diffusion of chloride ions throught the matrix. (Gardner, T., Stanish, K., and
Alexander, M.2006)
Definition of Terms:
 Aggregates
It is a broad category of coarse to medium grained particulate material used in
construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and
geosynthetic aggregates and they are the most mined materials in the world.
 Cement
It is a binder or a substance that is used for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them together.
 Coarse Aggregates
These are particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 0.38 and
1.5 inches in diameter.
 Coconut Shell
It is the strongest part or the outer cover of the coconut fruit. This shell is
naturally created to protect the inner part of coconut.
 Concrete
It is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of
Portland Cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger)
aggregates.
 Curing
It is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept
within a reasonable temperature range. The period in which the concrete mixed is
allowed to reach design strength and the usual curing period is 7, 14, and 28 day
period.
 Fine Aggregates

It is natural sand which has been washed and sieved to remove particles larger
than 5 mm.
 Natural Aggregates
It consists of manufactured crushed stone and sand created by crushing
bedrock, or naturally occurring unconsolidated sand and gravel.
 Portland Cement
It is the most common type of cement. In particular, Ordinary Portland Cement is
the normal, grey, cement with which most people are familiar.
 Quarry Dust
It is a by-product of the crushing process which is a concentrated material to use
as an aggregates for concreting purposes, especially as fine aggregates.
 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
It is a test used to evaluate the resistance of a concrete sample to the
penetration of chloride ions.
 Sand
It is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
 Water Absorption
It is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions.
 Water Sorptivity
This test method is used to determine the rate of absorption (sorptivity) of liquid
by hydraulic cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen
resulting from absorption of liquid as a function of time when only one surface of the
specimen is exposed to aggressive chemical.
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
In this chapter, the experimental design, materials and methods, treatment of data, and
the decision criteria were discussed. The main objective is to present the methodology and
research design performed in the research study.

Technical/Experimental:
The experimental research is concerned primarily on determining the durability

properties of the concrete using coconut shell and quarry dust as partial substitute for coarse
aggregates and fine aggregates in the concrete mixture. Different percentage or ratios are
used in preparing the concrete cylinder for each mixture.
Materials and Methods:
This study will undergo experimental procedure. All the concrete cylinders produced
should be set on time. Its composite includes Sand, Gravel, Water, Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) and aggregates, specifically, crushed coconut shell as coarse aggregates and quarry
dust as fine aggregates. The main source of the Coconut Shell is from Bustillos, Legarda and
the Quarry Dust is from Montalban, Rizal.
Testing the Durability:
 Water Absorption
It is a popular method of determining the water-

tightness of a concrete. Water absorption test consists of
two major steps: saturating the specimens followed by
drying. The lower the absorption, the better the result due
to that the higher water absorbed by the concrete, the
less durable it becomes.
 Water Sorptivity
This test method is used to determine the rate of

absorption (sorptivity) of liquid by hydraulic cement
concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a
specimen resulting from absorption of liquid as a function
of time when only one surface of the specimen is

exposed to aggressive chemical.
 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
It is a test used to evaluate the resistance of a

concrete sample to the penetration of chloride ions. The
sample cell contains 3.0% salt solution and 0.3 N sodium
hydroxide solution.
Material Sampling:
Cement Quarry Gravel Coconut Water

Mix Sand (kg)
(kg) Dust (kg) (kg) Shell (kg) (kg)
A 3.744 7 - 13.92 - 1.872
B 3.744 7 2.554 12.528 0.453 1.872
C 3.744 7 2.554 11.136 0.906 1.872
D 3.744 7 2.554 9.744 1.359 1.872
Sizes of Cylinders
Mix Length (inch) Diameter (inch)
A 4 4
B 4 4

C 4 4
D 4 4
The concrete proportion that will be used in this study is mixture class A with 1:2:4 and
a water-cement ratio of 0.50 while the Ordinary Portland Cement weighs 40 kg.
Preparation of Coconut Shell:
COCONUT SUN DRY CRUSHING
SURFACE SATURATING SIEVING

DRY
COCONUT
SHELL
Procedure:
Preparation of the coconut shell:
1. Gather the coconut shell.
2. Leave it until sun dried.
3. Crush the coconut shell using a crusher or a hammer.

