Modeling and Control for Large Capacity Battery

Energy Storage System

Zhong Chen, Ming Ding, Jianhui Su
Research Center for Photovoltaic System Engineering, MOE,
Hefei University of Technology
Hefei, China
e-mail: chenzh06@163.com, mingding56@126.com, su_chen@126.com

Abstract—Energy storage as an alternative solution for
integrating renewable energy into grid has been studied recently.
Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) has been received much
attention for its excellent characteristics, especially for large
capacity energy storage. This paper focuses on the structure,
modeling and control of VRB energy storage system. To
cooperate with large scale wind farm /PV station, the structure
for large capacity battery energy storage system (BESS),
including configuration site, battery system and power condition
system (PCS), is discussed. The equivalent circuit model of VRB,
concerning of electrical, physical and chemical factors, is
established, and also the PCS. The PQ decoupled scheme is
adopted to control active power and reactive power
independently, and the zero-sequence circulating current control
scheme is employed for parallel converters .To coordinate the
operation of battery system with PCS, the battery-based
restriction control and multiple operation modes are proposed.
The simulation results with MATLAB/Simulink are presented to
verify the model and control schemes.
Keywords –energy storage ;VRB; PCS; modling; control
I. INTRODUCTION
Large scale wind and solar power bring opportunities for
the traditional grid, but their generation inherently is
intermittent, fluctuant and unpredictable exactly, which will
impact greatly the grid normal operation. Energy storage
cooperated with renewable energy can make undispatchable
generation become dispatchable one, and improve the
penetration of renewable energy in grid[1][2]. Besides, energy
storage is also an important part of smart grid, it can supply
grid voltage/frequency support, peak shaving , spinning
reserve, uninterrupted power, power quality compensation, and
improve transient power angle stability [3].
Traditional pumped storage system and compressed air
storage system are mature, but they are constrained strictly by
geographical conditions, new construction is hard now. Battery
is one of the most economical energy storage mediums, it has
modular structure, quick response and a high degree of
commercial. Battery energy storage system(BESS)with flexible
installation and short construction period, has had many
successful applications in grid. With technology innovation and
advanced battery development, the efficiency, power, capacity
and lifespan have been improved greatly. Among the advanced
batteries, Vanadium Redox Battery(VRB) has been received
much attention for its excellent characteristics, its power and
capacity can be designed separately, capacity can be enlarged
easily, rare self discharge rate , long cycle lifespan, especially
suitable for large capacity energy storage application[4].
In this paper，VRB is adopted as energy storage medium
for BESS，the structure of BESS is discussed in section II.
Section III studies the modeling of BESS. Control scheme is
proposed in section IV. Simulation experiments is presented in
section V, and the last section is conclusion.
II. STRUCTURE OF BESS
A. Configuration of Energy Storage
The configuration site of BESS for renewable energy
generation can be dispersed or aggregated. Dispersed type
means each wind generation/PV system has its own energy
storage, battery couples to DC bus via power electronic
interface. Aggregated type means energy storage installs near
the output terminal of wind farm/PV station or transmission
system terminal, battery couples to AC bus via power
electronic interface. Capacity and power are two main
parameters of energy storage, generally capacity rate is
determined by control scheme and energy management
scheme, power rate is determined by the gap between
renewable energy actual generation and target generation.
Large scale wind farm or PV station has internal space
smoothing effects，aggregated energy storage with potential
to reduce the overall power rate of energy storage system[5].
In addition, aggregated energy storage system coupled to the
AC grid directly can provide reactive compensation, damp
power oscillation, improve power system stability and supply
some other flexible auxiliary functions[6]. Above all,
aggregated energy storage system is convenient for centralized
control and dispatch, it is a better solution.
B. Construction of Battery System
In order to construct high power and large capacity
aggregated BESS, the battery system can be composed with
high voltage battery string or parallel low voltage battery
modules. High voltage battery string can optimize power
condition system(PCS) topology, reduce power losses ， but
high voltage challenges the management of DC side and series
connection of battery cell, reduces reliability and safety during
charge and discharge. Multiple low voltage battery modules are
connected parallel to construct low voltage and large current
battery system, which reduces the voltage level of battery
system and improves charge/discharge reliability, but power

Special Fund of the National Priority Basic Research of China (No.

