Final Na Final

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOY BEANS (Glycine

max) and GRAPES (Vitis vinifera) FOR REMOVING RUSTY STAINS IN WHITE
CLOTHES
A Quantitative Research
Presented to the Faculty
International School Senior High
School Department Lyceum of the Philippines
University – Cavite Governor’s Dr. General Trias, Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course

RESEARCH CAPSTONE AND IMMERSION
RESEARCHERS:
Adal, Kate Carmela
Guevara, Cristine
Isidro, Louella Grace
Rumawak, Audrey Jasmine
Sernal, Janelle
MAY 2019
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
As stated by Myles et al. (2011), grapes (vitis vinifera) is one of the earliest
domesticated fruit crops and, since antiquity, it has been widely cultivated and prized for
its fruit and wine. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) also contain vitamins B and A. It is also high in
antioxidants, such as flavonoids and myricetin. Quach (2017) mentioned that Flavonoids
and myricetin contain phenolic substances from a wide range of vascular plants, with
over 8000 individual compounds known that these are antioxidants, antimicrobials, for
light screening, photoreceptors, visual attractors, and feeding repellants. The physical
property has been studied by Xia et al. (2010) in grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts
whose compounds are capable of scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and
inhibiting lipid oxidation compared the antioxidant capacity of grape (Vitis vinifera) and
its by-products, including leaves, skin, wine, and seeds. The highest antioxidant capacity,
measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, was found in grape (Vitis
vinifera) seeds. Tartaric is the principal acid in fewer fruits than citric and malic acid and
the main acid in grapes (Vitis vinifera) which also contain malic acid. Red grapes (Vitis
vinifera) have higher levels of tartaric acid. In food, malic acid may be used to acidify or
flavor foods or prevent food discoloration.
As reported by Augustyn (2018), soy beans (Glycine max) is one of the major
beans in the world, because it can give ingredients for many chemical products. It also
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provides vegetable protein for a lot of people. In accordance with Mateljan (2017), the
component of soy beans (Glycine max) is that it includes phenolic acids, flavonoids,
isoflavonoids, phytoalexins, and saponins. Among of these components, saponins are the
most important component that can be used in cleaning or removing stains. As stated by
Victoria (2013), saponins has a chemical compound whose structure and surfactant that is
alike in soap, so it can be used as cleaning agents. Also, saponins allow stain and grease
to be encompassing by water molecules that result in removing stains. However, saponins
is not just for removing stains, it also makes the white clothes even whiter and have a
good ability for preservation of colors for colored clothes.
Most people want their clothes to look neat and presentable everywhere they go.
The sad part is that stains cannot be avoided because it may happen accidentally,
anywhere you go or whatever you do. There are stains that can simply be removed and
there are strong stains that require certain kind of cleaning agent for it to be removed. As
the years went by, scientists discovered and made cleaning products like laundry
detergents, soaps and bleaches that emerged in the market which have been useful and
convenient to in washing the dirt on clothes. After these products have been brought up in
the industry, a lot of manufacturers are producing and developing the same output until
now that has a lot of chemical that can damage the cloth or if not properly used and
disposed it can be detrimental to the environment. These products are highly in demand
to the consumers which plays an important part in our washing activities. Due to the
constant inflating rate that our country is experiencing, the price of these products is also
increasing. This caused the researchers to find an alternative solution which is more
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convenient in removing stains.
There are number of researches that turned out to be effective in removing stains
instead of using bleach products by making use of organic plants within the community.
Commonly fruits contain with citric acid are known to have an active bleaching agent in
washing white clothes, such as lemon, lime, orange and tangerine, which are now
practicing by some people. Aside from the citric acid, soy beans (Glycine max) and
grapes (Vitis vinifera) are also a good alternative source of a cleaning agent. The
researchers are going to use soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) in the
study in determining the effectiveness of it on white clothes as a stain remover.
Statement of the Problem
1. What is the effectiveness of the extracts of soy beans (Glycine max) and Grapes
(Vitis vinifera) that helps clothes in removing rusty stains based on:
A. Degree of Whiteness
B. Amount of extract
2. How convenient is Soy beans (Glycine max) and Grapes (Vitis vinifera) in
removing rusty stains in white clothes in terms of:
A. Time of application
B. Number of brushes
3. Which of the following concentration is effective in removing stains in clothes?
A. Grapes
a. 50%
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b. 75%
B. Soy beans
a. 50%
b. 75%
C. Combination of soy beans (Glycine max) and Grapes (Vitis vinifera)
a. 50%
b. 75%
Theoretical Framework
The researchers adapted Peter Wainman’s (2016) theory about pineapple based
which is suitable for the study that we are conducting. It took about two years before
Wainman and his team found the right fruit - the pineapple – and successfully developed
a fermentation process that yields natural organic acids, natural enzymes and
biosurfactants, which are the substances which break down dirt and stains. During the
development process, the company added drops of the pineapple-derived cleaning
products into a tank of aquatic plants and found no harmful impact on the plants. In
comparison, when the same number of drops of chemical cleaning products was added to
another tank of aquatic plants, the aquatic plants died after four days.
During the research and development process, the team had used a device to
measure the intensity of stains on fabrics before and after they were washed with the
pineapple-derived detergent. They found that Pipper Standard’s products clean as well as
- or better than - the chemical varieties.
The relation between this theory to our study is that it targets the people who