4. Sieve the crushed coconut using the sieve size of 12.5mm.
5. Soak it in the water for one day due to the reason that it is a wood-based material
6. Before weighing, allow the coconut shell to undergo surface dry
Mixing, Curing and Testing:
1. Prepare the concrete mixture for the following:
 Conventional Concrete
 Concrete with 30% Quarry Dust and 10% Coconut Shell
2. Add water considering the water-cement ratio of 0.50 and mix them thoroughly with the
shovels.
3. Perform Slump Cone Testing to assess its workability.
4. Prepare the 4 x 4 cylindrical moulds.
5. Pour the concrete mixture into the cylindrical moulds.
6. Use tamping rod in order to avoid voids.
7. After 24 hours, remove the concrete mixture from the form.
8. Put the concrete cylinder into the curing water for 7, 14, and 28 days.
9. Prepare the specimen for testing.
10. Conduct test every 7, 14 and 28 days of curing.
11. Perform water absorption, water sorptivity and rapid chloride permeability test for each
specimen.

12. Record the resulting data of all the tests, precisely.
Specimens:
A total of 108 specimens at dimension of 4 x 4 inches were prepared for the laboratory
testing and investigation. Also, in the latter mix, the percentage of the replaced Quarry Dust is
30% while the Coconut Shell is 10%, 20%, and 30% as a partial replacement of coarse
aggregates in accordance with their respective weight in grams in the curing age of 7, 14, and
28 days.
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Data and Results of Water Absorption Test:

WATER ABSORPTION TEST
7 DAYS
INITIAL FINAL ABSORPTION
MIX TRIAL
WEIGHT WEIGHT (%)
1 2.212 2.224 0.54
A 2 2.312 2.322 0.43
3 2.262 2.273 0.49
1 2.122 2.152 1.41
B 2 2.100 2.136 1.71
3 2.111 2.144 1.56
1 2.228 2.248 0.90
C 2 2.096 2.118 1.05
3 2.162 2.183 0.97
1 2.052 2.074 1.07
D 2 1.984 2.004 1.01
3 2.018 2.039 1.04
WATER ABSORPTION TEST
14 DAYS
INITIAL FINAL ABSORPTION
MIX TRIAL
WEIGHT WEIGHT (%)
A 1 2.314 2.322 0.35

2 2.294 2.300 0.26
3 2.304 2.311 0.30
1 2.122 2.132 0.47
B 2 2.298 2.306 0.35
3 2.210 2.219 0.41
1 2.168 2.176 0.37
C 2 2.220 2.226 0.27
3 2.194 2.201 0.32
1 2.112 2.120 0.38
D 2 2.090 2.098 0.38
3 2.101 2.109 0.38
FinalWeight−Initial Weight
Absorption of Water = x 100
Initial Weight
Data and Results for Water Sorptivity Test:
WATER SORPTIVITY TEST
7 DAYS
INITIAL
MIX TRIAL 3 MINS 5 MINS 7 MINS I
WEIGHT
A 1 2.158 2.210 2.208 2.210 160.83

2 2.324 2.384 2.384 2.382 185.89
3 2.241 2.297 2.296 2.296 173.36
1 2.112 2.160 2.162 2.160 152.47
B 2 2.156 2.204 2.202 2.204 148.29
3 2.134 2.182 2.182 2.182 150.38
1 2.142 2.192 2.192 2.192 156.65
C 2 2.162 2.212 2.210 2.212 154.56
3 2.152 2.202 2.201 2.202 155.60
1 2.014 2.060 2.600 2.060 708.05
D 2 2.128 2.176 2.178 2.178 154.56
3 2.071 2.118 2.389 2.119 431.31
WATER SORPTIVITY TEST
14 DAYS
INITIAL
MIX TRIAL 3 MINS 5 MINS 7 MINS I
WEIGHT
1 2.276 2.322 2.324 2.320 144.12
A
2 2.412 2.462 2.464 2.462 158.74

