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Rate Build Up PDF
Rate Build Up PDF
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
QUANTITY SURVEYING
YEAR 2- SE MESTER 2
THEORY
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 1:
1.0 PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES I
1.1 What are Preliminary Items?
1.2 Estimating for Typical Preliminary Items
WEEK 2:
2.0 PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES II
WEEK 3:
3.0 PRELIMINARIES ANALYSIS WORKSHOP
3.1 Preliminary Bill
3.2 Class Workshop
WEEK 4:
4.0 PREPARATION OF TENDER
4.1 Decision to Tender
4.2 Collection of Information
4.3 Enquiries and Quotations
4.4 Visit to Site
4.5 Visit to Consultants Offices
4.6 Receipt of quotations
4.7 Planning and Mid Tender Review
4.8 Preparation Of The Estimate
4.9 Final Review
4.10 Action after Submitting a Tender
4.10.1 Action with a successful tender
4.10.2 Action with an Unsuccessful Tender
4.11 Factors in Pricing General and Special Attendance on Subcontractors
WEEK 5:
5.0 MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING TENDER PRICE
5.1 Factors Affecting Tender Price
2
WEEK 6:
6.0 PRICIPLES OF ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING
6.1 Elements of a Unit Rate
6.2 Calculation of Unit Rates
6.2.1 Materials
6.2.2 Plant
6.2.3 Overheads
6.2.4 Profit
WEEK 7:
7.0 BUILD-UP HOURLY RATE FOR PLANT & EQUIPMENT
7.1 Calculation of Unit Rates
7.2 Groundworks
7.2.1 Hand Excavation
7.3 Excavation using Mechanical Plant
7.4 Banksmen
7.5 Disposal of Excavated Material
7.6 Earthwork Support
WEEK 8:
8.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR SURFACE EXCAVATION
8.1 Surface Excavation
8.2 Removal of Excavated Materials
WEEK 9:
9.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK I
9.1 Concrete Work
9.2 Reinforcement
9.3 Guide to Using this Student Learning Pack
9.4 Concrete Works
9.4.1 Site Mixed Concrete
9.4.2 Ready Mixed Concrete
9.5 Concrete Reinforcement
WEEK 10:
3
10.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK II
9.6 Concrete Work
9.6.1 Site Mixed Concrete
9.6.2 Ready-Mixed Concrete
9.8 Concrete Work
9.7 Reinforcement
WEEK 11:
11.0 BUILD UP UNIT RATES FOR REINFORCEMENT
11.1 Bar Reinforcement
WEEK 12:
12.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR FORMWORK
12.1 Formwork
WEEK 13:
13.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR ROOFING
13.1 Roofing
WEEK 14:
14.0 BUILD UP UNIT RATE FOR MASONRY
14.1 Guide to Using this Student Learning Pack
14.2 Masonry works
14.3 Fact and Figures
WEEK 15:
15.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR TUTORIAL CLASS
15.1 Questions
4
Course: Tendering and Estimating II
Course Code: QUS 210
Contact Hours: 2hrs
Course Specification: Theoretical Content
General Objective for Week 1: Appreciate the Build-up for Preliminary
Items
WEEK 1: PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES I (1.0)
5
Clerk
Salary / month = 3,500
Housing = 1,600
Transport = 1,500
6,600 6,600
Store controller
Salary / month = 3,500
Housing = 1,600
Transport = 1,500
6,600 = 6,600
Messenger
Salary / month
Salary / month = 1,000
Housing = 800
Transport = 500
2300 = 2,300
47,000/month
Contract duration 12 month
Add 1 month before project and
Add 3 months for defect liability period
Total month 16
16 months x 47,000 = 752,000
Add 10% for insurance and I.T.F = 75,200
827,200
Add 25% for profit and overhead = 206,800
1,034,000
(2) Site Accommodation
The contractor is usually expected to provide and maintain temporary site
accommodation for
(i) Supervising consultant on site
(ii) Site agent and site staff
(iii) Hut for workmen
(iv) Storage, shed for materials, tools etc.
6
(a) Initial construction of accommodation
(b) Removal on completion and making good ground disturbed
(c) Maintenance of accommodation throughout duration of the project
(d) Furniture including ventilation and air conditioning
(e) Overhead and profit from these estimator must remove the resale value of
items are still useable at the end of the projects e.g
Site office
Initial construction cost
Architect office 7.5m2
Engineer office 7.5m2
Quantity Surveying 7.5m2
Site agent 7.5m2
General office 10m2
Contractor’s room 12m2
Rest room 2.5m2
54.5m2 55m2
Circulation space 10% 5.5m2
60.5m2
61m2
61m2 at 9,000 = 549,000
Less resale value of items (about 27%) 149,000
N400,000
Demolish and cart away from site including making good @ 500/m2 x 61m2
= 30,500
7
(3) Tools
This include items such as shovels, portable drills, wheel barrows, batch boxes, guage
etc. smaller tools such as hammer, trowel, plumb level, plumb lines, paint brushes etc.
that are associated with a particular trade are not aloe for, here. They are usually taken
care of in the tool allowance included in the all in-labour rate for such fields. If the
project is large enough to used up small tools such as paint brushes, sand papers etc.
then the cost of such are included in the unit rate for the items that required their use
in pricing consideration is given to the cost of purchasing of the tools less their resale
value.
(4) Scaffolding
The total height and the type of construction determined the amount and type of
scaffolding required for a project, the contractor may purchase scaffolding for use in
the work. Whatever they may be, in pricing consideration is usually given to the
following.
(a) Hire rate for the duration of the project
(b) Labour cost for erecting scaffolding on site
(c) Labour cost for adopting scaffolding for special uses
(d) Labour cost for dismantling scaffolding at the end of the project
(e) Transportation cost for bringing to site and removing from site all scaffolding
(f) Profit and overhead
8
WEEK 2: PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES II
9
(7) Lighting and Power for Work
As in the case of water, provision of power is effected in either of two ways
(a) Power generating set: If site is far from existing mains, pricing will include
(i) cost of hiring generating set for the duration of the project.
(ii) Cost of cables, wiring and light fittings
(iii) Cost of running and maintaining generating set for duration of project
(iv) Cost of labour and materials for constructing temporary sheds for generators
(v) Cost of dismantling shed, removal and making good
(vi) Cost of transporting generating set to site and removal on completion of project.
