Plastics

Blow Molding
 Blow Molding

• Blow molding (also blow forming) is a manufacturing process by which

hollow plastic parts are formed.
• In general, there are three main types of blow molding:
– Extrusion blow molding
– Injection blow molding
– Stretch blow molding

Swimming pool ladder

 Blow Molding

• The blow molding process begins with melting down the plastic and
forming it into a parison or preform.
• The parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end in which
compressed air can pass through.
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• The parison is then clamped into a mold and air is pumped into it.
• The air pressure then pushes the plastic out to match the mold.
• Once the plastic has cooled and hardened the mold opens up and the part is
ejected.
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Blow Molding
Blow Molding
Blow Molding
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Extrusion blow molding:

• In extrusion blow molding (EBM), plastic is melted and extruded into a
hollow tube (a parison).
• This parison is then captured by closing it into a cooled metal mold.
• Air is then blown into the parison, inflating it into the shape of the hollow
bottle, container or part.
• After the plastic has cooled sufficiently, the mold is opened and the part is
ejected.
Blow Molding
 Blow Molding

Extrusion blow molding:

• Continuous and Intermittent are two variations of Extrusion Blow Molding.
• In Continuous Extrusion Blow Molding the parison is extruded
continuously and the individual parts are cut off by a suitable knife.

Toy

Fuel tank
 Blow Molding

Extrusion blow molding:

• In Intermittent blow molding there are two processes:
– Straight intermittent is similar to injection molding whereby the screw
turns, then stops and pushes the melt out.
– With the accumulator method, an accumulator gathers melted plastic
and when the previous mold has cooled and enough plastic has
accumulated, a rod pushes the melted plastic and forms the parison. In
this case the screw may turn continuously or intermittently.

Cane Bucket
 Blow Molding

Injection blow molding:

• The process of injection blow molding (IBM) is used for the production of
hollow glass and plastic objects in large quantities.
• In the IBM process, the polymer is injection molded onto a core pin; then
the core pin is rotated to a blow molding station to be inflated and cooled.

Traffic cones

Shampoo bottles Support bases

 Blow Molding

Injection blow molding:

• This is the least-used of the three blow molding processes, and is typically
used to make small medical and single serve bottles.
• The process is divided into three steps:
– Injection
Filters
– Blowing
– Ejection

Washing machine
Fence feet
body
 Blow Molding

• The injection blow molding machine is based on an extruder barrel and

screw assembly which melts the polymer.
• The molten polymer is fed into a manifold where it is injected through
nozzles into a hollow, heated preform mold.
• The preform mold forms the external shape and is clamped around a
mandrel (the core rod) which forms the internal shape of the preform.

Vacuum tank

Bird house
 Blow Molding

• The preform consists of a fully formed bottle/jar neck with a thick tube of
polymer attached, which will form the body.
• The preform mold opens and the core rod is rotated and clamped into the
hollow, chilled blow mold.
• The core rod opens and allows compressed air into the preform, which
inflates it to the finished article shape.

Insecticide
sprayers

Mailbox post
 Blow Molding

• After a cooling period the blow mold opens and the core rod is rotated to
the ejection position.
• The finished article is stripped off the core rod and leak-tested prior to
packing.
• The preform and blow mold can have many cavities, typically three to
sixteen depending on the article size and the required output.
• There are three sets of core rods, which allow concurrent preform injection,
blow molding and ejection.

Pumpkin Dust bins

Blow Molding
 Blow Molding

Stretch blow molding process:

• In the stretch blow molding (SBM) process, the plastic is first molded into
a "preform" using the injection molding process.
• These preforms are produced with the necks of the bottles, including
threads (the "finish") on one end.

Tool cases

Storage shed
 Blow Molding

Stretch blow molding process:

• These preforms are packaged, and fed later (after cooling) into a reheat
stretch blow molding machine.
• In the SBM process, the preforms are heated (typically using infrared
heaters) above their glass transition temperature, then blown using high
pressure air into bottles using metal blow molds.

Portable
spa

Patio blocks
 Blow Molding

• The preform is always stretched with a core rod as part of the process.
• In the single-stage process both preform manufacture and bottle blowing
are performed in the same machine.
• The stretching of some polymers, such as PET (polyethylene teraphthalate)
results in strain hardening of the resin, allowing the bottles to resist
deforming under the pressures formed by carbonated beverages, which
typically approach 60 psi.
Snow board

Hockey stick
Blow Molding
 Blow Molding

• The main applications are bottles, jars and other containers.

• Advantages of blow molding include: low tool and die cost; fast production
rates; ability to mold complex part; produces recyclable parts
• Disadvantages of blow molding include: limited to hollow parts, wall
thickness is hard to control.

Spa pillow
Blow Molding

Boat fenders

Seats of tricycles

kayaks
 Blow Molding

Totes

Copier tonner bottle

Hosiery forms

Mannequin parts
 Blow Molding

• It is usually a requirement that the blown container is rigid, and rigidity

depends on wall thickness among other factors.

• We can relate wall thickness of the blown container to the starting extruded
parison, assuming a cylindrical shape for the final product.

• There is also an effect of die swell on the parison.

• The mean diameter of the tube as it exits the die ‘Dp’ is determined by the
mean die diameter ‘Dd’.

• Die swell causes expansion to a mean parison diameter.

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 Blow Molding

• At the same time, wall thickness swells from td to tP .

• The swell ratio of the parison diameter is given by:

• While the swell ratio for the wall thickness is:

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• The swelling of the wall thickness is proportional to the square of the

diameter swelling; that is

• Therefore,
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• When the parison is inflated to the blow mold diameter Dm with the
corresponding reduction in wall thickness to tm and assuming constant
volume of cross section, we have

• Solving for tm we obtain:

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• Substituting the values of DP and TP :

• The amount of die swell in the initial extrusion process can be measured by
direct observation; and the dimensions of the die are known.

• Thus, we can determine the wall thickness on the blow-molded container.

 Blow Molding

• Given the wall thickness of the molded container, an expression can be

developed for the maximum air pressure that avoids bursting of the parison
during inflation.

• An equation borrowed from strength of materials relates stress to internal

pressure ‘p’ in a pipe, given its diameter D and wall thickness t:
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• Reasoning that the maximum stress will occur just before the parison is
expected to the size of the blow mold diameter (this is when ‘D’ will be
maximum and ‘t’ will be minimum), and rearranging equation to solve for
‘p’, we get
 Blow Molding

• Where p=air pressure used during blow molding, Pa (lb/in2):

• σ= maximum allowable tensile stress in the polymer during inflation, Pa

(lb/in2) ; and

• t and D are wall thickness and diameter, respectively, of the molding, m

(in.).

• The difficulty in using the formula is in determining the allowable stress

since the polymer is in a heated and highly plastic condition.

• In an industrial operation, the process parameters are tuned by trial and

error.
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• Assignment

• Marks: 05 (Lab)

• Submission date: 24-09-2014

• Write the names of the industries along with products relying on blow
molding process for the packaging of their products.