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2015-2016
ALL INDIA SHRI SHIVAJI MEMORIAL SOCIETY’S COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, PUNE – 411001
This is to certify that SAURABH ABHAY CHAUDHARI has successfully carried out the
seminar on “SIX STROKE ENGINE” during the academic year 2015-2016, for the partial
fulfilment for the award of degree of Mechanical Engineering (Sandwich) of the Savitribai Phule
Pune University.
ABSTRACT
The quest for an engine having the same or more power with higher fuel
efficiency than the existing ones has started before many years. As a result of all these researches
a new engine concept is formed, which is a six stroke engine. Lot of research works are conducted
on this topic nowadays and already six types of six stroke engines were discovered
During every cycle in a typical four stroke engine, piston moves up and down twice in
the chamber, resulting in four total strokes and one of which is the power stroke that provides the
torque to move the vehicle. But in a six stroke engine there are six strokes and out of these there
are two power strokes. The name of the engine has nothing to do with the number of revolutions
or anything of that sort. This engine got its name due to its construction. A six stroke engine derived
its name from the fact that it is a mixture of two and four stroke engine. The automotive industry
may soon be revolutionized by a new six-stroke design which adds a second power stroke, resulting
in much more efficiency with less amount of pollution.
In the present article a brief history and types of six stroke engine were dealt and the
advantages of the six stroke engine over other conventional engines were dealt using various
performance curves.
INTRODUCTION
The term six stroke engine describes two different approaches in the internal combustion engine,
In the first approach, the engine captures the waste heat from the four stroke Otto cycle or Diesel
cycle and uses it to get an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder.
Designs either use steam or air as the working fluid for the additional power stroke. As well as
extracting power, the additional stroke cools the engine and removes the need for a cooling system
making the engine lighter and giving 40% increased efficiency over the normal Otto or Diesel
Cycle. The pistons in this six stroke engine go up and down six times for each injection of fuel.
These six stroke engines have 2 power strokes: one by fuel, one by steam or air. The currently
notable six stroke engine designs in this class are the Crower's six stroke engine, invented by Bruce
Crower of the U.S.A; the Bajulaz engine by the Bajulaz S A Company, of Switzerland; and the
Velozeta’s Six-stroke engine built by the students of an engineering college Trivendrum.
The second approach to the six stroke engine uses a second opposed piston in each cylinder which
moves at half the cyclical rate of the main piston, thus giving six piston movements per cycle.
Functionally, the second piston replaces the valve mechanism of a conventional engine and also it
increases the compression ratio. The currently notable six stroke engine designs in this class
include two designs developed independently: the Beare Head engine, invented by Australian
farmer Malcolm Beare, and the German Charge pump, invented by Helmut Kottmann.
HISTORY OF SIX STROKE ENGINES
Its concept was developed in 1880s.However the rapid research commenced only after
1990s. Of the piston in the same cylinder. Designs either use steam or air as the working fluid for
the additional power stroke. As well as extracting power, the additional stroke cools the engine
and removes the need for a cooling system making the engine lighter and giving 40% increased
efficiency over the normal Otto or Diesel Cycle. The pistons in this six stroke engine go up and
down six times for each injection of fuel. These six stroke engines have 2 power strokes: one by
fuel, one by steam or air. The currently notable six stroke engine designs in this class are the
Crower's six stroke engine, invented by Bruce Crower of the U.S.A; the Bajulaz engine by the
Bajulaz S A Company, of Switzerland; and the Velozeta’s Six-stroke engine built by the students
of an engineering college Trivendrum.
The second approach to the six stroke engine uses a second opposed piston in each cylinder
which moves at half the cyclical rate of the main piston, thus giving six piston movements per
cycle. Functionally, the second piston replaces the valve mechanism of a conventional engine and
also it increases the compression ratio. The currently notable six stroke engine designs in this class
include two designs developed independently: the Beare Head engine, invented by Australian
farmer Malcolm Beare, and the German Charge pump, invented by Helmut Kottmann.
First Category:-
Griffin engine was the first six stroke engine developed in the
world. It is developed by the engineer Samuel Griffin in 1883. In
1886 Scottish steam locomotive makers found a future in
Griffin’s engine and they licensed the Griffin patents also
marketed the engine under the name ‘Kilmarnock’. They used
this engine mainly for electric power generation.
As a substantial portion of engine heat now leaves the cylinder in the form of steam, no
cooling system radiator is required. Energy that is dissipated in conventional arrangements by the
radiation cooling system has been converted into additional power strokes. In Crower's prototype,
the water for the steam cycle is consumed at a rate approximately equal to that of the fuel, but in
production models, the steam will be recaptured in a condenser for re-use.
Second category:-
In this engine,
similar in design to the
Beare head, a ‘piston
charger’ replaces the
valve system. The piston
charger charges the main
cylinder and
simultaneously regulates
the inlet and the outlet
aperture leading to no
loss of air and fuel in the
exhaust. In the main
cylinder, combustion takes place every turn as in a two-stroke engine and lubrication as in a four-
stroke engine. Fuel injection can take place in the piston charger, in the gas transfer channel or in
the combustion chamber. It is also possible to charge two working cylinders with one piston
charger. The combination of compact design for the combustion chamber together with no loss of
air and fuel is claimed to give the engine more torque, more power and better fuel consumption.