(vii) Overhead and profit
(b) Electrical supply from electrical authority mains, pricing will include
(i) Cost of connection to the electrical authority
(ii) Cost of cables, wiring and light fittings
(iii) Cost of electricity bills
(iv) Cost of disconnection on completion of project
(v) Cost of hiring a standby generator in case of electricity failure
(vi) Overhead and profit
(8) Temporary Road
In certain building and civil engineering construction, temporary road have to be
constructed from the existing road to the site in order to get access to and make
possible the distribution of materials to various part of the site. Temporary road may
also be required is first worked and priced with the following considerations
(a) Cost of labour during clearing the road
(b) Cost of excavation either by hand or by mechanical plant
(c) Cost of labour and materials in laying laterite, blinding, gravel
(d) Cost of maintaining the road for the duration of the project
(e) Cost of removal of temporary road if not required at completion of all works on
site and making good ground disturbed
(f) Overhead and profits
(9) Temporary Telephone
If the project requires the telephone, the constructor must arrange for telephone
communication to be installed on site for easy communication for the duration of the
contract, pricing will include
(a) Cost of telephone installation by telephone organization in this case NITEL
(b) Cost of telephone bills
10
(c) Cost of maintenance
(d) Cost of disconnection\
(e) Overhead and profit
(10) Control of Traffic and the Additional Cost
Reconstruction and repairing of existing road, lying sewers, water mains etc. in
existing roads and construction works in congested areas may create the necessity for
closing part of some road temporarily to traffic. In such cases the provision of one
way traffic control, diversions and access to adjoining houses, shops etc. may become
necessary. The following should be given consideration
(a) control of traffic which involves
(i) Cost of speed breakers
(ii) Cost of constructing barriers
(iii) Cost of red flags
(iv) Cost of labour flagging traffic
(v) Cost of providing diversion
(vi) Cost of removal of sign board to adjoining house, shops, garage etc.
(b) The provision of access road to adjoining houses, shops, garages etc
(i) Cost of labour and materials to provide pedestrian and vehicular access to shops,
houses, cars and park etc.
(c) Additional cost of work on existing road where traffic is involved
(i) Cost of delays to progress of work due to traffic and congestion
(ii) The presence of existing water mains, cable sewers, culverts etc.
(iii) Watching and lighting the work
(iv) Overhead and profit
(11) Welfare and Safety of Work People
This will comprise the cost of
(a) First aid box
(b) Drugs, antiseptics, bandages etc.
(c) Providing a nurse or medical attendant
(d) Maintaining first aid box
(e) Removal
(f) Protective clothing such as overall, element, nose mask, face mask, ear plug, boot
eye shield (industrial goggle)
(g) Safety equipment such as hose, fire fighting equipment
(h) Overhead and profit
11
(12) Temporary Fencing, Hoardings, Screeds, Fans Gantries and Similar Items.
Each will comprise the cost of
(a) Labour and materials
(b) Maintenance
(c) Removal and making good
(d) Overhead and profit
12
(d) Fees for engineer and the assign team
(e) Overhead and profit
13
WEEK 3: PRELIMINARIES ANALYSIS WORKSHOP (3.0)
Procedures:
The work book will be made available to students at the beginning of the lecture. Time will
be allowed for students to read and comprehend the notes. Students will then be asked to sit
in groups of between 3 and 4 to discuss their understanding and set up query list on the
project.
After about 30 minutes, each group will be required to use the preliminaries breakdown form
to identify percentage allocation of each preliminary item across the table and to provide
justification for the allocation on each item.
14
Appendix 1 attached shows the tender submission details and actual progress achieved on site
for monthly valuation purposes on a typical construction project.
(a) Allocate the preliminaries to ‘time related” and “lump sums” sections (Use form
Appendix 2).
15
Total Bill No. 3 £ 23,150.11
£184,610.00
Bill No. 4 Prime Cost Sums
Nominated Sub-Contractor
A Piling £ 8,500.00
B Profit 5% 425.00
C General Attendance Item 170.00
D Specialist Landscaping 27,000.00
E Profit 5% 1,350.00
F General attendance Item 600.00
Nominated Suppliers
16
L Ironmongery 5,000.00
M Profit 5% 250.00
Statutory Undertakings
Bill No. 2
Item A complete
Item B complete
Item C complete
Item D complete
Item E complete
17
Item F 50% complete
Item G 40% complete
Item H 40% complete
Item J 20% complete
Item L 10% complete
Bill No. 3
Item A 20% complete
Item B 20% complete
Item C 40% complete
Item D 40% complete
Bill No. 4
Item A complete
Item D £8,600
Item G £8,000
Item J £6,000
Item L £2,000
Item N complete
Item P complete
Item R complete
Bill No. 5
Variations £9,000.00 agreed.
Materials on Site £6,237 agreed.
The following AI’s were received from the Architect in respect of the following Prime
Cost and Provisional Sums:
1. Accept a quotation of £10122.50 from Keane & Bonney Piling Ltd.
It was observed that the Piling nominated sub-contractor had erroneously left out the
main contractor’s discount in their quotation for the works.
Effect the necessary corrections before valuation.
18
2. Accept a quotation of £27500.00 from Landson Landscape plc.
3. Accept a quoation of £19012.00 from Kitchen & Sons for the supply of kitchen fittings.
4. Accept a quoation of £13176.00 from Loo Ltd for the supply of sanitary fittings.
5. Accept a quoation of £8820.00 from Smith & Smith for the supply of ironmongery.
19
APPENDIX 2
JCT 80
Breakdown of Preliminary Items
Plant
Welfare
Site Huts
Telephones
Temporary
Lighting and
power
Programme
Watching
Site Hoarding
Temp Roads
Setting Out
Drying the works
Cleaning Rubbish
Water
Insurance
TOTALS
20
Questions:
(1) Define prelimiaries and give three examples of a “prelimiary item”
(2) How do contractors price these items?
(3) Define fixed costs and provide five examples of an item you think would be priced as a
fixed cost item
(4) Define time related costs and give five examples of preliminary items you think a
contractor would price as a time-related cost.
21
WEEK 4: PREPARATION OF TENDER (4.0)
Reference: CIOB (1997) Code of Estimating Practice, 6th Edition. Ascot: CIOB
The preparation of a tender can be divided into six stages.
22
Suppliers
Enquires should state:
• The specification of the material
• The quantity required
• The anticipated delivery dates
• The terms upon which the price is required
• The date by which the quotation is required
• The address of the site and access details
• Period for which the quotation is open for acceptance
Sub-contractors
Photocopies of the relevant parts of the bill of quantities, specifications and if possible copies
of drawings, should be sent out to perspective sub-contractors. Enquires should state clearly:
• The items to be priced
• The terms of the main contract
• The period for which the quotation is open for acceptance
• The plant, materials, attendance etc to be provided by the main contractor
• Anticipated commencement and completion dates
• The form of contract and details from the appendix
• The terms of payment
• Date by which the quotation is to be submitted
• Address and details of the site
23
• Facilities for disposal of surplus excavated materials etc
24
The consideration of the estimate to produce a tender is the responsibility of management.
