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Lower crustal H2O controls on the formation of

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Article in Geology · May 2012

DOI: 10.1130/G32912.1

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Lower crustal H2O controls on the formation of adakitic melts

G.F. Zellmer1,2*, Y. Iizuka1, M. Miyoshi3, Y. Tamura4, and Y. Tatsumi4
1
Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
2
Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
3
Department of Education and Regional Studies, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
4
IFREE, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan

ABSTRACT GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND APPROACH

At volcanic arcs, fluids released from the subducting slab lower
the solidus of the mantle wedge and cause melting. Furthermore, slab
melts may infiltrate the mantle wedge, and have been suggested to
generate adakitic (residual garnet) signatures at some arc volcanoes.
However, experimental work indicates that the garnet stability field
will expand in the lower overriding crust in the presence of some-
what less hydrous melts, suggesting that such signatures may also
develop at crustal levels. Here we use geothermometry and plagio-
clase hygrometry of mafic eruptives from southwest Japan to dem-
onstrate that the adakitic compositions of associated intermediate
magmas are of lower crustal origin due to a decrease in the water
content of parental melts, and are not generated by partial melting of
the eclogitic subducting slab at elevated temperatures. Lower crustal
melt evolution at reduced water contents may represent an important
process for generating adakitic signatures in all tectonic settings that
have previously been considered to enhance slab melting. Our results
demonstrate that magmatic water plays a key role in the differentia-
tion of arc magmas in modern and ancient subduction settings.
INTRODUCTION
At convergent margins, water plays a pivotal role in melt generation.
Hydration of the mantle wedge by slab fluids lowers the wedge solidus
and causes mantle melting, and this process accounts for many first-order
chemical features in the genesis of arc magmas (Gill, 1981). However,
there are enigmatic cases of arc volcanoes erupting intermediate to felsic
magmas with unusually high Sr/Y ratios due to low Y (≤18 ppm) and
high Sr (≥400 ppm) contents, and these have been called adakitic (Defant
and Drummond, 1990; Kay, 1978). Adakitic signatures have been linked
to garnet being residual during partial melting of the eclogitic subducting
slab, as a result of unusually high slab temperatures developing due to
subduction of young slabs (Defant and Drummond, 1990), flat subduc-
tion (Gutscher et al., 2000), or mantle upwelling along slab edges (Mor-
We have chosen southwest Japan, where the crustal thickness is
~35 km (Oda and Ushio, 2007; Ueno et al., 2008), as a suitable natural
laboratory (Fig. 1). Here the Philippine Sea slab consists of ca. 40 Ma or
older West Philippine Basin lithosphere subducting steeply under central
Kyushu, and younger (ca. 26–15 Ma), more buoyant Shikoku Basin lith-
osphere subducting shallowly beneath western Honshu (Mahony et al.,
2011), where it terminates with its leading edge at a depth of ~200 km,
approximately below the active volcanic arc (Abdelwahed and Zhao,
2007). Based on the occurrence of deep long-period tremors, the young
slab is thought to dehydrate beneath Shikoku in the forearc (Obara,
2002). Chemically, the arc changes northeastward from the typical calc-
alkaline Aso volcano in central Kyushu to eruptives yielding increasingly
high Sr/Y ratios at Kuju and Yufu volcanoes in northern Kyushu (Kita
et al., 2001; Sugimoto et al., 2006), and Aonoyama, Sanbe, and Daisen
volcanoes in western Honshu (Morris, 1995). Residual garnet signatures
have previously been ascribed to partial melting at the leading edge of
the young subducting slab, bolstered by hot mantle upwelling from depth
(Morris, 1995; Sugimoto et al., 2006).
Our experiment involves the determination of temperatures and water
contents of the mafic melts that fed mafic volcanism in this area. An origin
of adakitic melts in the subducting slab is favored if spatially associated
(but not necessarily cogenetic) mafic magmas are hot (~1150–1450 °C)
131°E 132°E 35 133°E 134°E
30
Daisen 35
30
50 km Sanbe
35°N 60
Mengame
hu
ern Hons
West
35
50