2009CB219702), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.

50837001)

978-1-4577-0365-2/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE 1429

losses increases. Regarding of the voltage level of battery III. MODELING OF BESS
string available，high voltage battery string is still difficult to
A. Modeling of VRB[9][10][11]
commercialize, auxiliary equipments for high voltage DC
system is also complex. Therefore in this paper low voltage 1) Battery model
battery module is considered with priority for constructing The principle diagram of VRB is showed in Fig.3, mainly
battery system. includes electrolyte, stack and pump. VRB is an
electrochemical cell divided into two compartments by an ionic
C. Topology of PCS membrane where the chemical reaction takes place, the
PCS is the interface between DC battery and AC grid, positive and negative vanadium electrolytes are stored in two
achieving active/reactive power control, it often employs tanks. The pump is used for circulating the electrolyte from the
voltage source converter, operates in four quadrants, couples tanks to the cell. The active material for both the positive and
to gird via isolated transformer. The design has to meet battery negative electrodes of the VRB is vanadium ions that are
characteristic, power rate, power quality and response time. dissolved in sulfuric acid and serve as metal ions whose
The capacity of PCS is determined not only by battery power, valence number changes.
but also reactive power compensation.
The construction type of large capacity battery system
directly affects the topology of PCS. For parallel low voltage
battery modules, there are two conversion structures, single
stage and two stages [7][8]. Single stage conversion means
battery system directly couples to grid via DC/AC converter,
multiple converters can be connected parallel to enlarge power
rate. Two stage conversions means DC/DC converter is used
as first stage to boost battery system voltage to high level, then
couples to grid via DC/AC converter, DC/AC converter can
use multi-level topology. Two stage conversions can optimize
the operation range of battery, but efficiency and reliability is
Figure 3. VRB principle diagram
reduced. Single stage conversion has higher efficiency，but
need to improve battery system cut voltage level when The model of VRB has to be established firstly to study its
discharge completely. application in grid. The established circuit model should be
When VRB operates in linear region with 20%~80% state suitable for simulation application, mainly exhibits its steady
of charge(SOC), the window of battery terminal voltage performance and transient performance to some extend,
varies slightly, it is easy to meet the DC voltage requirement meanwhile concerns of its main physical and chemical
of PCS operation，so single stage conversion is adopted, and performance. The model should have the following characters.
multiple DC/AC modules connect parallel to enlarge power • SOC is a measurable variable and can be updated
rate. Fig.1 shows a diagram of MW-level BESS, which is dynamically
composed with multiple basic blocks. Fig.2 shows the
structure of each basic block, including battery, PCS, filtering • Stack electromotive force is modeled as a controlled
voltage source, power flow affects SOC value.
equipments, isolated transformer and so on.
• Variable pump loss is modeled as a controlled current
source
• Based on centralized equivalent principle, the model
parameters are the equivalent of all the cells
Fig.4 shows a simple circuit model for VRB. The
equivalent internal resistance Rreaction is modeled as power
Figure 1. MW-level BESS diagram
losses due to reaction kinetics, equivalent internal resistance
K
Rresistive is modeled as power losses due to mass transport
Module 1
resistance, membrane resistance, solution resistance, electrode
Transfomer resistance and bipolar plate resistance. The parasitic resistance
C L
L
L R fixed is modeled as power losses due to the system controller
and stack by-pass currents. The parasitic current I pump is
Battery modeled as power losses due to re-circulation pump. The
Module 2
L
L
electrode capacitor Celectrodes reflects transient performance.
L

L
U stack is the stack EMF, U b is the stack terminal voltage, I stack
Module N L
L
is the current flowing through the stack, the reference
Figure 2. Basic block of BESS direction is as shown in Fig.4.