The estimator and other senior staff will prepare reports for consideration by management
who will consider the following items before determining the tender figure;
• Project reports
• Conditions of contract
• Contractual and construction risks
• Terms of the quotations from sub-contractors
• Capital required for the project
• Technical and management staff required
• Current workload
• Market Conditions
• Competition
• Reputations of client, consultants and area.
Following evaluation of the alternatives, risk and scope for profitability the ‘mark up’ is
determined and the actual tender figures calculated. The decision being made within the
framework of company policy.
A record of all tenders should be kept together will the results (if known) for future reference.
25
4.10.2 Action with an Unsuccessful Tender
It the tender has been unsuccessful the contractor must assess why this is the case. Records
of tenders submitted must be kept and estimators must evaluate their performance. Suppliers
and sub-contractors should be notified of results as soon as possible.
26
roads. The types of strata will also influence the form and extent of timbering or other
means of supporting that will be needed to the sides of excavations.
27
WEEK 5: MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING TENDER PRICE (5.0)
“Construction cost” is a broad phrase or term and can be interpreted to mean cost of any sort
to anyone associated with construction work. It depends on the point of view let us say you
are a contractor, your costs are your expenditure on labour, materials and plant. The client’s
cost of land, consultant fees and so on.
The base cost of construction therefore comprises of expenditure on materials, labour and
plant, the quantities of materials, labour and plant required for a job are determined &
attaching prices to these defines the basic construction cost, but to these are also a variety of
factors that affect this basic cost: -
28
(4) Transportation:
The farther a site is from town, the more expensive will be the construction cost e.g the
same building to be constructed in Barnawa and also near Kaduna Airport will cost
differently, the additional cost of transporting materials, labour and plants to the airport
site will increase the cost of construction.
(5) Location:
The standard of living in an area affects the cost of construction. People are willing to pay
higher prices for construction in places like Lagos and Abuja than are to pay in other
places like Benin, Kaduna or Enugu.
29
working at great height are higher than abnormal height, there is also the cost of
providing additional safety measures and insurance. Also, the need for special
scaffolding, hoist, tower crane, elevators etc. will tend to increase the cost of very tall
building over the cost of building requiring the same quantities at ground level.
(10) Legislation:
Has a way of affecting construction cost in dramatics manner as we have seen in Nigeria
over the years e.g minimum wage, import restrictions and duties, labour policies, fiscal
policies such as exchange rates, interest rates etc. in for costing construction cost, an
estimator need to keep an eye on legislation, to decide which are likely to affect
construction cost and how.
30
- Architect: - Some architects are very difficult to work with, their initial designs are
not detailed and they rely a lot on instructions on site. Many variations occur and
delays are frequent. These will add to the cost of construction. The same applies to
Engineers and other designers. Contractors are therefore known to increase their
prices by a certain percentage when it is known that they would be working with
particular consultant.
31
WEEK 6: PRICIPLES OF ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING (6.0)
Unit Rate
Overheads Profit
32
In our industry most estimators will calculate costs based on net rates these will then be
enhanced later to include overheads and profit. Gross rates are sometimes referred to as all-
in rates.
The Resources which compromise a unit rate are labour, materials and plant.
In the construction industry labour is often employed in two main ways, these are:
1. Direct –
Often referred to as ‘cards in’, the employer pays all the costs of employment including for
example national insurance and sick pay amongst others.
2. In-Direct –
These workers are self employed or referred to in industry as ‘on the lump’ these are often
labour only sub-contractors without the normal costs of employment along with the other
legal protections such as redundancy, sick pay and minimum notice periods.
Labour may be paid for on an hourly, daily, weekly or piecework basis. Directly employed
operatives are usually paid in accordance with a working rule agreement which will specify
the rates and allowances to be paid. However, some contractors are trying to move away
from the national wage bargaining and introduce local wage rates. Ultimately the actual rates
paid for labour will depend on market forces.
6.2.1 Materials
Several factors affect the cost contractors pay for materials.
In the box below highlight the factors you think impact on the price a contractor pays.
In the material element of a unit rate, in addition to the actual cost of the material the
estimator must also consider:
• Transportation costs
• Unloading and Stacking costs
• Materials movement on site
• Extra Materials to compensate for:
o Wastage
o Allowance for materials being measured net in B o Q
o Loss in consolidation, shrinkage etc
Note: Where prices of materials are described by suppliers as ‘ex works’ this means the price
at the factory and delivery costs will have to be added.
6.2.2 Plant
33
Plant may be divided into two main categories, the costs of which can be allocated to
contracts in differing ways.
Non-Mechanical Plant
Basic items of plant including – barrows, hosepipes, spades, trestles, scaffolding, small
powered hand tools etc
With the exception of scaffolding and one or two other items it is virtually impossible to
allocate the cost of non-mechanical plant items to a contract, let alone to a specific unit rate
e.g. a wheelbarrow may be used on several contracts in its lifetime.
The cost may be included in overhead charges as a percentage, as a lump sum in the
preliminaries bill or, more accurately, on longer contracts a list of non-mechanical plant items
is prepared, costed and included in the contract sum.
Mechanical Plant
Mechanical plant such as excavators, lorries, dumpers, mixers etc require a more complex
approach. Mechanical plant can be very expensive. Contractors may buy, hire or lease plant.
The purchase of plant must be viewed as an investment on which a return is required. Only
detailed analysis will show whether it is in the contractor’s interest to buy, hire or lease
mechanical plant.
6.2.3 Overheads
Overheads may be defined as the cost of maintaining (running) the contractors organisation.
There are two types of overheads:
(1) Head Office
Annual cost of staff salaries, expenses, rents, rates, gas, water, electricity, telephones,
office equipment, postage, insurance, maintenance of buildings and equipment etc. The
cost of these items is expressed as a percentage of a company’s turnover and included in
the tender.
34
6.2.4 Profit
The amount of profit that a contractor can make is determined by a number of factors
largely outside the remit of an estimator. However, in larger companies the senior or
managing estimator may be a member of the management team and in smaller companies
/ firms the estimator may be a director or the managing director. In both cases they may
be party to, or may have to make commercial decisions regarding profit margins.
Factors affecting profit levels are:
• Market forces of supply and demand
• Amount of competition
• Who the competitor are
• Size / Value of contract
• Risk involved in contract
• Interest rates.
