Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Types
• Reasons
• Basics of Operations
• Application
Most Common Chokes
• Positive:
– Fixed orifice
– Disassemble to change bean
• Adjustable
– Provides variable orifice size through external
adjustment
Schematic of an
adjustable choke
Restriction
A choke is a restriction in a
flow line that causes a
pressure drop or reduces the
rate of flow. It commonly
uses a partially blocked
orifice or flow path.
Variable Chokes - good
for bringing wells on
gradually and
optimizing natural gas
lift flow in some cases.
Solutions - hardened
chokes (carbide
components), chokes in
series, dual chokes on
Beans are fixed (non adjustable) orifices – ID size is in 64ths of an inch.
ID
Choke Uses
• Control Flow – achieve liquid lift
• Maximize use – best use of gas (lift?)
• Protect equipment – abrasion and erosion
• Cleanup – best use of backflow energy
• Control circulation – holds a back pressure
• Control pressures at surface (during flow)
• Control injection – on injection line
Pressure Drop
• Action • Detriments
– Increased velocity (from – Flashing – hydrocarbon
gas expansion) light ends lost (value lost)
– Vaporization (flashing) of – Cavitation – erosion of
light ends to gas surfaces in and around
choke
– Vaporization of water
– Erosion– solids, droplets
– Cavitation and bubbles in high velocity
– Cooling of gas flow
– Some heating of liquids – Freezing – expansion of
gasses cools the area –
refrigeration principle
Pressure around the choke
Inlet or well
pressure, P1
Pressure drop through
the orifice
Pressure “recovery” , P2
Problems
• The larger the difference between the inlet
and outlet pressures, the higher the potential
for damage to the internals of the choke.
• When DP ratio (= DP/P1) rises above 0.6,
damage is likely. Look at choke type,
materials of construction, and deployment
methods (multiple chokes needed in series?)
Cavitation During Liquid Flow
P
r P1
e Delta P
s
P2
s
u Recovery
r
e
Distance Flow Traveled
The consequences of the low pressure region in the choke can lead to
severe problems with cavitation and related flashing (vaporization).
Flashing During Liquid Flow
Distance Traveled
Throttling Methods
• Needle and seat
• Multiple orifice
• Fixed Bean
• Plug and Cage
• External Sleeve
Needle and Seat
• Simplest and least expensive adjustable
• Best for pressure control
• High Capacity
Multiple Orifice
• Quick open and close
• Good rate and pressure control
• An in-line instrument
Fixed Bean
• Best when infrequent change needed
• Used mostly on trees
Plug and Cage
• High capacity
• Good control
External Sleeve
• Superior Erosion Resistance
• Minimizes Body Erosion
Choke Sizing
• Control the flow – maximize production
• Minimized vibration damage
• Minimize erosion damage