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 + Pvar iable modeled as controlled current source I pump ,assuming
I stack that they occupy ξ3 % , ξ 4 % of Pstack separately, then
+
U stack Celectrodes Prating
− Pstack = (7)
↓ I pump R fixed U 1− ξ %
Rreaction b
ξ % = ξ1 % + ξ 2 % + ξ 3 % + ξ 4 % (8)

Rresistive Prating is the battery rated power, ξ % is the battery total power
− losses, then
2 2
U stacks U stacks
Figure 4. Simple VRB circuit model R fixed = = (9)
2) Parameters estimation Pfixed ξ3 % Pstack
a) Battery terminal voltage
k I
Battery cell EMF U cell correlates directly with SOC, I pump = ( stack ) (10)
U stack SOC
according to the Nerst equation, expression is as following
k is a constant coefficient correlated with re-circulation pump
RT SOC
U cell = U equilibrium + 2 ln( ) (1) power losses. Taking into account by-pass currents, battery
F 1 − SOC terminal current
U equilibrium is normal battery cell EMF，T is temperature(K),R Ub
I b = I stack + + I pump (11)
is Molar gas constant( R = 8.314 J / (mol ∗ K ) ), F is Faraday R fixed
constant( F =9.65 × 104 C / mol ). I stack is positive during charge, negative during discharge.
The battery stack EMF of n cells in series
d) Electrode capacitor
U stack = nU cell (2)
By measuring battery cell capacitor, the total electrode
The stack is modeled as a controlled voltage source, from capacitor Celectrodes can be estimated according to the
expression(1)(2), it is known that the controlled voltage is connection type of cells
mainly determined by the number of battery cells in series and
e) SOC
SOC. There exists overpotential η due to the polarization
SOC value can be forecasted precisely by chemical
effect during charge/discharge, then battery terminal voltage
method in practical application. Here refer to Ampere-hour
U b = U stack − I stack ( Rreaction + Rresistive ) − η (3) method, neglecting the effect of charge/discharge current
η is positive during charge, negative during discharge. Tests on the actual total capacity, SOC is updated periodically by
accumulating electrical energy flowing through the battery
show that the overpotential can be neglected in practical
application [12], so the battery terminal voltage finally can be
stack.
expressed as following SOC ( k + 1) = SOC ( k ) + Δ SOC (12)

U b = U stack − I stack ( Rreaction + Rresistive ) (4) ΔE Pstack Tstep U stack I stack Tstep
Δ SOC = = = (13)
b) Equivalent internal resistance Ecapacity Ecapacity Ecapacity
Equivalent internal resistance includes Rreaction and Rresistive ,
SOC ( k +1) , SOC ( k ) are the SOC values of adjacent
their values can be estimated by power losses due to internal
resistance at maximum discharge current, generally they keep computation interval. ΔSOC is variation of SOC during each
constant during overall battery operation period. Assuming computation step, it is positive during charge, negative during
that the power losses caused by Rreaction and Rresistive are ξ1 % , discharge. ΔE , Ecapacity is energy variation during each
ξ 2 % of battery stack power Pstack separately, then computation step and battery total capacity separately. Tstep is
ξ1 % Pstack computation step.
R reaction = (5)
2
I max 3) Simulation example
VRB is configured for basic block of BESS, rated power
ξ %P
R resistive = 2 2 stack (6) Prating = 250kW , rated capacity Ecapacity = 250kW × 2h .Battery
I max stack is composed with 500 battery cells in series, each battery
c) Parasitic power losses cell normal EMF U equilibrium = 1.5V ,maximum discharge current
Parasitic power losses includes fixed power loss Pfixed I max = 350A ,operation temperature T = 25D C .Assuming
modeled as fixed resistance R fixed and variable power loss power losses ξ % = 21% and ξ1 % = 9% , ξ 2 % = 6% ,
ξ 3 % = 2% ,from the above data, it can be estimated that the