Student Questions
1. Define analytical estimating
2. Explain the difference between net and gross unit rates
3. List the elements of a unit rate
4. Identify the organisations, which produce working rule agreements
5. Define non-productive time and holiday credits.
35
WEEK 7: BUILD-UP HOURLY RATE FOR PLANT & EQUIPMENT (7.0)
You may use the Wessex Price Book, or other similar price book, for information on the
output/productivity of labour and plant. Materials and plant prices can be obtained from
builders' merchants and plant hire firms.
In practice estimators must always use productivity outputs analysed from site feedback
and the current cost o f other resourcs.
In the following unit rate calculations the hourly labour rates used are £9.50 for craft
operatives and £7.00 for labour operatives.
7.2 Groundworks
SAQ 2
Explain how the following factors may affect unit rates for groundworks?
• Type of excavation e.g. trenches, pits, basements
• Ground conditions e.g. clay, sand, soil, rock
• Depth of excavation
• Ground water
• Time of year when excavating
• Mechanical or hand excavation
• Distance and availability of tips
• Estimated bulking of materials
7.2.1 Hand Excavation
Excavation work is usually measured in cubic metres (m3)
Typical labour outputs for excavating in firm earth ;
Reduce levels maximum depth 0.25m 3.15 hours/m3
Trenches max. depth 1.00m 3.25 hours/m3
Basements max. depth 2.00m 3.94 hours/m3
36
ADD the following factors for other ground conditions ;
Dry or wet clay 20%
Compact gravel 50%
Rock not requiring a compressor 75%
Running silt or sand 100%
Example
Excavate trench maximum depth 1.00m in firm earth, unit of measurement m3.
Labour;
£ - p
3.25 hours for a labourer @ 7.00/hour 22 - 75
---------
Net Rate per m3 22 - 75
If you want a Gross Rate add for
overheads and profit, say 10% 2 - 28
----------
Gross Unit Rate per m3 25 - 03
======
TQs 1 - 3
Calculate net unit rates for the following ;
1. Excavate to reduce levels max. depth 0.25m in firm earth,
unit of measure m3
37
Rates for different types of mechanical plant vary enormously between contractors
depending on the method used to calculate the costs.
When calculating “all-in” hourly rates for mechanical plant the following items should be
considered ;
• Capital cost
• Depreciation
• Interest on capital
• Expected life of plant
• Number of hours worked per annum
• Maintenance
• Insurance
• Road licence
• Operators wage
• Fuel
• Lubricants
Think about how the above factors will affect the hourly cost of mechanical plant.
Example
The following is one method of calculating the all-in hourly cost of a mechanical excavator.
This method is neither the simplest nor most complex method which can be used but it does
produce realistic costs.
38
Fuel 5 litres/ hour @ 40p/litre
Lubricants allow 10% of fuel costs
Standing Charge £ p
Running Charge
Drivers wages 1856 hours @ £7.50 13,920-00
Fuel 1600 hours x 5 litres/hour x 40p/litre 3,200-00
Lubricants 10% of fuel costs 320-00
-------------
Total for 1600 hours 17,440-00
-------------
39
======
TQ 4
Using the following information calculate the "all- in" hourly cost for a 16 ton tipper lorry ;
Capital cost £68,000
Residual Value £5,000
Interest on capital 6% compound
Expected Life 10 years
Hours worked per annum 2160
Maintenance costs 10% of capital cost per annum
Insurance £3000 per annum
Road Licence £1,200 per annum
Operatives rate £7-50 per hour
Fuel 10 litres per hour@ 80p/litre
Lubricants allow 10% of fuel costs
SAQ 3
The output of the excavator may also be expressed in hours per m3 , what is the output in
hours per m3 ?
7.4 Banksmen
Banksmen are usually employed to supervise excavator/s. They check the excavation for
obstacles i.e. underground services, make sure the excavator operator is working to the
correct line and level and trim the sides and bottoms of excavations when necessary.
40
TQ 5
Recalculate the last rate and include for one banksman supervising two excavators,
banksman’s rate £7.00 per hour.
TQ6
Using the excavator and lorry from the previous example and the following information,
calculate the cost per m3 for disposing of excavated material off site
Note ; The following items are all variables (will vary on every contract) therefore a new
rate must be calculated for each contract
Assume ;
16 ton lorry will carry approx. 6.5m3 of bulked clay
Output of excavator 5m3 per hour
Distance to tip 5 miles round trip
Average speed 20 miles per hour
Tipping time 15 minutes
Tipping charge £20 per load
41
The contractor has to decide what is necessary and cost it accordingly. This is referred to as a
contractor’s risk item
The following factors affect the cost of earthwork support ;
• Ground conditions
• Depth of excavation
• Distance between opposing faces of excavation
• Method of support used
Contractors should also consider alternative methods of construction, which may be less
expensive e.g. over excavate and backfill.
Timber used for earthwork support (EWS) can be re-used up to say 6 times therefore the cost
of providing the timber should be divided by the number of uses to obtain a “cost per use”.
Operatives fixing EWS are usually paid an additional allowance for skill and responsibility.