ris, 1995; Yogodzinski et al., 2001). However, recent work has indicated Abu
40 30 40
that slab surface temperatures may generally become high enough to
Aonoyama
cause partial melting of the hydrous slab (Plank et al., 2009), followed
34°N 30
by melt infiltration of the wedge (Schiano et al., 1995), and that slab-
derived silicic components may therefore be an integral part of the gen- 38 80
u
esis of typical andesitic arc magmas (Schiano et al., 1995; Straub et al., 36 60
ikok 20
2011), rather than generating atypical adakitic volcanic products. Garnet, Kyushu 50 Sh
a high-pressure mineral, may also impose its enigmatic signature at the Oninomi
34 Yufu
base of the overriding crust (Garrison and Davidson, 2003; Macpherson Kuju
36 40
et al., 2006; Richards, 2011). Although amphibole typically dominates o
33 N 38 30
80

the phase assemblage (Davidson et al., 2007), recent experimental work

100

Aso 10
has shown that at moderate pressures (12 kbar), garnet stability increases
120

at the expense of amphibole with decreasing H2O contents (Alonso-Perez
et al., 2009; Müntener et al., 2001). It has therefore been suggested that
H2O variations may modulate adakitic signatures at normal arc crustal
thicknesses, i.e., pressures of ~1 GPa (Zellmer, 2009). Our study sets out
to test this hypothesis.
*E-mail: gzellmer@earth.sinica.edu.tw.
34 40 20
Figure 1. Regional location map of southwest Japan volcanoes re-
ferred to in text. Black contour lines show depth distribution (in km) of
upper boundary of subducting Philippine Sea slab estimated from dis-
tribution of intermediate-depth earthquakes (after Katagi et al., 2008),
accurate to <±5 km. In western Honshu, subduction beyond ~60 km
depth occurs aseismically (Abdelwahed and Zhao, 2007). Colored
contour lines show Moho depth estimates for Kyushu (in blue; Oda
and Ushio, 2007) and western Honshu (in green; Ueno et al., 2008).

© 2012 Geological Society of America. For permission to copy, contact Copyright Permissions, GSA, or editing@geosociety.org.
GEOLOGY,
Geology, June
June 2012
2012; v. 40; no. 6; p. 487–490; doi:10.1130/G32912.1; 3 figures; Data Repository item 2012143. 487