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wants to use organic or fruits as the alternative source of cleaning agents and it is
beneficial to the environment which is also one of the objectives of our study (Lim, C.
2016).
Conceptual Framework
This is the conceptual framework used by the researchers in the study
INPUT PROCESS
1. Organic Cleaning OUTPUT
agent
A. Using soy beans
B. Using grapes To gather the needed
C. Combination of data for this study, the
soy beans and researchers used:
grapes ALTERNATIVE
1. Experimentation
2. Effectiveness of 2. Observation ORGANIC
soy beans and CLEANING
grapes AGENT IN
A. Degree of
whiteness
REMOVING
B. Amount of RUSTY STAIN IN
Extracts CLOTHES
3. Concentrations
4. Convenience
A. Time of
application
B. Number of
brushes
Figure 1.0 IPO Model
The inputs used were the organic ingredients which are soy beans (Glycine max),
grapes (Vitis vinifera) and combination of both that have various components that will be
used as cleaning agent. The researchers will experiment these alternative cleaning agents
in order to identify which is effective based on the degree of whiteness in the result, the
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amount of extracts that will be used in order to achieve the contents of the researchers’
alternative cleaning agent to remove stain. The researchers will also put the concentration
and find how convenient these alternative cleaning agents is. Second, the process that
researcher used for the actual data involved experimentation and observation. Lastly, the
output derived from the data gathered and interpreted from the result of the experiment.
The researchers showed the effectiveness of two different organic cleaning, soy beans
(Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera), as cleaning agent for rusty stains.
Hypothesis
The following is hypothesized by the researchers regarding the effectiveness of
soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) as a remover of rusty stains in white
clothes:
 If soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) will be used as remover of
rusty stains in clothes and it will affect it in positive manner, then using soy beans
(glycine max) or grapes (Vitis vinifera) can remove rusty stains in white clothes.
 If soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) will be used as remover of
rusty stains in clothes and it will affect it in negative manner, then using soy beans
(Glycine max) or grapes (Vitis vinifera) cannot remove rusty stains in white
clothes.
Scope and Limitation
This research focused on the effectiveness of soy beans (Glycine max) and Grapes
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(Vitis vinifera) for removing rusty stains in white clothes. The two organic ingredients
were used soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera). Additionally, this study is
to experiment and observe the alternative and organic ways to remove rusty stains in
clothes. In order to determine which organic stain remover is the best, we the researchers
will observe the degree of whiteness of the clothes at the end of the study and how much
extract of soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) is used to remove rusty
stains. The time of application and number of brushes will also be observed by the
researchers to determine how convenient soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis
vinifera). The experiment and observation will be held in #107 Lumampong, Balagbag
Indang, Cavite.
This study will provide information and ideas that help the future researchers to
finish other study.
Significance of the Study
This study aims to recognize the effectiveness of the soy beans (Glycine max) and
grapes (Vitis vinifera) for removing rusty stains in white clothes by undergoing four trials
of observance. Furthermore, the study could be of importance to the following:
Future Researchers. The ideas presented may be used as reference data in
conducting new researches or in testing the validity of other related findings. This study
will also serve as their cross-reference that will give them a background or an overview
of effectiveness of the soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) for removing
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rusty stains in white clothes which can be useful for them in the future.
Parents. The outcome of the study will provide information that can help them to
be aware that soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) can be organic cleaning
agent that helps for removing stains in their clothes especially in white clothes. This
study will be helpful for them since as a parent it is their responsibility to do the laundry
of their children by understanding this study, they will be informed that a grapes (Vitis
vinifera) and soybeans (Glycine max) is good for removing stains which is easier and
affordable.
Students. The information presented will enable them to be informed and
knowledgeable about organic cleaning agent using soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes
(Vitis vinifera). This study will serve as their basis that can give them credible
information about the effectiveness of soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera)
for removing rusty stains in white clothes which they can also use for referencing their
research and some of their studies.
Community. This study will benefit the community since the people living in a
community does laundry, they will have knowledge on the affordable and easy to use
alternative organic cleaning agent which will help them remove rusty stains on their
clothes especially the white ones.
Laundry Owner. The aftermath of the study will provide information that using
soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) is a good cleaning product for
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removing rusty stains in white clothes. The results of this study may be a very good basis
if the data that comes out is same as what the laundry owner know and expected to be.
This will support their claim and can be a reliable source in using soy beans (Glycine
max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) as an organic cleaning product which they can also use in
their business.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined accordingly:
Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)- is frequently used for constructing
structure activity relationships (SARs). HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture, obtained
after scavenging of ABTS (*) by the flavonoid chrysin, shows that a product is formed