3 2.344 2.392 2.394 2.391 151.43
1 2.150 2.174 2.172 2.172 71.01
B 2 2.224 2.252 2.254 2.254 91.90
3 2.187 2.213 2.213 2.213 81.46
1 2.150 2.174 2.174 2.174 75.19
C 2 2.148 2.176 2.176 2.176 87.72
3 2.149 2.175 2.175 2.175 81.46
1 2.000 2.020 2.020 2.020 62.66
D 2 2.112 2.148 2.148 2.146 110.70
3 2.056 2.084 2.084 2.083 86.68
m
I=
a xd

A Study On The Durability Properties of Concrete Using Coconut Shell and Quarry Dust

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Construction Materials and Testing 2020

 To determine the difference in durability properties between conventional concrete and

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

In performing the experiment, the students shall be able to:

Technological Institute of the Philippines 1|Page

It consists mainly of mixture of cement, sand, aggregates, water and admixture(s).

The Problem and its Background

Technological Institute of the Philippines 2|Page

Due to its popularity and extensive usage, resulting in the

Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) which is commonly

The coconut when dried and crushed can produce

Technological Institute of the Philippines 3|Page

Statement of the Problem:

 What are the comparative durability properties of conventional concrete cylinder

Significance of the Study:

Technological Institute of the Philippines 4|Page

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Scope and Delimitation

Technological Institute of the Philippines 5|Page

Review of Related Literature

Literature and Studies:

Besides, it is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some

Technological Institute of the Philippines 6|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 7|Page

In the study conducted by Gunasekaran et al (2015), coconut shell was used as

Technological Institute of the Philippines 8|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 9|Page

According to Nadir, A. and Sujatha A. (2017) ,Water absorption, advantageous porosity,

According to Ramachandrudu, A. (2012), In order to investigate residences of CS

Technological Institute of the Philippines 10 | P a g e

Durability of coconut shell powder (CSP) concrete

According to Johor Bahru(2017), The rising cost of construction in developing countries

Study on Durability Properties of Coconut Shell Concrete with Coconut Fiber

According to Anandh Sekar and Gunasekaran Kandasamy(2019), This study was

Technological Institute of the Philippines 11 | P a g e

Durability Properties of Coconut Shell Aggregate Concrete

According to the researcher Yashida Nadir and A. Sujatha(2018), An experimental

A Review of Experimental Investigation on Coconut Shell as Replacement on Concrete

According to A.Santhiya , N.Sakthieswaran , G.Shiny Brintha , O.Ganesh Babu (2016),

Technological Institute of the Philippines 12 | P a g e

Study of Strength of Concrete by Using Coconut Shell

Technological Institute of the Philippines 13 | P a g e

Based on the researcher S.Andavan, N. Ravi Sreekar, and P. Vivek(2018), In this

Application of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: A Technical Review

Based on the study ofcParag S. Kamblicand Sandhya R. Mathapati(2014), Oil palm

Technological Institute of the Philippines 14 | P a g e

Properties of Concrete by using Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate

STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR CONCRETE STRUCTURE BY USING COCONUT SHELL

According to Prashant B. Raut (2017), Now days, there is lots of development in

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Replacement of Sand by Quarry Dust in

Technological Institute of the Philippines 15 | P a g e

Strength Characteristics of Quarry Dust in Replacement of Sand

According to the researcher K Shyam Prakash and Ch Hanumantha Rao (2017), The

Increasing concrete durability with high-reactivity metakaolin

Based in the study of K.AGruber, TerryRamlochan, AndreaBoddy, R.D Hooton, and

Technological Institute of the Philippines 16 | P a g e

Effectiveness of surface coatings in improving concrete durability

According to A.A.Almusallam, F.M.Khan, S.U.Dulaijan,O.S.B. Al-Amoudi (2003), this

Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes

Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates

Technological Institute of the Philippines 17 | P a g e

Effects on concrete durability of using recycled ceramic aggregates

Based on the study of J. R. Correia, J. de Brito, A. S. Pereira (2006), Ceramic waste