Building s Heat Gains

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 1

SOURCES OF THERMAL ENERGY
TRANSFER FOR BUILDINGS

Generally, there are FOUR heat transfer

sources within any building, they are:

Fabric: Heat losses

Ventilation: Heat loss
Solar: Heat gains
Internal: Heat gains

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 2

 Solar Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

Solar heat gain through

windows and/or walls provides
a valuable contribution
of space heating.

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 3

 Solar Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

The solar heat gain through a glazed area is

calculated by:
QSolar = Area of window
x solar intensity
x Transmissivity.

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 4

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS
Casual heat gains inside a building provide a
valuable source of heat contribution to space
heating. Sources include :

•  occupants
•  lights
•  equipments

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 5

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 6

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS
Type of Heat Source Typical Heat Emission

Adults:

Sleeping 80W

Seated quietly 120W

Walking slowly 230W

Medium work 265W

Heavy work 570W

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 7

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

adult male 100%

child ( male, or female) 75
female ( adult ) 85
old people ( male, or female) 80

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 8

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 9

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

Type of Heat Source FROM Typical Heat Emission

LIGHTS

Fluorescent @ 400 lux 20W/m2 floor area

Tungsten @ 200 lux 40W/m2 floor area

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 10

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 11

 Casual Heat gains
FOR BUILDINGS
Electric and Electronic Equipment: Typical Heat Emission

Desktop computer 150W

Computer printer 100W
Visual display unit 200W
Photocopier 800W
Hair dryer 800W
Domestic fridge-freezer 150W
Colour TV 100W
Hi-fi unit 100W
Toaster 500W
Oven 2500W

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 12

 TUTORIAL EXAMPLES

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 13

 WORKED EXAMPLE
THE building shown has thermal data as indicated in the table; It is used for a
5-a-side game of football, there are 50 forty watts lights, switched on
continuously, and a 1.5 kW heater inside the hall. Determine the heating load
for this building, when the internal and external temperatures are 20 and zero
degrees centigrade.

20m

5m

W W

10
m

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 14

 WORKED EXAMPLE
Element U-value Area Temp. Heat loss
W/m2K m2 Difference (oC) W
Door 2 6

Windows 3 12 total

Walls 0.5

Roof 0.45

Floor 0.45

Fabric heat loss = TOTAL ( Doors, Windows, Walls, Roof & Floor) =
Ventilation Heat Loss = 0.335 N V ΔT

Heat gains from occupants

Heat gains from lights

Heat gains from machines

Net heat transfer for the building

05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 15

 SOLUTION EXAMPLE
Element U-value Area Temp. Heat loss
W/m2K m2 Difference(oC) W
Door 2 6 20 240
Windows 3 12 total 20 720
Walls 0.5 282 20 2820
Roof 0.45 200 20 1800
Floor 0.45 200 0 0
Fabric heat loss = TOTAL ( Doors, Windows, Walls, Roof & Floor) =
-5580
Ventilation Heat Loss = 0.335 N V ΔT =
-6700
Heat gains from occupants = No. of people x energy/person =
+600
Heat gains from lights = No. of lights x wattage =
+2000
Heat gains from machines = No. of machines x output =
+1500
Net heat transfer for the building =
- 8180 W
05/04/2011 Tarik al-Shemmeri 16
What do we need Light for:

•  Visual clarity and color perception

•  Reduced eye strain and fatigue

•  Greater learning ability and intelligence

• Enhanced mental awareness, concentration and productivity

05/04/2011
05/04/2011
Light bulbs
as we know them, were invented by Thomas Edison in the late
19th century. They are extremely inefficient systems. Their
main goal is to provide light, over 95% of the energy in an
incandescent bulb is released as heat. Less than 5% of the
electricity going into your light bulb is being turned into light.
There is a little bit of room for improvement there.

05/04/2011
Mysore palace, lit up by 27,000 light bulbs - Southern India

05/04/2011
ORDINARY light bulbs are to be banned across
the European Union within two years in the
fight against climate change. The 490 million
citizens of the 27 member states will be
expected to switch to energy-efficient bulbs
after a summit of EU leaders yesterday told the
European Commission to "rapidly submit
proposals" to that effect. - Ian Johnston
Environmentalists said the change would save the public up to £5.4 billion a
year in fuel bills and also about 20 million tonnes of carbon emissions every
year.
05/04/2011
2020 VISION on Energy:

The key EU targets and objectives:

• A minimum 20 per cent EU cut in greenhouse

gas emissions by 2020, and a push for a
bigger cut of 30 per cent in future.
• A target of 20 per cent energy efficiency
savings by 2020, requiring homes, offices and
streets to switch to energy-saving lighting.

05/04/2011
05/04/2011
05/04/2011
05/04/2011
Tips - Energy Efficiency for Lighting

One Switch off all lights when not needed.

Two Label light switches to clearly identify the lights they control.
Three clean light fittings regularly. This will increase output and lead to fewer
lights being turned on.
Four Install modern slimline fluorescent tubes – they will last much longer than
ordinary bulbs and use less energy.
Five Where double tubes have been fitted check whether one is sufficient.
Six Maximise natural lighting by ensuring windows are clean and window ledges
are not cluttered.
Seven Ensure that your office layout considers the availability of natural and
artificial lighting.
Eight Consider fitting Presence Detectors

05/04/2011
Tips - Energy Efficiency for Lighting

• By switching off lights in rooms which aren’t being used you could cut your
lighting costs by as much as 15%

05/04/2011
Tips - Energy Efficiency for Lighting

• Make the most of the natural daylight by adjusting blinds and curtains
accordingly

05/04/2011
Tips - Energy Efficiency for Lighting

• Fit infra-red presence detectors to switch off lights when rooms or desks
are unoccupied

05/04/2011
Tips - Energy Efficiency for Lighting

Replace all light bulbs with energy efficiency recommended bulbs, which
will use around a quarter of the electricity and last up to 12 times longer!

05/04/2011
Tips - Energy Efficiency for Lighting

• Clean windows

05/04/2011