that also reacts with ABTS (*). The product has a higher antioxidant capacity and reacts
faster with ABTS (*) than the parent compound, chrysin.
Antioxidant- enzymes and other substances for example vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta
carotene, which can counteract the damaging effects of oxidation.
Abundant- having a lot of, large quantities, plentiful.
Cottage Cheese- also called as Dutch cheese that is made from fresh skimmed milk. It is
high in protein but low in calories in terms on the nutrients contains.
Bushy- thick or overgrown of something.
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Peptides- molecules that consist two or more (50) amino acids, combinations of certain
amino acids will create specific peptides.
Phytonutrients- This is usually found in a specific plant which prevents various disease
to plants. Vegetables and Fruits contains this substance.
Isoflavonoids - active substances obtained from plants that have a fragile estrogen-like
receptor that is found in soya beans.
Phenolic acids - can be found in a variation of plant-based foods and help the plant
substances to widely spread throughout the plant kingdom.
Phytoalexins - created by plant tissues in return to touch with a parasite and specifically
restrain the swelling of the said parasite. It is also a disinfectant that often provides the
antioxidative substances blend to the plants that accumulate very quick at areas of
pathogen infection. They are big spectrum inhibitors and are chemically different with
multiple characteristic of particular plant species.
Phytosterols - family of molecules that is somehow connected to cholesterol.
Saponins - which can be used in detergents and foam fire extinguishers present in any
type of soapwort or detergent and makes bubbles when shaken with water.
Enzyme- any of numerous complex proteins that are produced by living cells and
catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.
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PPE- stands for personal protective equipment. PPE means any device or appliance
designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health
and safety hazards.
Synthetic- of, relating to, or produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis especially:
produced artificially.
Natural polymer- Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are often
water-based.
Alleviation- action or process of making suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents a review of relevant literature, studies and concepts essential
to the development of the conceptual framework and the direction of the study.
Related Literature
On the basis of (Augustyn, 2018) Soy beans (Glycine max), can be also
called soja bean or soya bean. Moreover, it is one of the abundant and reasonable sources
of protein. In East Asia, the soybean (Glycine max) is commonly used when it comes in
the forms of soy milk, a whitish fluid suspension, and tofu, a curd that is somewhat look
like a cottage cheese. As explained by (Stowe, 2014) soy beans (Glycine max) were first
cultivated around 1100 BC by the Chinese farmers and it was originated in Southeast
Asia. Soy bean (Glycine max) seed from China was scattered by a colonist in the British
colony of Georgia in 1765. In 1904, George Washington Carver, a well-known American
chemist, come upon that soy beans (Glycine max) are a beneficial source of protein and
oil.
In accordance to (The Soybean, It’s History, and It’s Opportunity, 2012) soy
beans (Glycine max) are the world’s leading supplier of vegetable protein and oil and is
generally called the “miracle crop”. The soy bean (Glycine max) plant that is bushy and
green in color is a legume connected to peas, groundnuts (peanuts) and alfalfa. Soy beans
(Glycine max), the world’s most adaptable major crops, can be grown in a broad
classification of soil and climatic state than any other major world crop. Hence, it is the
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most wide-ranging grown oilseed in the world.
In fact, as stated by with (Mateljan, 2017) the component of soy beans (Glycine
max) is that it includes phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phytoalexins, and
saponins. Among of these components, saponins is the most important component that
can be used in cleaning or removing stains. However, as said by (Victoria, 2013)
saponins is not just for removing stains, it also makes the white clothes even whiter and
have a good ability for preservation of colors for colored clothes.
The most recent interest on grapes (Vitis vinifera) it has focused on the bioactive
phenolic compounds in grape, its products is associated with a lower incidence of
degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. The
most important grape (Vitis vinifera) poplyphenols are anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols
and resveratrol because they possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant,
cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammation, antiaging and antimicrobial properties.
As explained by (Nakashima et al., 2007) Grapes (Vitis vinifera) have a long and
abundant history. In the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, grapes (Vitis vinifera)
were revered for their use in winemaking. There are three main species of grapes (Vitis
vinifera): it could be European grapes (Vitis vinifera), North American grapes (Vitis
labrusca and Vitis rotundifolia) and French hybrids. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) could be
classified as table grapes (Vitis vinifera), wine grapes (used in viniculture), raisin grapes
(Vitis vinifera), and so on, with edible seeds or seedless. People enjoy the various grape
(Vitis vinifera) products, such as fruit, raisins, juice and wine. (Garcia et al., 2008)
enunciated that grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit contains various nutrient elements, such as
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vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, edible fibers and phytochemicals. The most important
phytochemicals in grape (Vitis vinifera) is polyphenols because they possess many
biological activities and health-promoting benefits. Phenolic compounds of grapes (Vitis
vinifera) mainly include anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, stilbenes (resveratrol) and
phenolic acids.
Anthocyanins are pigments, and mainly exist in grape skins grape (Vitis vinifera)
skins consists pigment called Anthocyanins. Flavonoids are widely distributed in grapes
(Vitis vinifera), especially in seeds and stems, and principally contain (+)-catechins, (−)-
