Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Penicillium chrysogenum
Industrial Biotechnology
25th October 2013
Nazeer Huda
Seetul Yajeshwar
Cécile Christabelle
Overview
● Introduction ● Media consideration &
● What is penicillin? formulation
● History ● Primary & secondary
● General structure of penicillins metabolism
● Penicillin derivatives ● Production method
● How does penicillin work? ● Stages of production
● Spectrum of activity ● Production of penicillin
● Fermentors ● Classification of penicillins
● Important aspects of fermentors ● Increase in yield
● Specific conditions for ● References
production
Introduction
We have all, at one point or the other, heard about penicillin. From its
accidental discovery and massive use in World War II to the Nobel
Prize for Medicine in 1945 by its rightful owners, penicillin has made its
proof as the “Miracle Drug” that revolutionized the course of the
medical industry.
Without further ado, let us take a look at an important aspect that made
penicillin accessible at large; its industrial production.
What is Penicillin?
● First true naturally-occurring antibiotic ever discovered: a great
medical breakthrough.
● As human cells do not have cell walls, penicillin does not affect
them.
Spectrum of Activity
● Effective against actively growing Gram positive bacteria - which
have thick peptidoglycan.
● For reactor being designed for specific purpose, there are a number
of important parameters that will greatly affect performance:
Fermentors
1. Reactor Size: optimum rates of production?
2. Reactor Configuration: mechanical agitation or will a bubble
column.
3. Mode of operation: Will it be batch fed or continuously fed?
4. Conditions inside the reactor: how will conditions (pH,
temperature,…) be controlled?
Economic requirements:
● Easy to operate aseptically.
● Reasonably flexible regarding process requirements.
● Low power consumption.
● Stable under fluctuating conditions.
● Cheap, robust, simple and well understood for scale-up.
Typical Fermentor
Some Important Aspects
● Mass Transfer: good transfer of oxygen across the liquid
interface-the Sparger delivers this oxygen efficiently.
○ be cost effective.
Media Formulation
● pH 6.5
● Temperature 20-24 °C
● Oxygen
● Nitrogen: corn steep liquor 8.5 %
● Glucose 1%
● 80% ethanol
● phenylacetic acid
● Probenecid
● Lactose 1%
● Calcium Carbonate 1%
● Sodium hydrogen phosphate 0.4%
● Antifoaming agent: vegetable oil
Media Formulation
● Microorganisms require C, H, O, S and N for cell growth and cell
maintenance.
2. Once the desired biomass has been achieved, starve (Limiting the
amount of C and N available to the culture) the culture and induce
the kind of stress conditions that trigger the production of the
antibiotic.
★ Use the fed-batch method to feed the culture. As stated above, this
allows us to add the substrate to the reactor in small increments
and to even change the substrate if we so desire.
Production of Penicillin
● Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by
an aerobic, submerged fermentation.
● At the end of the WWII, penicillin was first made using the fungus
Penicillium notatum, which produced a yield of 1 mg/dm3
1. Upstream Processing
- referring to processes before input to the fermenter and
encompases any technology that leads to the synthesis of a product.
It includes the exploration, development and production.
2. Downstream Processing
- referring to processes done to purify the output of the fermenter
until it reaches to the desired product, such as extraction and
purification of a product from fermentation.
Process Flow Diagram: Penicillin
Simplified Flow Chart
★ Medium for penicillin
1. The Penicillium chrysogenum usually contain its carbon source
which is found in corn steep liquor and glucose.
Sterilisation machine
★ Fermentation
5. It is done in a fed-batch mode as glucose must not be added in high
amounts at the beginning of growth (which will result in low yield of
penicillin production as excessive glucose inhibit penicillin production).
Fermentors
★ Seed Culture
9. The seed culture is developed first in the lab by the addition of
Penicillium chrysogenum spores into a liquid medium. When it has
grown to the acceptable amount, it is inoculated into the fermenter.
12. After about 7 days, growth is completed, the pH rises to 8.0 or above
and penicillin production ceases.
22. The acetate solution is first mixed with a phosphate buffer, followed
by a chloroform solution, and mixed again with a phosphate buffer and
finally in an ether solution.
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