1431
equivalent parameters Rreaction = 0.2325Ω , Rresistive = 0.155Ω , It can be seen that the 0 axis equivalent circuit is open for
R fixed = 88.9Ω .If the measured battery cell capacity is 6F,then single converter from Fig.6. But when multiple converters
equivalent electrode capacitor for 500 battery cells in series operate parallel, the 0 axis equivalent circuit is closed as a
Celectrodes = 6F/500=0.012F . path for zero-sequence circulating current. The detailed
equivalent circuit model of two converters is showed in Fig.7.
B. Modeling of PCS[13][14]
The mathematical model of converter module has also to be ωLiq2 i
d2
L2 L1 id 1 ωLiq1

+
−
+
−
established firstly to study the control schemes for PCS, the + d d 2udc ed + + d d 1udc
converter module circuit is showed in Fig.5. − − − idc1
+
+ ωLid 2 i L2 L1 iq1 ω Lid1 ↓ dd1id1 ↓ dq1iq1 ↓ d01i01 udc
idc
q2

+
+

−
−
−
+
+ d q 2udc eq + − d q1udc idc 2
− −
ea +
ia
ua i02 L2 L1 i01 ↓ dd 2id 2 ↓ dq2iq2 ↓ d02i02 udc
udc ub ib eb
O −
ic ec + +d u
uc − d 02udc e0 + 3u N − 01 dc

Figure 7. Equivalent circuit model of two parallel converters

−
IV. CONTROL SCHEME
Figure 5. Converter module circuit Control scheme for BESS mainly includes PCS control and
The average model of three phase PWM converter in dq system control. PCS control mainly implements bottom basic
synchronous reference frame is as expression (14). functions, such as PQ control and circulating current control.
System control is employed to coordinate grid scheduling,
⎡id ⎤ ⎡d d ⎤ ⎡ 0 ω 0 ⎤ ⎡id ⎤ ⎡ed ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ battery and PCS, achieving local energy management.
d ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
L ⎢ iq ⎥ = ⎢ dq ⎥ udc + ⎢⎢ −ω 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢iq ⎥⎥ − ⎢⎢ eq ⎥⎥ − ⎢ 0 ⎥
dt A. Control of PCS
⎢⎣ i0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ d0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ i0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ e0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 3u ⎥
⎣ N⎦ 1) PQ control
du T For receiving basic dispatch from grid scheduling system,
C dc = idc − ⎡⎣ d d d q d 0 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣id iq i0 ⎤⎦ (14)
dt it is essential to control active power and reactive power
L is AC filter inductance, C is DC link capacitance, assuming respectively. PQ decoupled control in dq synchronous
the negative terminal of DC bus as voltage reference point. reference frame is adopted, d axis is oriented with grid voltage
udc , idc are DC bus voltage and current. uN is the grid neutral vector, then d, q axis current is corresponded to active power
and reactive power. Reference power is compared with
point voltage refer to voltage reference point . ed , eq , e0 are measured instantaneous power, the error is as input of PI
the component of grid voltage in d,q,0 axis. id , iq , i0 are the controller，the output of power loop is as reference of current
loop. The detailed control structure is showed in Fig.8.
component of current in d,q,0 axis. d d , d q , d 0 are the
component of duty cycle in d,q,0 axis. From expression (14), U dc
equivalent circuit model can be obtained as Fig.6. − P − id + ed − ω Liq
P* + id* + U d* +
⊗ ⊗ ⊗
id ω Liq
− Q − iq + eq + ω Lid
iq* +
−
+

Q* + U q* +
⊗ ⊗ ⊗
ed + + d d udc
− −

iq ω Lid idc Figure 8. PQ decoupled control

2) Circulating current control
+
−

+
eq + +
d q udc ↓ d d id ↓ d q iq ↓ d 0i0 udc From Fig.6 when N three phase converters operate parallel,
− −
there is zero-sequence circulating current. The circulating
−
i0 current will cause extra power losses ， even damage power
devices. So it is essential to suppress circulating current with
e0 + 3u N + d 0udc special control scheme, achieving current sharing. The 0 axis
−
current loop is introduced to suppress circulating current
compared to previous single converter control scheme[13],
SPWM is used as the modulation scheme for its priority in
Figure 6. Equivalent circuit model of converter module
circulating current performance[15], details is showed in Fig.9.