epicatechin and procyanidin polymers. Anthocyanins are the main polyphenolics in red
grapes (Vitis vinifera), while flavan-3-ols are more abundant in white varieties (Bonsi et
al., 2007).
Various parts of grapes (Vitis vinifera) exhibit phenolic compounds that has
different antimicrobial effects. Fruit grape (Vitis vinifera) extracts have the antimicrobial
activity of fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better. Some
researchers found that seed extracts were more effectively antimicrobial than other parts
of grapes (Vitis vinifera). The experimental study showed that the minimum inhibition
concentration (MICs) of seed and stem extracts for antilisterial were 0.26 and 0.34 mg
GAE/L, respectively. The extracts from whole grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit inhibited
bacterial growth at concentrations of 680 mg GAE/L and 1360 mg GAE/L for Gram (+)
and Gram (−) bacteria, respectively (Chacona et al., 2009).
Most roundish mark in clothes and stains can be removed by elicit attention and
correct laundry strategy. However, it will need some extra treatment. A cleaning agent is
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proficient in dissolving and dispersing another substance. The cleaners or degreasers is
considered as an organic cleaning agent if it restrains carbon as part of their molecular
structure. These substances can be found in countless products such as wax, fixative,
paints, cleaning agents, and adhesive. They are commonly used in the making of products
such as colorant, fabric, and plastics. For industrial processes, organic cleaning agent can
provide the safest option when water-soluble solutions will simply not work for it. It is
also important to know the dissimilarity between a natural organic agent and
environmentally or eco-friendly preferred agent. Natural cleaning agents contains all of
plant or animal procure ingredients. Whereas an environmentally preferred solvent
simply encounters all the criteria that is lined out by the Environmental Protection
Agency. In some cases, an “all-natural” organic solvent may not have adequate power to
provide the required cleaning results; however, some more powerful choices are
accessible through the producers to make sure that the industrial needs can be fulfilled
without creating significant harm to the environment (Mancuso, 2013).
The book of Margaret Furry entitled Stain removal from fabrics, listed the basic
remover for stains. Water without mixture of any chemicals can remove non-greasy
stains, Furry said that used cold water instead of hot water because it makes the stain set
and harder to remove. Use sponge or dry cloth to spread cold water and dry rapidly to
avoid water rings. Next remover of stain is water with alcohol, this helps in dissolving
acetate rayon and may change some colors. Another treatment is for greasy stains, other
solvents can be used such as carbon tetrachloride, stoddard solvent, gasoline, benzene,
turpentine, ether, acetone, or alcohol, these solvents may use to remove stains and clothes
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will not be differ in its color. Apply these solvents multiple times and leave it for a while
for best result of the fabric. Absorbent powders can be used as remover of stains such as
chalk, talcum, cornstarch and corn meal. These powders work on freshly made and light
stains for example greasy spots and spill of salad oil. This method includes sprinkling the
absorbent powder over the stain, repeat the process until the stain disappeared but this
method might be a fail sometimes depending on the size of stain. Another stain removal
stated in the book was bleaches, this can be use in uncolored clothes to avoid damaging
the colored clothes because bleaches remove the stains, but it also removes or changes
the color and weakens the fabric. Sodium perborate, Hydrogen peroxide, Oxalic Acid,
Hydrosulfites are the bleaches. Pepsin and other enzymes can also work to remove
stains. Albumin is component of blood, eggs, milk, ice creams. Glues, and gelatin which
are enzymes. Lastly, soaps and synthetic detergents are most commonly remover of
stains, there are classification of soaps and detergents according to its proper use for
example, Non-alkaline detergents have glycerine to decrease or remove stains made by
soft drinks and fresh fruits. Alkaline detergents are universal washing agents for heavy
fabrics. This study is included because Margaret Furry listed all the possible techniques
to remove stain which is the objective of the researcher’s study (p. 3-8).
Related studies
Herbal Extracts – Washing Agents for Colored Fabrics.
During ancient era, cleaning agent didn’t exist, so people back then used natural
ingredients from nature as their materials to clean. European Ivy (Hedera helix) that
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belongs to Araliceae group of plants and Soap nut shells (Sapindus mukorossi) belongs to
Sapindaceae family. Both European Ivy (Hedera helix) and Soap nut shells (Sapindus
mukorossi) contain bioactive compound that is Saponins that can be use as detergent for
wool and silk fabrics. They used European Ivy (Hedera helix) and Soap nut shells
(Sapindus mukorossi) for their experiment to produce a natural detergent and they tried to
wash colored clothes using those ingredients. The result of their study is that European
Ivy (Hedera helix) composed less amount of saponins (7.07%) than Soap nut shell
(Sapindus mukorossi), these two ingredients can be beneficial in washing colored clothes
(Dekanic, T et al., 2015). This is part of the researchers related study because Dekanic et
al., used two different ingredients that composed saponins which is the same with soy
beans (Glycine max) and they tested the effectiveness of these ingredients as detergent a
cleaning agent which is similar to the study.
International Journal of molecular science: Foam Properties and Detergent Abilities
of the Saponins from Camellia oleifera Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
(MDPI)
A study was conducted by (Chen, Y et al., 2010) about Natural foam properties
and saponins detergent abilities of Camellia oeifera, a plant originated in China. The
study was an experiment to know if Camellia oeifera contains saponins and foam
properties to be considered as natural detergent. The defatted seed meal of the plant’s
saponin was 39.5 natural, Chen and his team extracted the defatted seed meal powder of
Camellia oeifera with boiling water three times to get the saponin content. The crude
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saponins that is extracted to Camellia oeifera has the potential result to be a naturally