The benefit of less moving parts and design is claimed to lead to lower manufacturing costs. Good
for hybrid technology and stationary engines. The engine is claimed to be suited to alternative
fuels since there is no corrosion or deposits left on valves. The six strokes are: aspiration, pre-
compression, gas transfer, compression, ignition and ejection.
DISCUSSION ON THEORY
According to the theory more torque is derived if the upper piston drive is advanced in relation
to the main crank. This would be so if all other factors remain constant. Advancing the upper
piston drive has detrimental effects on valve timing, combustion chamber volume and rate of
change in volume during the combustion period and total engine volume.
1. Valve Timing: The effect is to open the exhaust port earlier, reduce the amount of valve
overlap and close the intake port earlier. Opening the exhaust port earlier means that the
expansion stroke is effectively shortened and less energy is extracted. Reducing the
amount of overlap does not allow enough time for intake to clear the combustion
chamber and the exhaust extraction effect is reduced. The earlier intake port closing
reduces charge filling and volumetric efficiency.
3. Total Engine Volume: The effect is to reduce change in volume during intake and
compression and increase expansion and exhaust, thus reducing volumetric efficiency
of intake.
In the six stroke engine the 360 degrees of the cam has been divided into 60 degrees
among the six strokes. An extra cam is provided for the water injector as well.
3) Valve Timing:
The valve timing of the
four stroke Honda engine
has been changed. The inlet
valve opening (IVO) is 10°
at TDC, same as that of the
four stroke Honda activa
engine. Inlet valve Closes
(IVC) at 20° after BDC,
same as that of the four
stroke engine. Exhaust
valve opens (EVO) 10° at
BDC, which in the original
engine was 25° before BDC. Velozeta reduced this 25° advanced opening of exhaust valve
to extract maximum work per cycle. Exhaust valve closes 10 degree before TDC in order
to prevent the loss of air fuel mixture through the exhaust valve. Two reed valves have
been provided for the proper working of the engine.
4) Secondary Air Induction System
The secondary air induction system, supplies the air which is used during the fifth and
sixth stroke. During the fifth stroke air from the air filter is sucked into the cylinder
through the secondary air induction line. The reed valve opens to permit the air flow.
During the sixth stroke, the air is removed through the exhaust manifold .The reed valve
opens and the reed valve closes during this stroke. The inlet valve remains closed
during these strokes.
The water injection is done by the help of water injector which is operated by the cam.
This thing can be done more effectively by the use of Water metering pump or by the
progressive cavity pump.
1. Water Metering Pump: A positive displacement pump capable of driving a
fixed quantity of water into the cylinder at regular intervals, independent of the
back pressure applied.
2. Progressive Cavity Pump: It is a screw pump positive displacement variant. In this
the working fluid passes through series of discrete cavities as rotor is turned. The
pump is to be synchronized with the output shaft of the engine with a reduction gear
of 3:1 ratio.
WORKING OF VELOZETA SIX
STROKE ENGINE
The detailed working of the six stroke engine has been explained by using figures 2-7,
which give explanations regarding the each stroke. The working of the engine is as
follows. Also the detailed label of engine parts in the figures is given below.
First stroke
Sixth stroke ( Figure 7 )
Work obtained by six stroke is the sum of the both combustion work and vaporization
work. So that the break mean effective pressure will increase.
3) Thermal Efficiency:
The thermal efficiency of the engine is the power produced by the engine to the
power available from fuel. The thermal efficiency of the four stroke engine lies
between 20-30%, whereas the thermal efficiency of six stroke engine lies between 40
4. Multifuel:
It can use the most varied fuels, of any origin (fossil or vegetable), from diesel to L.P.G.
or animal grease. The difference in inflammability or antiknock rating does not present
any problem in combustion. It’s light, standard petrol engine construction, and the low
compression ration of the combustion chamber; do not exclude the use of diesel fuel.
Methanol-petrol mixture is also recommended.
Conclusion
Six stroke engine has many advantages like high thermal efficiency, low fuel consumption, high
break mean effective pressure, and low emission. However drawbacks like initial starting
problem, availability of water are also associated. The starting problem can be eliminated by
using heater or glow plug and coupling a dc motor as prime mover to the engine. Nowadays
research and experiments are going on to modify the engine further and to make it suitable for
practical purpose.
References
1) Patent Number: 252642 Publishing Date: 1st June 2015.
2) 15th International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, 29-31
May, 2012, report by M. M. Gasim, L. G. Chui and K. A. Bin Anwar.
7) Conklin a J. C. and Szybist J. P., "A Highly Efficient Six-Stroke Internal Combustion
Engine Cycle with Water Injection for In-Cylinder Exhaust Heat Recovery", Energy,
Volume 35, Issue 4, pp. 1658-1664 (2010).