Materials
100 x 100 costs £1-92/m
150 x 100 costs £2-88/m
150 x 150 costs £4-32/m
200 x 50 costs £1-92/m
Labour
Fixing EWS in moderately firm earth to faces of excavation up to 2.00m apart and up to
2.00m deep (see sketch) - 0.77 hours per m2
42
WEEK 8: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR SURFACE EXCAVATION (8.0)
Bulking
Sand 12.5%
Gravel 10%
Clay 133 1/3%
Rock 50%
Multiplier
Medium labour constant multiplier
Sand and gravel 0.75
Natural soil 1.00
Stiff clay 1.50
Soft rock 3.00
Hard rock 8.00
OUTPUT
Excavation 2.5m3 / labour /day
Spreading and leveling 4.5m3 / labour / day
Wheeling / haulage 8.0m3 / labour / day
Placing of concrete 4m3 / labour / day
Task I:
Surface excavation n.e 300mm deep and average 150mm, considered a gang of 12 labour and
the supervisor. Calculate the cost/m3 given that the supervisor is N1500/day and the labourer
N700/day
43
Solution
Labour cost
1 supervisor @ 1500/day N1500
12 labourer @ 700/day N8,400
Add 5% for tools N495
N10,395
Output of gangs / day = 2.5m3 x 12 = 30m3
Labour cost/m3 = 10,395 x 1/30 = 346.50
Add profit and overhead 20% 69.30
3
Cost/m = 415.80
Task II
Cost of spreading and leveling excavated materials n.e 50m from excavation. Consider a
gang of 12 labourers and 1 supervisor
Solution
1 Supervisor @ 1500 = N1500
12 labouers @ 700 = N8,400
5% Tools = 495__
10,395
Output gang / day = 4.5 x 12 = 54m3
Loabour cost / m3 = 10,395/54 = 192.50
Add overhead and profit 20% = 38.50
97.33
Task III
Removal of excavated materials using the same distance of cart away is less than or equal to
50m using the same information used for excavation of surface
Solution
1 Supervisor, 12 labourers and 5% for tools = 10,395
Out out of gang/day 8.0 x 12 = 96m3
Labour cost / m3 = 10,395/96 = 108.28
44
Add 20% profit and overhead = 21.66
225.94
355.88
When lories / tipper are used the following should be considered
(b) Cost of hire or cost of owning
(c) The capacity of the lorry
(d) Total distance to and fro the hill
(e) Speed of lorry
(f) Tipping time
(g) Labour loading the lorry
(h) Bulking of materials
TASK IV
(a) For the cost of hiring plant is 600/hr
(b) Capacity of lorry 6m3
(c) Total distance to and fro is 3km
(d) Speed of lorry 30km/hr
(e) Tipping time 9 minutes
(f) Output of labourer loading the lorry is 2hrs / labour /m3
(g) Bulking of materials 133 ⅓%
SOLUTION
Volume of excavated material = 6/133 ⅓ x 100 = 4.5m3 (assume 4 labour)
loading time = 4.5m3 x 2hrs = 2.25hrs
4
Traveling time = 3km x 60m = 6mins
30km/hr
Total time for loading + traveling + tipping
2.25 + 6m + 9
2.25 = 2.15hr + 6m + 9m
Cost of hiring lorry/hr
= 2.5hrs x N600/hr
= N1500/hr
45
Therefore, cost/m3 = N1500 = 333.33/m3
Labour loading
Cost for 1 labour /m3 = 150/8 x 2.5hr x 4 labour = 187.50
Add 5% for tools = 9.38
196.88
333.33/m3
530.21
Add 20% overhead and profit 106.04
636.25
46
WEEK 9: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK I (9.0)
TQ 7
Calculate the cost of mixing a m3 of Grade 15 concrete on site using the following
information ;
To produce 1m3 of mixed Grade 15 concrete requires ;
250Kg of cement at £80 per tonne
600Kg of sand at £10 per tonne
1200Kg of aggregate at £9 per tonne
Waste say 5%
Concrete mixer all-in rate £2-50 per hour, output 2m3 per hour
Labour rate £7.20 per hour
Labour out put 0.5m3 per hour
Ready-Mixed Concrete
TQ 8
Calculate the cost per m3 for laying plain concrete 20N/mm2 in foundations over 300mm
thick laid against faces of excavation.
Ready mixed concrete costs £49.00/m3
47
Waste say 5%
Labour output 1.00 hours/m3
Labour rate £7.20 per hour
SAQ 4
What will happen to the labour output if the concrete is laid in foundations 150mm thick?
Reinforcement is measured separately in bills of quantities. Would you expect the unit rate
for laying reinforced concrete (excluding the cost of reinforcement) to differ from the unit
rate for plain (unreinforced) concrete for similar items of work and if so why?
9.2 Reinforcement
Reinforcement may be bar type or mesh/fabric
Waste
Bars are usually delivered to site already cut and bent, if this is the case then allow 1% for
loss and damage.
If straight bars are to be cut and bent on site allow 5% for waste.
On complex reinforced concrete work steel fixers are usually paid a craft operatives rate.
When laying straight bars or mesh an enhanced labourers rate is usually paid.
Mesh reinforcement is sheet material therefore allowances have to made for general waste
say 2.5% plus an additional allowance for laps. The percentage to allow for laps will depend
on the lap specified e.g. 150mm side and end laps.
TQs 9-10
Sheets of mesh are approximately 4.80m x 2.40m if they are to be laid with 150mm side and
end laps what % must be allowed for loss in cover due to the laps ?
Mesh reinforcement Ref. A193 in beds laid with 200mm side and end laps.
Calculate the rate per m2.
Mesh costs £14-00 per sheet
Labour 0.05 hours / m2 at £7.20 / hour
Allow say 20p / m2 for spacers and tying wire
48
designed to increasingly develop your skills in the aspect of measurement covered by the
learning pack, and will include, one basic task, which requires you to copy down a worked
example, using the correct measurement layouts. The second task and third tasks form the
second section of the class, where the class develops into a tutorial based
Task One
In the box below, describe how you think the following factors would impact on cost.
49
Calculate the cost of mixing one m3 of grade 15 concrete on site using the following
information:
The production of 1m3 of grade 15 concrete requires:
• 250kg of cement at £92.70 / tonne
• 600Kg of sand at £17.25 / tonne
• 1200kg of aggregate at £18.02 / Tonne
• Waste allowance say 7.5%
In addition allow for:
• concrete mixer @ all – in rate of £3.00 / hr
• Labour rate @ £8.68 / hr
Qu 1.
Sheets of mesh are approximately 4.80m x 2.40m if they are to be laid with 150mm side and
end laps what percentage must be allowed for loss in cover due to the laps?
Qu 2
Calculate the rate per m2 for laying mesh reinforcement Ref A193 in beds, laid with 200mm
side and end laps.
Additional information
• Mesh costs £15.08 per sheet
• Labour 0.05hrs / m2 @ £8.68 / hour
• Allow say 20p / m2 for spacers and tying wire
• Waste on mesh 5%
51
WEEK 10: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK II
52
Ready mixed concrete costs £49.00/m3
Waste say 5%
Labour output 1.00 hours/m3
Labour rate £7.20 per hour
SAQ 4
What will happen to the labour output if the concrete is laid in foundations 150mm thick?
Reinforcement is measured separately in bills of quantities. Would you expect the unit rate
for laying reinforced concrete (excluding the cost of reinforcement) to differ from the unit
rate for plain (unreinforced) concrete for similar items of work and if so why?
9.7 Reinforcement
Reinforcement may be bar type or mesh/fabric
Waste
Bars are usually delivered to site already cut and bent, if this is the case then allow 1% for
loss and damage.
If straight bars are to be cut and bent on site allow 5% for waste.
On complex reinforced concrete work steel fixers are usually paid a craft operatives rate.
When laying straight bars or mesh an enhanced labourers rate is usually paid.