effective detergent. This study is used by the researchers because the study of Chen, Y
tested the saponins of Camellia oeifera which is a component of the ingredients that the
researcher used soybeans (Glycine max). This is useful because it proves that organic
materials can be use as remover of stains.
Detergent Plants of Northern Thailand: Potential Sources of Natural Saponins
Northern Thailand have a lot of indigenous plants that can be use as detergent
because of their potential content of saponins. The study conducted by (Wisetkomolmat ,
J et al., 2018) listed plants that found in Northern Thailand that contained saponins and
classified it for their uses for example they listed Indian willow (Salix tetrasperma Roxb)
can be used as detergent and Luffa cylindrica a fruit that can also use as cleanser of
sponges. Soapbark, soapwort, soapnut, and soapberry are groups of detergent plant that
can be used as cleaning products such as shampoo, detergent and perfume because of
their saponin content. The study also suggested how to conserve those indigenous plants
to avoid extinction because of the overused of those plants to be commercial products.
This study of Jiratchaya Wisetkomlmat et., al is part of related studies in this research
because they discussed about organic cleaning agent that is found in Northern Thailand
which is similar to the study of the researchers, but they used soy beans (Glycine max)
and Grapes (Vitis vinifera) that contains saponins like the plants listed in Wisitkomlmat’s
study.
Stains are major nightmare in clothes and to other things. There are appropriate
ways to handle and remove different stains. An experiment was conducted by (Essays
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UK, November 2018), about the effectiveness of different citrus fruits as bleach and
removing stains. The experiments study’s main objective is to know which organic
bleaching agent was the best, they tested citrus fruits; lime, pineapple, lemon and navel
oranges. The result of their experiment said that those citrus fruit does remove some
stains but will depend on the type of stain. They said that citrus food works the best on
the fabric with vegetable-based stain without sodium chloride. The result of their
experiment is that lime was the best bleaching agent among lemon, pineapple and lime
but with different condition, temperature and type of stain. This study is useful to support
the researcher’s study because citrus fruits are acidic like the ingredient that is used for
the study which is grapes (Vitis vinifera), the experiment was to measure the effectivity
of these citrus fruits as stain remover.
Stain removal from fabrics
Margaret Furry listed some various method to remove iron rust stains in white
clothes. Two organic ingredients and two chemical based removers. Lemon juice an
organic ingredient, a citric fruit was listed squeeze lemon to get the juice and spread it to
the stain. Lemon method takes a lot of time, but it works the best because of its high level
of acid. Combination of lemon and salt will also work with the help of the sun to dry it. If
the stain is still evident add more lemon juice. Hydrosulfite a chemical based remover
can take off iron rust that can be bought in drug stores. Second organic ingredient is
Cream of tartar has a bit of potassium bitartrate, add four teaspoons of cream of tartar and
1 pint of water then apply it to white cloth. Oxalic acid was mentioned last this can be
used as bleach and remove rust stains .The main objective of the researcher’s is to
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remove rusty stains in clothes so this study that is written in Margaret Furry’s book
named Stain removal from fabrics listed methods and materials to remove rusty stains
which is similar to the study that is being conducted (Stain removal from fabrics, p. 20).
Eco Friendly Cleaning Products
To avoid significant harm to the environment you can use simple ingredients to
make your own household cleaners from scrape. There are four ingredients that can be
apply individually or in combination with each other. The first ingredient is vinegar and
apple cider vinegar (ACV). Both are great organic agent that help in eliminating
microbial contamination. You can also eliminate unwanted germs by using vinegar spray.
Also, when you combine vinegar with baking soda, it may help to lose any stuck waste in
the kitchen, as well as polish the kitchen and bathroom drains. Next, Baking soda. Baking
soda is a conventional natural deodorizer. Aside from that, it can also be used as a stain
remover, disinfectant, varnish, and a degreaser because it makes a great cleansing powder
due to its mild abrasive. That’s why it is safe to use on exquisite surfaces including
marble. Then, essential oils. Essential oils are greatly used in aromatherapy. There are
numerous essential oils that carry natural antibacterial properties with astonishing scents
to boot. You can make not only organic cleaners as well as air fresheners. There are
multiple scents and multiple uses of essential oils. Some of the well-known oils used for
cleaning are lavender, mint, and lemon. Last, the lemon. Lemons are also a natural
antiseptic and a surprising stain remover. There’s an explanation why so many household
cleaners are scented like lemon. The sweet smell of a lemon is just a part of the
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wholesomeness. All parts of the lemon are useful, the peel and the juices are used, and
you can use the zest either dry or fresh. The study is part of the researcher’s study
because it includes some organic cleaning agent like grapes and soybeans. The related
study mentioned the vinegar, baking soda, essential oils and lemon. Among of those four-
organic agents, lemon is the most related ingredient that can be compared to the
researcher’s study because it contains acid just like the grapes. Therefore, the related
study is useful to the researchers because it can prove that organic ingredients can remove
stains (Garcia, 2018).
Synthesis
From Augustyn (2018), Stowe (2014) to George Washington Carver, they talked
about soy beans (Glycine max) and its properties and benefits. They stated that soy beans
(Glycine max) originated in East Asia and extensively consumed in the forms of soy
milk, whitish liquid suspension and tofu. Soy beans (Glycine max) is beneficial source of
protein and oil. Soy bean (Glycine max) is beneficial due to its different components like
phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavoids, phythoalexins and Saponins. From Nakashima et
al., (2007) Garcia et al., (2008), Bonsi et al., (2007) to Chacona et al., (2009) discussed