and essentially dry (≤0.7 wt% H2O), as would be expected from melts
generated by adiabatic decompression of mantle (Kohut et al., 2006) hot
enough to bolster melting of an eclogitic slab that has largely dehydrated
in the forearc (Obara, 2002). Conversely, if mafic melts in western Honshu
have temperatures more similar to the typical mafic arc magmas of central
Kyushu (<1150 °C), but carry less H2O than typical for primitive arc melts
(~3.5–6.5 wt%; Sisson and Layne, 1993), this would imply the absence of
enhanced melting of the slab, and that the adakitic signatures are instead
linked to melt evolution of somewhat less hydrous mantle melts in the
lower overriding crust in the presence of residual garnet (Zellmer, 2009).
RESULTS
We have sampled Quaternary mafic rocks from Aso, Kuju, Yufu,
Oninomi, Abu, Menkame, and Daisen (Fig. 1), and have constrained
magmatic temperatures of the least-evolved samples by pyroxene ther-
mometry (Lindsley, 1983), and two-pyroxene thermobarometry and
melt inclusion-in-olivine thermometry (Putirka, 2008; cf. Fig. 2A, and
Table DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1). For pyroxene thermometry,
we assumed a pressure of 10 kbar appropriate for parental melts cross-
1200
Aso
Kuju
Yufu
Oninomi
A low-level degassing and melt differentiation, crustal assimilation, and
1150
T (°C) mafics
1100
1050
Mafic enclaves
1000
950
900
B Kyushu
0.9
Most primitive feld
spar
0.8
(e.g., mixing, degassing)
Crustal melt evolution
X An mafics
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
32.5 33 33.5
Latitude (°N)
Figure 2. A: Along-arc temperatures (T) estimated on basis of pyrox-
ene thermometry (O; Lindsley, 1983), orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene
equilibrium thermobarometry (red dots; Putirka, 2008), and melt
inclusion olivine-liquid geothermometry (blue dots; Putirka, 2008).
Mafic enclaves are in gray. Temperature precision is estimated to
±25 °C. Bracketed Kuju samples have equilibrated at mantle pres-
sures. Horizontal bar indicates range of highest mineral thermom-
etry estimates used for calculation of lower crustal magma water
contents. B: Along-arc variations in anorthite contents (XAn) of pla-
gioclase from mafic eruptives of the southwest Japan volcanic arc.
Uncertainties in XAn are estimated to be <±1.5% for the most calcic
crystals. Note higher XAn contents of groundmass plagioclase in
Menkame, indicative of open system processes. Daisen basalts do
not contain plagioclase phenocrysts.
1
GSA Data Repository item 2012143, Appendix DR1, Table DR1, and Fig-
ures DR1 and DR2, is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2012.htm,
or on request from editing@geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O.
Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
488
Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on November 6, 2012
ing the Moho, from which the most magnesian pyroxenes that yield the
highest temperatures would have formed. Within each sample, temper-
atures vary due to crustal melt evolution, including significant crustal
assimilation (Hunter, 1998; Ohta et al., 1992). Pressures of <10 kbar
might be more appropriate for some of the more calcic pyroxenes that
yield lower temperatures, but we note that (1) the effect of pressure on
the obtained temperatures is comparatively small (<5% difference for
temperatures >900 °C; cf. Lindsley, 1983), and (2) it is the maximum
temperatures returned by the least evolved melts that are of interest to
this investigation. These maximum temperatures vary little between