1432
 power occupy the PCS capacity, and λ1 + λ2 = 1 .The active
U dc
− P − id + ed − ω Liq power limit coefficient kPCS is as following
P* + id* + U d* +
⊗ ⊗ ⊗
⎧ 1 Pref2 + Qref
2
≤ S max
Q* +
− Q
iq* +
− iq
U q* +
+ eq + ω Lid k PCS =⎨ (17)
⊗ ⊗ ⊗ ⎩ λ1 S max Pref2 + Qref
2
> S max
i
i0* =0 − 0 U 0* Smax is the maximum capacity of PCS, The reactive power
+
⊗
limit coefficient kPCS is as following
Figure 9. Circulating current control scheme
⎧ 1 Pref2 + Qref
2
≤ S max
'
B. System Control[16][17][18] k PCS =⎨ (18)
1) Battery restriction control
⎩ λ2 S max Pref2 + Qref
2
> S max
Besides receiving active/reactive power dispatch from SOC is an indication factor of battery energy state. SOC
grid scheduling system, BESS also has to revise dispatching restriction control or SOC feedback control is to optimize
power according to SOC, battery power rate and battery battery operation performance during different SOC range.
terminal voltage during charge/discharge, that is to say local Here overload operation is not considered, Fig.11 shows a
restriction control has to be employed to guarantee the battery SOC restriction control scheme.
operate efficiently and safely, extend cycle life. Fig.10 shows
a power given module concerning of battery restriction,
including power and energy two aspects.
ksoc ch arg e disch arg e
*
Psch 1 P*
N

Ub
*
Qsch 1 Q*
N

SOCdown SOCref SOCup

Figure 10. Power given module for PQ mode
The restriction of battery terminal voltage is to avoid the Figure 11. Battery SOC restriction control scheme
overvoltage/undervoltage during fast charge/discharge. During ksoc is power attenuation coefficient with battery SOC. SOCup
,
charging, if battery terminal voltage reaches upper limit, SOCdown are upper and lower limit of VRB linear region,
charge power must be limited. And during discharging, if
battery terminal voltage reaches lower limit, discharge power SOCref is SOC suggested reference value. ksoc is expressed as
must be limited too. The attenuation coefficient kU b with expression(19) during charge and expression(20) during
discharge.
battery terminal voltage is as expression (15). ⎧⎪ 1 SOC ≤ SOCup
U b min ≤ U b ≤ U b max K soc = ⎨ (19)
⎧1 ⎪⎩ (1 − SOC ) (1 − SOC ) SOC up < SOC < 100%
kU b =⎨ (15) up

⎩0 U b ≤ U b min , U b ≥ U b max ⎧ 1 SOCdown < SOC < 100%

Ksoc = ⎨ (20)
U b min , U b max are battery minimal voltage, maximum voltage. ⎩SOC SOCdown SOC ≤ SOCdown
Battery power limit and PCS power limit are used to keep According to expression (15) ~ (20), the total attenuation
charge/discharge power within the rated range of both battery coefficient of power is as following
and PCS. The attenuation coefficient k battery with battery rated
⎧⎪ K P = kUb kbattery k PCS ksoc
power is as expression (16). ⎨ '
(21)
Pchar max ≤ Pref ≤ Pdischar max ⎪⎩ KQ = kPCS
⎧ 1
⎪ 2) Multiple modes control
k battery = ⎨ Pchar max Pref ≥ Pchar max (16)
To optimize charge/discharge performance of VRB in
⎪P Pref ≤ Pdischar max
⎩ dischar max different conditions, multiple operation modes are proposed.
Assuming that discharge power is positive, charge power is For dispatchable grid-connected energy storage system, pre-
negative. Pchar max , Pdischar max are battery maximum charge and charge mode and PQ mode are considered here, corresponding
to constant current(CC) charge and constant power
discharge power. PCS power limit includes active and reactive charge/discharge control schemes. Taking converter module as
power. If λ1 , λ 2 are weighting factor that active and reactive example, details is showed in Fig.12.