the properties and background of the second alternative ingredient which is grapes (Vitis
vinifera). Nakashima et al., said that there are three main species of grapes (Vitis
vinifera): it could be European grapes (Vitis vinifera), North American grapes (Vitis
labrusca and Vitis rotundifolia) and French hybrids. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) could be
classified as table grapes (Vitis vinifera), wine grapes (used in viniculture), raisin grapes
22
(Vitis vinifera), and so on, with edible seeds or seedless. Some studies discussed the
effects of using organic cleaning agent and chemical based cleaning agent. According to
Manucso (2013), he mentioned that using chemical based cleaning agent is a treat to the
environment because the contain of this cleaning agent is harmful. Most of the related
studies is about alternative cleaning agent from Dekanik et al., Chen Y et al., Essays UK
to Margaret Furry suggested and discussed some organic alternatives to remove rusty
stains. Most of the ingredients used from their experiments and studies were fruits or
vegetables or plant that contains saponins and acid. Those contents are the reason why
stains get remove once you apply it. Dekanic et al., used European Ivy and Soap nut
shells to remove stain and it was effective Other studies talk about techniques on how to
properly remove stain using organic ingredients and chemical based cleaning agent. All
these studies and literature were accomplished to support this study however due to
knowledge gap the researchers of this literatures and studies, soy beans (Glycine max)
and Grapes (Vitis vinifera) has not been tested as cleaning agent if its effective or not.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, the gathering procedures, and the place
of the study. It also discusses how the data will be gathered, processed and evaluated.
23
Research Design
The objective of this study is to measure the effectivity of soy beans (Glycine
max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) as remover of rusty stains in white clothes. The
researchers will use Quasi-Experimental Design for this study, experimental design will
be able to explain or provide information about causal relationships of the variables. This
will allow the researchers to evaluate correlation of one variable to another variable. In
quasi-experimental design independent variable will be manipulated and the participants
are not assigned randomly. The researchers will not randomly assign the participant
because of its lack control over extraneous variable (Campbell & Cook, 1979).
This study will utilize Quasi-experimental design because the researchers have
two variables to manipulate which is the organic cleaning agent using soy beans (Glycine
max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera), another variable is the inorganic variable which is
chemical based cleaning agent that will serve as the control variable in the study. The
independent variable is the white clothes with rusty stains. Time and amount of extract
will be observed in the treatments and the number of brushes will be the result of the
measurement.
Locale
The research locale of the study comprises of the places where the study took
place. The researchers will buy all the materials needed to accomplish the product at
Salitran Public Market, Dasmarinas Cavite because all the fresh vegetables and fruits are
24
being sold there. The actual experiment will be conducted at #107 Lumampong,
Balagbag Indang, Cavite which is one of the researcher’s house. The said place will be
chosen in conducting the study because the materials that is essential for the experiment
is complete in order to achieve the product. Also, the researchers are familiar by the place
and the house is comfortable because the size is enough to accommodate the researchers.
Sources of data
The researchers will use primary source and secondary sources to fulfill the study.
The primary source will be coming from the actual result of the experiment using soy
beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) to remove rusty stains. For the secondary
sources, related literature and studies from website articles and books will be used by the
researchers. Primary source and secondary sources will be the foundation of the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
For the purposes of this study, experiment will be used by the researchers. Some
certain steps were prepared, so as far for the researchers to conduct the experiment
towards the contentment of the research objectives.
For the soybeans (Glycine max):
Step 1: The researchers will crush the soy beans (Glycine max) into semi-powdered while
boiling water.
25
Step 2: After boiling, pour the hot water into a large container.
Step 3: Put 150 mL of crushed soy beans (Glycine max) into the large container with 5
inches (0.0819353 L) height of hot water.
Step 4: Shake the mixture of the soy beans (Glycine max) until it produced bubbles.
Step 5: The researchers will get the white clothes and will stain it with rust and leave it
for an hour.
Step 6: Afterwards, proceed to the trials. The researchers will do two trials using the soy
beans (Glycine max) mixture.
Step 7: For trial number 1, the researchers will use 50% of concentration and three
different amounts of extract. For 15 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) mixture with 50% of
concentration, the researchers used 7.5 mL of extract and 7.5 mL of concentration to the
white clothes with rust. For 20 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) mixture with 50% of
concentration, the researchers used 10 mL of extract and 10 mL of concentration to the
concentration, the researchers used 12.5 mL of extract and 12.5 mL of concentration to
the white clothes with rust.
different amounts of extract. For 15 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) mixture with 75% of
the white clothes with rust. For 20 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) mixture with 75% of
26
concentration, the researchers used 6.25 mL of extract and 18.75 of concentration to the
white clothes with rust.
For the grapes (Vitis vinifera):
Step 1: The researchers will remove the peel of the grapes (Vitis vinifera).
Step 2: Blend the grapes (Vitis vinifera).
Step 3: Strain the mixture of grapes (Vitis vinifera) to remove the seeds.
Step 4: Afterwards, proceed to the trials. The researchers will do three trials using the
grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture.
different amounts of extract. For 15 mL of grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 50% of