Kyushu and western Honshu, and at <1150 °C are typical of mafic arc
magmas derived by flux melting of the mantle wedge. Furthermore,
these temperature estimates are consistent with those obtained by the
more recent thermodynamic parameterizations of the two-pyroxene
thermobarometer at lower crustal pressures, and by the melt inclusion-
in-olivine thermometer (Fig. 2A).
In order to constrain along-arc variations in water content of paren-
tal melts, we utilize plagioclase feldspar as a melt hygrometer (Lange
et al., 2009), because melt inclusions in magnesian olivines from this
area are generally too small (<20 μm) for direct H2O analysis. Plagio-
clase compositions are highly variable within each individual sample
(Fig. 2B; Table DR1), and scatter to low anorthite contents due to shal-
Abu
Menkame
Daisen
magma-mixing processes that have been well documented at some of
the volcanoes investigated here (Hunter, 1998; Koyaguchi, 1986; Ohta
et al., 1992). Nevertheless, it is evident that anorthite contents in the
mafic magmas systematically vary along the arc: maximum anorthite
contents in our samples, representative for their earliest differentiation
history, monotonically decrease northeastward (Fig. 2B). We note also
that there is a broad anticorrelation between maximum anorthite con-
tents and bulk-rock Mg# (Fig. DR1 in the Data Repository). Here we
use the maximum anorthite contents for estimating water contents in the
Western Honshu
least evolved melts entering the lower overriding crust, and discuss the
Phenocrysts
Groundmass implications of the observed covariation.
form
ed f
r om m
MAGMATIC WATER CONTENTS
agma
The plagioclase hygrometer (Lange et al., 2009) is calibrated using
data on metaluminous samples spanning a wide range of liquid compo-
sitions, plagioclase compositions, temperatures, pressures (to 3 kbar),
and dissolved melt water concentrations appropriate for our samples,
although early crystallization in the parental mafic magmas likely started
in the lower crust at the plagioclase saturation boundary (the Moho; cf.
Müntener and Ulmer, 2006). The effect of pressure on calculated H2O
34 34.5 35 35.5 contents is small (Fig. 3A), and extrapolation of the hygrometer to lower
crustal pressures is unlikely to introduce significant error (Lange et al.,
2009; see also Appendix DR1). We have used the whole-rock composi-
tions of our samples as proxies for the primitive melt compositions. One
caveat might be the modification of mafic melts through contamination
with felsic crustal components (Hunter, 1998; Koyaguchi, 1986; Ohta
et al., 1992) or crystal fractionation, suggested by the low Mg# of some
of our samples. However, the hygrometer we employed is quite insensi-
tive to variations in liquid composition, and is thus very suitable even for
samples that have undergone significant open-system crustal evolution.
For example, the hygrometer may only slightly overestimate the water
content of the parental melt of our andesite sample from Kuju; assuming
that the parental melt composition for Kuju was in fact similar to the bulk
rock composition of the Aso basalt we studied, the H2O content calculated
on basis of the actual andesitic bulk rock composition would overestimate
the melt H2O content by only 0.6 wt%. All other samples we used for
hygrometry are of basaltic to basaltic andesitic bulk compositions. In this
case, any deviations from plagioclase-liquid equilibria will be negligible
in terms of derived melt H2O contents (~0.1 wt%), which for the most
GEOLOGY, June 2012