1433
 two converter modules ( N = 2 ) parallel, to imitate the
P* +
− P differences between different converter, the filtering
⊗ U dc
id* +
− id
U d* +
+ ed − ω Liq inductance of converter module 1 L1 = 4mH , the filtering
I *
⊗ ⊗
d
inductance of converter module 2 L2 = 3.8mH .Switch
Q* +
− Q
iq* +
− iq
U q* +
+ eq + ω Lid frequency f s = 10kHz .
⊗ ⊗ ⊗
i
B. Simulation Results
i0* =0 − 0 U 0*
+
⊗ The battery terminal voltage and stack voltage during
charge and discharge is showed in Fig.14, when the SOC is
20%~80%, the voltage is approximately linear as shown.
Figure 12. Multiple modes control scheme

a) PQ mode
When receiving dispatch, control scheme switches to
mode 1 as shown in Fig.12, active power and reactive power
are controlled separately, achieving constant power/variable
power operation. Before battery terminal voltage reaches limit
value, current inner loop follows the output of outer power
loop. The reference power is determined by power given
module as shown in Fig.10.
b) Pre-charge mode (a) Battery voltage
In the case of BESS commissioning or after great
maintenance, control scheme switches to mode 2 as shown in
Fig.12, charge current and reactive power are controlled to
achieve constant current and unit power factor pre-charge. The
details of power given module during constant current charge
is showed in Fig.13, the output of dc current loop is limited
by U b to avoid overvoltage during fast charge, then divided
by N as reference of ac current loop for each converter, and
reactive power is kept 0. At the beginning of charge, the
(b) SOC
resistance of battery stack is quite small and instantaneous
current will be large, dc current loop is limited to saturation Figure 14. Battery charge and discharge
value, charging at maximum constant current. After a period In the case of PQ mode, the active power reference is
of time, battery is charged to reference SOC at given current. 100kW in the beginning then steps to -100kW at 0.1s, the
Then control scheme switches to PQ mode. reactive power reference is kept 0. The detailed performance
I dc of BESS is presented in Fig.15~ Fig.18. The output power is
− I d* showed in Fig.15, active/reactive power can be controlled
I d*c + 1
⊗ N
independently. Fig.16 shows the grid side current and voltage
of phase A, the BESS operates at unit power factor. The
battery terminal voltage and current are showed in Fig.17, the
Ub battery terminal voltage can keep relatively stable during
*
Qset 1 Q*
charge and discharge. In Fig.18, I a1 , I a 2 are phase A currents
N
of converter module 1 and module 2, they are almost identical,
and circulating current I c is well suppressed .
Figure 13. Power given module for pre-charge mode

V. SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
A. Simulation Parameters
Computation step Tstep = 15e-5s .SOC is kept in linear
region(20%~80%) ， that is SOCup = 80% , SOCdown = 20% .
Assuming SOCref = 50% , Ub min = 600V , U b max = 950V ,
Pchar max = Pdischar max = Prate , λ1 = 1 , λ2 = 0 . Grid voltage
e = 380V ,grid frequency is 50Hz ， PCS is composed with Figure 15. Active power and reactive power

1434

Figure 16. Grid side voltage and current
Figure 17. Battery terminal voltage and current
Figure 18. Zero-sequence circulating current
Fig.19 shows the variation of output power concerning of
battery SOC restriction control. The charge power follows
the reference 100kW well until SOC reaches 0.8, then it is
revised by battery SOC restriction control as shown in Fig.11
and lowered down slowly.
Figure 19. Battery SOC restriction control
In the case of pre-charge mode, DC charge current and
grid side current of phase A are showed in Fig.20, the charge
1435
current can follow the current reference 200A well and BESS
operates at unit power factor.
(a) DC charge current
(b) Grid side voltage and current
Figure 20. Pre-charge mode
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper introduces the structure of BESS, the model of
the overall system is established, and a detailed control
scheme is proposed. The simulation experiments verify the
effectiveness of model and control scheme, which is helpful
for BESS application in grid.
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