Mesh reinforcement is sheet material therefore allowances have to made for general waste
say 2.5% plus an additional allowance for laps. The percentage to allow for laps will depend
on the lap specified e.g. 150mm side and end laps.
TQs 9-10
Sheets of mesh are approximately 4.80m x 2.40m if they are to be laid with 150mm side and
end laps what % must be allowed for loss in cover due to the laps ?
Mesh reinforcement Ref. A193 in beds laid with 200mm side and end laps.
Calculate the rate per m2.
Mesh costs £14-00 per sheet
Labour 0.05 hours / m2 at £7.20 / hour
Allow say 20p / m2 for spacers and tying wire
53
- sand
- aggregate
plant – concrete mixer, poker, vibrator
1m3 of ………….. weight 1440
TASK
Example a tonne of cement cost N14,000, sand cost 560/m3, coarse aggregate cost 900/m3 for
a mix of 1:2:4. Calculate the cost/m3
Solution
1m3 cet will cost 1.44 @ 14,000 = 20,160
2m3 of sand will cost 2 x 560/m3 = 11,120
4m3 of aggregate will cost 4 x 900/m3 = 3,600
24,880
7m3 = 24,880
1m3 will cost 24,880 = N3,554.29
7
Add 50% of void and compaction 1,777.14
5,331.44
Add 20% overhead and profit 1066.29
6,397.73
Mix shrinkage broken stone
cement sand agg cement sand agg
3 3 3
tonnes m m tonnes m m3
1:1:2 0.524 0.36 0.72 0.552 0.38 0.76
1:2:4 0.304 0.42 0.84 0.32 0.44 0.88
1:3:6 0.440 0.44 0.88 0.23 0.46 0.92
(void and compaction here have been taken care of)
Plant
Cost of mixer/hr
The cost of owning and operating a 10/7 concrete mixer. Assume initial cost of N150,000, a
scrap value of N10,000
Life span of 6yrs @ 2000 hrs/year
Compute the cost/hr
54
Capital cost/hr = initial cost – scrap value
Life span (hr)
Therefore, Capital cost/hr = 150,000 – 10,000 = N11.66/hr
6 x 2000
Running cost
Repairs and maintenance 10% of capital cost
= N1.17/hr
Fueling 1.8 liters @ N22 = 39.60/hr
Oil and grease 20% of capital cost = 2.34__
43.71/hr
Cost of concrete mixer
Cost of mixer / day = 54.77/hr x 8hrs = 438.16
Cost of labourer / day – 8 labour @ N400 = 3,200
Add 5% for tools = 160_____
Cost of labour and mixer 3,798.16
3
Assume output of mixer / day = 20m
Therefore, cost /m3 = 3,798.16 = N189.91
3
20m
55
WEEK 11: BUILD UP UNIT RATES FOR REINFORCEMENT (11.0)
Fixing/tonne
Diameter 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 50
Hours 63 45 35 27.2 22.5 15 12.5 10 8 6
NOTE:
1. Assume 3hrs for unloading 1 tonne of reinforcement
2. Allow 5% waste for cutting form straight length
3. Allow 1% waste reinforcement already cut to shape
4. for bars in short length e.g links and stirrups, allow 33% for extra labour
Tying wire/tonne
Diameter 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 50
Hours 15 15 12 10 8 8 6 5 4
TASK I
16mmø mild steel bars reinforcement in straight and bent bars in suspended slab –
kg
Solution
56
A Material Labour
A1 16mmø
A2 Tying wire B1 Cutting and bending
A3 Spacers B2 Fixing
A1 Materials/tonne (1000kg)
Assume cost of 16mmø @ 34,000/tonne = 34,000
Unloading and stacking 3hrs@400 = 1,200_
35,200
Allow 5% for waste 1760_
36,960
A2 Tying wire
Assume 8kg @ 60/kg = 480
Allow 5% for waste 24__
504_
A3 Spacers = N1000
Allow 3% waste 30
1030
Material collection
A1 36,960/tonne
A2 504/tonne
A3 1030/tonne)_
38494/tonne
Labour
B1 Cutting and bending
22.5hrs @ 50/hr = 1,125
B2 fixing: 22.5hrs @50/hr = 1,125
Labour collection
B1 = 1,125
B2 = 1,125
2,250
Summary
Material = 38,494
Labour = 2,250_
40,744
57
Add 25% O/P = 10,186_
50,930/tonne
Cost/kg = 50,930 = 50.93
= N51/kg
58
WEEK 12: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR FORMWORK (12.0)
12.1 Formwork
following must be taken into consideration in determining the size of the formwork
2. The kind of finishes required i.e sawn faced or smooth finish, ground finish,
biscuit etc. This determine the types of materials to be used as formwork and the
3. the height to be supported. This determine the height of props and types of
props.
experience.
In small contract it may be possible to reuse the same formwork twice depending on
Materials
2 x 4 x 12 Length 120
4 x 4 x 12 Length 180
5” nails Kg 135
4” nails Kg 135
3” nails Kg 135
59
2” nails Kg 150
Description Output
Striking 12m2/gang/day
Nails 20%
TASK I
Solution
Materials
A1 1 x 12 x 12 softwoods planks
A2 2 x 4 hardwood battens
A3 4 x 4 hardwood props
A4 4” nails
Labour
60
B1 Unloading and stacking
B3 Striking
NOTE:
3.6 x 1.2 for the calculation and divide by 4.32m2 after all to arrive at cost/m2. This
convenient size allow for more length of timber piece to be used and there by
4 x 12 = 4.8
12.00
61
Material for collection
A1 792.00
A2 582.00
A3 1,386.00
A4 162.00
N2,868.00
Assume 3 uses
Labour
Volume of timber
62
0.45m3 = 3,700 x 0.45 = 2,081.25 = 2,081.25
0.8
Striking
63
Summary
Materials = 221.30
Labour = 819.27
1,040.57
64
WEEK 13: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR ROOFING (13.0)
13.1 Roofing
Corrugated roofing sheet, operation output /gang / day
Aluminium of galvanized iron unloading + fixing 40m2
Fixing ridge cap 35m
Raking and cutting 30m
Straight cutting 30m
TASK I
0.7mmm thick corrugated aluminium long span roof covering fixed to timber purlins (m.s)
@900mm c/c with 50mm galvanized drive screw with felt and metal washer including
100mm side laps (measured net) in m-square i.e (100mm2)
(A) Materials
A1 0.7m long span Aluminium sheet
A2 Galvanized drive screw + washers
65
(B) Labour
B1 Unloading and fixing
Laps = (0.75 – 0.10) x 1m
= 0.65m2
A1 roofing sheet required = 100m2
0.65m2
= 153.85
Add 5% for waste 7.70
161.55m2
Cost/m2 = N1200
161.55@1200 = N193,860
A2 Galvanized drive screw
Number required = 4no/m2 x 100m2 = 400nr
Allow 10% for waste 40______
440 pieces
N6/screw
Cost 440 pieces @ N6 = N2640
Material collection
Corrugated roofing sheet N193.860
Screw + washer 2,640__
196.500
Labour
A gang / day
2 carpenters (roofers) @1500/day = N3000
1 labourer @700/day = 700
=N3700
Add 5% for tools =_185_________
3885/gang/day
Unloading and fixing 1 gang /day output = 40m2
66
40m2 = 1 gang / day = N3885
TASK II
2 layers of bituminous felt roof covering laid on flat weighing 25kg/roll of 20m2 with 100 and
150mm end and side laps respectively and finished with 6mm chipping. Assume 100m2
covering.