7 to residual garnet, rather than residual amphibole (which would deplete
A 10 kbar
Mafic enclaves
Arc-typical H2O range
6 3 kbar
(melt inclusions)
H2O (wt%) mafics
5
4
3
Kyushu
2 Steep subduction,
older slab
1 therefore ideal as lower crustal residuals during the genesis of adakitic
Aso
Kuju
Yufu
Oninomi
B
Sr/Y (intermediates to felsics)
250
200
150
100
a rne
ual g
Resid
50
32.5 33.0
Figure 3. A: Mafic melt H2O contents of southwest Japan at pressures
of 3 and 10 kbar, at the conservative temperature range indicated
by gray bar in Figure 2A, calculated using the latest plagioclase hy-
grometer (Lange et al., 2009). H2O contents at Kuju may be slightly
overestimated (by as much as 0.6 wt%; see text for discussion). B:
Sr/Y ratios in intermediate to felsic eruptives broadly increase as wa-
ter contents in associated mafic rocks decrease along southwest Ja-
pan volcanic arc (data compiled from Hunter, 1998; Kita et al., 2001;
Morris, 1995, and references therein; and Sugimoto et al., 2006).
calcic cores vary little with the major element composition of the coexist-
ing melt from basalts to basaltic andesites.
Using 10 kbar as a lower crustal pressure estimate, a temperature
of 1080 ± 30 °C (and 970 ± 30 °C for Yufu; Fig. 2A), and the maximum
anorthite contents of plagioclase phenocrysts (Fig. 2B), we derive paren-
tal melt H2O contents of 3.6–6 wt% (±0.4 wt%) in Kyushu, typical for
mafic arc magmas (Sisson and Layne, 1993). Melt H2O contents decrease
significantly to 1.8–2 wt% (±0.4 wt%) in western Honshu (Fig. 3A). Con-
comitantly, Sr/Y ratios increase in spatially associated intermediate com-
positions (Fig. 3B). The somewhat lower water content of parental mafic
melts in western Honshu may be related to loss of water in the forearc due
to shallow subduction of the young Philippine Sea slab (Obara, 2002),
dilution of hydrous wedge mantle with dry mantle derived from the back-
arc (Zellmer, 2009), or a combination of these processes. However, mafic
magmas erupted from the volcanic front in western Honshu are clearly
more hydrous than melts generated by adiabatic upwelling of hot mantle
(<0.7 wt% H2O; cf. Kohut et al., 2006).
DISCUSSION
Our geothermometric data are difficult to reconcile with variable
contributions of slab melts along the southwest Japan arc as a major
source of adakitic volcanic rocks. Increasing Sr/Y ratios in intermediate
to felsic melts are instead related to decreasing water contents in associ-
ated mafic magmas (Fig. 3). The few available rare earth element (REE)
data indicate that the adakitic signature is correlated with significantly
increasing Tb/Yb ratios (Fig. DR2), and therefore unequivocally linked
GEOLOGY, June 2012
Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on November 6, 2012
the melt in middle REEs over heavy REEs; cf. Davidson et al., 2007) or
plagioclase accumulation (cf. Dessimoz et al., 2011). An increasing garnet
signature with decreasing water contents is consistent with residual garnet
in the lower overriding crust during early differentiation of more primi-
Western Honshu tive, parental melts (Alonso-Perez et al., 2009; Müntener et al., 2001).
Shallow subduction, Although rare, magmatic garnets have been described from a variety of
younger slab volcanic rocks in southwest Japan (Itoh, 1990) and elsewhere (e.g., Day
(dehydration in forarc)
et al., 1992; Harangi et al., 2001; Scheibner et al., 2008), and from deep
roots of island arc rocks (e.g., Ringuette et al., 1999). These garnets are
typically richer in almandine than pyrope (i.e., have Fe > Mg), and are
Menkame
Sanbe
Daisen
Abu /
Aonoyama
intermediates while retaining elevated Mg# (such as those observed in
some other adakite localities, where residual garnet has been invoked).
Figure DR1 shows that samples from Kyushu with the most cal-
cic plagioclase and thus highest inferred water contents have the lowest
crystallization (plagioclase)
t )
us
cr bulk-rock Mg#, consistent with lower crustal fractionation of Mg-rich
wer
lo amphibole. Conversely, samples from western Honshu with lower plagio-
Shallow-level
n
di
ire
acqu clase anorthite contents and hence lower calculated water contents retain
re (
n atu high bulk-rock Mg#, consistent with magmatic garnet as a lower crustal
t sig
residual phase. These observations indicate that in addition to amphibole
(Davidson et al., 2007), garnet is an important phase in controlling the
geochemistry of evolving magmas in the lower crust.
33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5
Latitude (°N) CONCLUDING REMARKS
Our results corroborate previous notions that variations in H2O con-
tent have a profound influence on the chemical evolution of mafic arc
magmas at crustal levels (Shellnutt and Zellmer, 2010; Sisson and Grove,
1993; Zellmer, 2009). Based on our findings from southwest Japan, we
propose that in some adakitic arc magmas associated with young subduct-
ing lithosphere (Defant and Drummond, 1990), flat subduction (Gutscher
et al., 2000), and mantle upwelling (Yogodzinski et al., 2001), residual
garnet signatures may not be generated by increasing amounts of slab
melting at higher temperatures, but by crustal differentiation of mafic
parental melts with lower than typical arc H2O contents expected in these
settings. Given the control of magmatic water contents on the crustal dif-
ferentiation of arc magmas, we speculate that residual garnet at the base of
the overriding continental crust was more common in the Archean, when
higher geothermal gradients may have led to shallow slab dehydration
(Bjørnerud and Austrheim, 2004) and thus the production of less hydrous
primitive melts. Reconstructing the H2O content of mafic components in
bimodal tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite suites would be a promising
approach for testing this hypothesis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Zellmer thanks J.-I. Kimura, R.A. Lange, O. Müntener, A. Nichols, and J.G.
Shellnutt for discussions. H.-H. Hsieh and Y.-T. Hsu helped with microprobe analyses.
L.-M. Cioflec, M. Shimono, and H. Shukuno assisted during field work. The com-
ments of several anonymous reviewers improved earlier versions of this paper. We
acknowledge funding by the National Science Council of Taiwan (grants 98-2918-
I-001-014 and 99-2116-M-001-010 to Zellmer, and 99-2116-M-001-013 to Iizuka).
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Manuscript received 13 October 2011
Revised manuscript received 30 December 2011
Manuscript accepted 9 January 2012
Printed in USA
GEOLOGY, June 2012