concentration, the researchers used 7.5 mL of extract and 7.5 mL of concentration to the
white clothes with rust. For 20 mL of grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 50% of
27
different amounts of extract. For 15 mL of grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 75% of
the white clothes with rust. For 20 mL of grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 75% of
Step 7: For trial number 3, the researchers used 100% of extracts in 15 mL, 20 mL, and
25 mL.
For the combination of the soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera):
Step 1: The researchers will get the mixture of soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis
vinifera) then will combine it. Stir continuously.
Step 2: Afterwards, proceed to the trials. The researchers will do two trials using the
combination of soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture.
different amounts of extract. For 15 mL of combination of the soybeans (Glycine max)
and grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 50% of concentration, the researchers used 3.5
mL of grape (Vitis vinifera) extract and 3.5 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) extract then
7.5 mL of concentration to the white clothes with rust. For 20 mL of combination of the
28
soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 50% of concentration,
the researchers used 5 mL of grape (Vitis vinifera) extract and 5 mL of soy beans
(Glycine max) extract then 10 mL of concentration to the white clothes with rust. For 25
mL of combination of the soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture
with 50% of concentration, the researchers used 6.25 mL of grape (Vitis vinifera) extract
and 6.25 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) extract then 12.5 of concentration to the white
clothes with rust.
different amounts of extract. For 15 mL of combination of the soybeans (Glycine max)
and grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 75% of concentration, the researchers used 1.875
mL of grape (Vitis vinifera) extract and 1.875 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) extract then
11.25 mL of concentration to the white clothes with rust. For 20 mL of combination of
the soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) mixture with 75% of
concentration, the researchers used 2.5 mL of grape (Vitis vinifera) extract and 2.5 mL of
soy beans (Glycine max) extract then 15 mL of concentration to the white clothes with
rust. For 25 mL of combination of the soybeans (Glycine max) and grapes (Vitis vinifera)
mixture with 75% of concentration, the researchers used 3.125 mL of grape (Vitis
vinifera) extract and 3.125 mL of soy beans (Glycine max) extract then 18.75 of
concentration to the white clothes with rust.
For the chemically based cleaning agent (Zonrox):
29
Step 1: Proceed to the trials. The researchers will do five trials using the chemically based
cleaning agent.
Step 2: For trial number 1-3, the researchers will use 15 mL chemically based cleaning
agent to the white clothes with rust.
Step 3: For trial number 4, the researchers will use 20 mL of chemically based cleaning
Step 4: For trial number 5, the researchers will use 25 mL of chemically based cleaning
To get the concentration use in the trial we must divide the percent of the
concentration to 100 and multiply it to how much extract you will use.
For 50 % concentration and 3 different amounts of extracts (15mL, 20mL and 25
mL), 50 % in 15mL is 7.25mL, 50% in 20mL is 10mL and 50% in 25mL is 18.75mL.
For 75% concentration and 3 different amounts of extracts (15mL, 20mL and
25mL), 75% in 15mL is 11.25mL, 75% in 20Ml is 15mL and 75% in 25mL is 18.75Ml.
This concentration will all apply in Soy beans (Glycine max), Grapes (Vitis
vinifera) and combination of Soy beans (Glycine max) and Grapes (Vitis vinifera).
After doing all the steps and procedure the researchers will be able to identify if
the alternative cleaning agent is helpful or not. The clothes that have been applied by the
alternative cleaning agents will be compared to the white color scheme to determine the
30
level of whiteness after using the alternative cleaning agent.
Data Analysis
The experimental data of this study will be analyzed through the statistical
treatment called Two-way ANOVA. The two-way anova will help the researchers to
compare the mean differences between groups that have been split on two independent
variables. The two independent variables that will be used in the study are the amount of
extract and the time of application of the soy beans (Glycine max), grapes and
combination of soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes. The dependent variable will be the
rusty stains removed from the white clothes. Two-way ANOVA will be used to
determine if there is an interaction between the amount of extract and the time of
application of soybeans (Glycine max), grapes, and the combination of soybeans (Glycine
max) and grapes to each other and its effects to the white cloth that will be used.
Error Decomposition
Where,
Y‾(ij) Mean of Combinations
SS Sum of Squares
MS Mean Square
31
DF Degree of Freedom
Two-way anova table
After the researchers obtain the mean square, sum of squares and degree of
freedom of the amount of extract (15mL, 20 mL, 25 mL) and time of application (1 min,
2 mins, 3 mins) of soy beans (Glycine max), grapes, and the combination mixture of soy
beans (Glycine max) and grapes, the researchers will be required to compare the value of
the F computed in this analysis with the critical value of F in the F Table. Consequently,
the researchers will search for the critical value by using the degrees of freedom.
If the obtained F-value is less than the critical F-value, the researchers will not be
able to reject the null hypothesis that soy beans (Glycine max) and grapes can remove the
rusty stains in a white clothes and will conclude that there is no significant difference
between the soy beans (Glycine max), grapes, and the combination of soy beans (Glycine
max) and grapes in removing the rusty stain in the white clothes. If the alternative
hypothesis is accepted, further analysis is performed to explore where the individual
differences are.
The degree of whiteness was calculated by Computer Color Matching (C.C.M.)
method. This practice provides numbers that correlate with visual ratings of yellowness
32
or whiteness of white and near white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in
daylight by an observer with normal color vision.
33
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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOY BEANS (Glycine