MATERIAL LABOUR
(1) Felt (2 layers ) unloading + fixing of felt
(2) Bitumen primer spreading bitumen primer
(3) Bitumen (3 layers) spread bitumen
(4) chipings spreading chippings
Plant
Boiler
A1 laps
(20m x 0.15m) + (0.085 x 0.10m) = 3.085m2 = 3.09m2
Covering capacity / roll = 20.00m2
Less laps 3.09____
16.91m2
2
Nr of rolls required = 100m = 5.91 roll
Allow 3% for waste = 0.18
6.09 roll/layer
Therefore, 2 layers will be required = 6.09 x 2 = 12.18 rolls
67
12.18 rolls@2500 = N30,450
Bitumen primer
A2 Assume a covering capacity of 7m2/liters
Therefore, bitumen required 100m2 = 14.29 liters
7 liters
Allow 5% waste 0.71_____
15.00 liters
20 liters / drum = 1600
Therefore, 15 liters will cost 1600 x 15 = N1,200
20
A3 Bitumen (3 layers)
Assume a covering capacity of 2kg
(m2 bitumen required / layer = 2 x 100m2 = 200kg
Allow 10% for waste 20
220
For 3 layers x 3
660kg
480kg / drum of R115 / 15 (type) cost N20,000
Therefore 660kg will cost 20,000 x 660 = N27,500
480
A4 Assume a covering capacity of 60m2 / tonne
Chippings of tonne required = 1/60 x 100m2 = 1.67 tonne
Or 100m2 / 60m2 1.67 tonnes
If 1 tonne of chippings cost N7,000
Therefore 1.75 tonnes will cost 1.75 x 7000 = N12,250
68
Material cost collection
A1 felt = 30,450
A2 primer = 1200
A3 bitumen = 27,500
A4 chippings = 12,250
N71,400
Summary
A. Material = 71,400.00
Labour = 12,064.50
Plant = 1,200.00
84,664.50
Add 25% profit and overhead 21,166.50
105,830.03
Cost/m2 = N105,830.63 = 1,058.31
100m2
69
NOTE:
Allowance has to be made for the following
- Irregularity of surfaces
- Compression of toweling 80%
- General waste (residue + application)
TASK I
12.5mm thick c/s (1:4) rendering trowel smooth
(a) Wall
(b) Concrete soffit (100m2)
Material labour
Cement 1m3 mixing
Sand 4m3 rendering
5m3
70
2.25m3
Labour
1. Mixing = 1m3 = 1 labour day@ N700/day
2.25m3 = N700 x 2.25m3 = N1575
2. Rendering = 30m2 = 1 gang/ day = N3885 (reference to roof)
100m2 = N3885 x 100m2 = N12,950
30m2
Labour
1. Mixing 675
2. Rendering 12,950_
13,625.00
Add 5% for tools 681.25__
14,306.25
Summary
Material = 12,823.65
Labour = 14,306.25
27,129.9
Add 25% P/OH 6,782.48_
33,912.38
71
WEEK 14: BUILD UP UNIT RATE FOR MASONRY (14.0)
Task One
In the box below, finish the list of possible variables which could impact on the eventual cost
for masonry works.
72
bricks the number required per m2 will of course vary. The old imperial brick is 2 7/8” or
73mm.
Waste on facing bricks varies between 7.5% and 12.5%. For waste on bricks allows 5%
above ground and 2.5% below ground.
Task
Calculate the number of imperial 215 x 73mm bricks required to build one m2 of half brick
wall. Assume 10mm thick mortar joints.
Blocks
The standard size for concrete blocks is 440 x 215mm, however, the thickness of the block
will vary. The number of concrete blocks per m2 is 10 nr. For waste on blocks allow say
5%.
Mortar
For each half brick thickness of wall allow 0.02m3 of mortar per m2 of wall. For each
vertical joint allow 0.01m3 per m2.
e.g. One brick wall (2 x 0.02m3) + 0.01m3 = 0.05m3 per m2.
Task
Calculate the volume of mortar required per m2 for a 100mm thick block wall.
Labour
It is the norm for bricklayers to work in gangs, these gangs are usually referred to as 2 + 1
gangs as they consist of 2 bricklayers and 1 labourer. A 2+1 gang will:
• Lay approximately 70 facing bricks per hour in walls pointed one side
• Lay approximately 100 common bricks per hour in walls
• Lay approximately 2.5m2 of 100mm thick blocks per hour in walls
Task
Express the above outputs in terms of ‘man hours’ per m2 i.e. the time one operative will take
to produce one m2 of wall.
Using the following information, calculate net rates for:
Information
73
Materials
Facing bricks £240.00 per 1000 delivered and off-loaded, waste 10%
Common bricks £95.00 per 1000 ditto, waste 5%
100mm concrete blocks £8.50 per m2 ditto, waste 5%
Cement Mortar (1:3) £76.91 per m3, waste 5%
Gauged mortar (1:1:6) £74.16 per m3, waste 5%
Coloured mortar (1:1:6) £122.04 per m3, waste 5%
Questions
Calculate unit rates for the following:
1. Half brick thick skins of hollow walls built entirly of facing bricks in coloured mortar and
pointed with a flush joint. (using in-direct labour)
2. One brick thick wall built of common bricks in cement mortar (1:3) using direct labour.
3. 100mm lightweight block wall in gauged mortar (1:1:6) using in-direct labour
4. One brick wall in common bricks in English bond, faced one side with facing bricks in
gauged mortar (1:1:6) using direct labour.
5. Cavity wall comprising of half brick thick outer leaf in stretcher bond, faced one side in
coloured mortar (1:1:6), internal leaf 150mm thermal block in
stretcher bond in cement mortar (1:3).