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course

Background of the Study

flavor foods or prevent food discoloration.

to be encompassing by water molecules that result in removing stains. However, saponins

good ability for preservation of colors for colored clothes.

convenient in removing stains.

study in determining the effectiveness of it on white clothes as a stain remover.

Statement of the Problem

removing rusty stains in white clothes in terms of:

3. Which of the following concentration is effective in removing stains in clothes?

C. Combination of soy beans (Glycine max) and Grapes (Vitis vinifera)

development process, the company added drops of the pineapple-derived cleaning

- or better than - the chemical varieties.

This is the conceptual framework used by the researchers in the study

The following is hypothesized by the researchers regarding the effectiveness of

Scope and Limitation

finish other study.

Significance of the Study

of observance. Furthermore, the study could be of importance to the following:

Future Researchers. The ideas presented may be used as reference data in

Students. The information presented will enable them to be informed and

research and some of their studies.

clothes especially the white ones.

The following terms are defined accordingly:

Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)- is frequently used for constructing

faster with ABTS (*) than the parent compound, chrysin.

carotene, which can counteract the damaging effects of oxidation.

Abundant- having a lot of, large quantities, plentiful.

high in protein but low in calories in terms on the nutrients contains.

Bushy- thick or overgrown of something.

amino acids will create specific peptides.

to plants. Vegetables and Fruits contains this substance.

receptor that is found in soya beans.

substances to widely spread throughout the plant kingdom.

multiple characteristic of particular plant species.

Phytosterols - family of molecules that is somehow connected to cholesterol.

catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

and safety hazards.

Synthetic- of, relating to, or produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis especially:

Alleviation- action or process of making suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe.

colony of Georgia in 1765. In 1904, George Washington Carver, a well-known American

most wide-ranging grown oilseed in the world.

max) is that it includes phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phytoalexins, and

can be used in cleaning or removing stains. However, as said by (Victoria, 2013)

have a good ability for preservation of colors for colored clothes.

phenolic compounds in grape, its products is associated with a lower incidence of

cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammation, antiaging and antimicrobial properties.

phytochemicals in grape (Vitis vinifera) is polyphenols because they possess many

biological activities and health-promoting benefits. Phenolic compounds of grapes (Vitis

vinifera) mainly include anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, stilbenes (resveratrol) and

activity of fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better. Some

and Gram (−) bacteria, respectively (Chacona et al., 2009).

proficient in dissolving and dispersing another substance. The cleaners or degreasers is

considered as an organic cleaning agent if it restrains carbon as part of their molecular

environmentally or eco-friendly preferred agent. Natural cleaning agents contains all of

plant or animal procure ingredients. Whereas an environmentally preferred solvent

without creating significant harm to the environment (Mancuso, 2013).

example, Non-alkaline detergents have glycerine to decrease or remove stains made by

Herbal Extracts – Washing Agents for Colored Fabrics.

cleaning agent which is similar to the study.