6. A project includes the building of a 2m high one brick thick boundary wall in Edenhall
facing bricks in cement lime mortar (1:1:6) around a site 200mm perimeter. This wall has
been priced by the contractor at £80.00 per square metre inclusive of 8% for overheads and
profit.
During the course of the contract, the architect proposes to change the design of the wall by
incorporating sunken panels of contrasting coloured brickwork in strawbone facing bricks
74
bedded and pointed in coloured mortar. The panels are to be 1.0m x 1.0m in area at 3.0m
centres for the full length of the wall.
The contractor claims that the strawbone bricks are more easily damaged than the Edenhall
and as such twice the amount of waste will be incurred.
In addition, the contractor claims that the inclusion of the sunken panels involves more
setting out and cutting and it would take 50% longer to complete Strawbone work compared
to Edenhall walling.
Furthermore, the cost of labour has risen by 15% since the original price was calculated. It is
accepted that this increase in cost may be claimed.
The contractor proposes to double their price per square metre in order to account for all the
above changes.
Using the data below, determine, with justification, If the contractors proposal is
reasonable.
Mechanical Plant
All-in rate for mixer £20 per hour
Output constant for mixer 0.5m3 per hour
MASONRY
SAQ 5
Explain how the following factors may affect the cost of masonry items ;
• Type of work e.g. straight walls, complex plan shape, number of openings
75
• Quality of work
• Type of bricks, blocks or stone used
• Allowances for waste
• Working overhand, at height
• Type of mortar
• Type of pointing
• Method of scaffolding used
• Accessibility of materials
• Weather conditions
Facts and Figures
Bricks
The number of 215 x 65 bricks required per m2 of half brick thick (102mm) wall is 60. For a
one brick thick wall (225mm) the number required is 120 etc. For any other thickness count
the number of half brick thicknesses and multiply by 60
Waste on facing bricks varies between 7.5% and 12.5%. Waste on common bricks allow 5%
above ground and 2.5% below ground.
Note - . For different sized bricks the number required per m2 will of course vary.
TQ11
Calculate the number of 215 x 71 bricks required to build one m2 of half brick wall. Assume
10mm thick mortar joints.
Blocks
The number of 440 x 215 blocks per m2 is 10. Waste on blocks say 5%.
Mortar
For each half brick thickness of wall allow 0.02m3 of mortar per m2 of wall
For each vertical joint allow 0.01m3 per m2
e.g. One brick wall (2 x 0.02m3) + 0.01m3 = 0.05m3 per m2
TQ12
Calculate the volume of mortar required per m2 for a 100mm thick block wall.
76
Labour
Bricklayers work in gangs, usually 2 bricklayers and one labourer. A 2 + 1 gang will;
Lay approximately 70 facing bricks per hour in walls pointed one side.
Lay approximately 100 common bricks per hour in walls.
Lay approximately 2.5m2 of 100mm thick blocks per hour in walls.
TQs 13-17
Express the above outputs in terms of "man hours" per m2 i.e. the time one operative will
take to produce one m2 of wall.
Using the following information calculate net unit rates for ;
• Half brick thick skins of hollow walls built entirely of facing bricks in coloured mortar
and pointed with a flush joint - m2 (using indirectly employed labour)
• One brick thick wall built of common bricks in cement mortar - m2 (direct labour)
• 100mm lightweight block wall in gauged mortar - m2 (indirect labour)
• One brick wall in common bricks in English bond, faced one side with facing bricks in
gauged mortar - m2 (direct labour)
Materials
Facing bricks £240 per 1000 delivered and off-loaded, waste 10%.
Common bricks £85 per 1000 ditto, waste 5%
100mm blocks £8.50 per m2 ditto, waste 5%
Cement mortar £65 per m3, waste 5%
Gauged mortar £60 per m3, waste 5%
Coloured mortar £80 per m3, waste5%
Directly employed labour costs
Bricklayers £9.50 per hour. Labourers £7.00 per hour
Indirectly employed labour costs
Laying facings £190 per 1000. Laying commons £120 per 1000. Laying blocks £8 per m2
77
WEEK 15: PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR TUTORIAL CLASS (15.0)
15.1 Questions
Q1. Calculate the difference in cost per metre (m) for laying 100mm diameter flexible jointed
clay drain pipes and the cost per metre (m) for laying 100 flexible jointed uPVC drain pipes in
runs not exceeding 5.00m
Labour:
Productivity rate: 0.20hrs / m for 100mm diameter flexible jointed clay drainage. And
0.14hrs/m for 100mm diameter flexible jointed PVCu drainage. All - in rate £8.01 per hour
plus £2.03 / hour enhancement for additional skill and responsibility.
Materials:
100mm diameter flexible jointed clay drain pipe cost £5.50 each and are 1.60m long.
100mm diameter flexible jointed PVC drain pipe costs £21.00 each and are 3.0m long.
Flexible joints cost £4.23 each assume one joint for every 1.4m for clay drainage and one
joint for every 2.0m of pipe for uPVC drainage.
Waste
Allow 10% waste on pipes and 5% waste on couplings
Q2. Calculate the unit rate / m2 for earthwork support in moderately firm earth not exceeding
2.0m apart and a maximum of 2.0m deep. As illustrated in the sketch, given:
Labour:
Productivity rate 1.28hrs / m2, Unloading timber 1.00hrs / m3. All - in rate £8.01 per hour
plus £2.03 / hour enhancement for additional skill and responsibility.
Materials:
Timber supply price is £325.00 / m3 therefore:
100 x 100 Costs £3.25 150 x 100 Costs £4.88
150 x 150 Costs £7.31 200 x 50 Costs £3.25
Additional Information
Allow 5% waste on materials and allow for all materials to be used Eight times
Q3. Calculate the gross rate per square metre (m2) for brick wall: half brick thick skim of
hollow walls built entirely of concrete common bricks in mortar (1:1:6) pointed with bucket
handle joint using directly employed labour given:
Labour:
2 + 1 gang – Bricklayers £11.53 per hour & Labourers £8.68 per hour
Productivity rate: One bricklayer will lay 40 bricks per hour.
Materials:
Common bricks cost £95.00 / 1000
78
Pre-mixed Lime/Sand costs £35.80 per tonne
Cement costs £78.30 / tonne
Materials Usage:
Bricks: There are 59nr bricks per m2
Cement Usage: 115 kg per 1000 bricks
Sand/Line mix usage: 1.25 tonnes per m2
Additional Information
Allow 7.5% waste on all materials
Add 12.5% to net rates for contractor’s overheads and Profit
79