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Brilliant Public School, Sitamarhi: IX - Physics Chapter Notes
Brilliant Public School, Sitamarhi: IX - Physics Chapter Notes
SITAMARHI
(Affiliated up to +2 level to C.B.S.E., New Delhi)
Chapter Notes
Key Learnings:
1. If the position of an object does not change with time, it is said to be at
rest.
12. Speed is the ratio of distance traveled to the time taken to cover that
distance.
13. In non-uniform motion, speed of an object is not constant. The S.I. unit
of speed is m/s or ms-1.
14. Average speed of a body is the total distance traveled divided by the
total time taken.
15. Velocity is displacement per unit time. The S.I. unit of velocity is meter
per second.
19. Graphs are designed to make it easier for the reader to interpret and
understand numerical data.
20. The distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis when the
object is at rest.
y2 y1
Slope of a straight line =
x2 x1
21. The nature of distance-time graph is a straight line when the object is in
the state of uniform motion.
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22. Slope of the distance-time graph gives the speed of the object.
23. A more steeply inclined distance-time graph indicates greater speed. The
nature of distance-time graph is a curve having varying slope when the
object has non-uniform motion.
25. If the velocity of the body changes uniformly at a constant rate, the
velocity-time graph is a straight line.
27. The area enclosed by the velocity-time graph and the time axis
represents the displacement.
29. When a body travels along a circular path of constant radius with a
constant speed v then its motion is uniform circular motion.
30. In a uniform circular motion, velocity of a particle is not constant but its
speed is constant, hence it is an accelerated motion.
4
Top Formulae
If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value u to the final value v
v u
in time t, the acceleration a .
t
Where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform
acceleration a for time t. v is the final velocity, and s is the distance traveled
by the object in time t.
2πr
v
t
1
Key Learning:
1. Force is a push or pull acting upon an object.
2. Balanced forces: The resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero.
3. Unbalanced forces: The resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not
zero.
4. Newton’s first law of motion states that A body at rest will remain at rest
and a body in motion will remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
5. The property by the virtue of which an object tends to remain in the state
of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by some force is called inertia.
7. The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and
has the same direction as that of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg m s-¹.
10. The SI unit of force is kg m s-². This is also known as newton and
represented by the symbol N. A force of one newton produced an
acceleration of 1 m s-² on an object of mass 1 kg.
12. Two forces resulting from the interaction between two objects are called
action and reaction forces respectively.
13. Action and reaction forces act on two different bodies but they are equal
in magnitude.
2
14. Newton’s third law: For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction; but action and reaction acts on different bodies.
16. The velocity with which gun moves in the backward direction is known as
the recoil velocity.
Top Formulae:
1. Momentum p = m v;
m = mass of the body; v = velocity of the body
dp
2. Force F
dt
3. Force F = m a; where a = acceleration
4. Law of conservation of momentum
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2v2
8. When a body moves along a circular path, the force acts along the
radius of the circular path and the motion of the body is along the
tangential direction. Therefore, the angle between the direction of
motion and the force is 90°. Hence, no work is done on a body when it
moves in a circular path.
9. An object having a capability to do work is said to possess energy.
10. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called
kinetic energy.
11. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or change in
configuration is called potential energy.
12. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done.
13. The change of one form of energy into another is called transformation
of energy.
14. Law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be
created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to
another.
15. Energy exists in nature in several forms such as kinetic energy,
potential energy, heat energy, chemical energy etc. The sum of the
2
Top Formulae:
= 0, as cos 90° = 0
1
K. E. = mv 2
2
P. E. = m g h
1
mv 2 + m g h = constant
2
7. 1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J / s
8. 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
9. 1 kW = 1000 W
10. 1 kW = 1000 J / s
11. 1 KWh = 3.6 x 106 J
12. 1 hp = 746 W = 0.746 KW
1
Key Learning:
1. Sound is a wave motion, produced by a vibrating source.
2. A medium is necessary for the propagation of sound waves.
3. Sound is a longitudinal wave in which the particles of medium move
along the direction of motion of wave.
10. The distance traveled by a wave in one second is called wave velocity.
It depends upon the nature of the medium through which it passes.
11. The speed of sound depends primarily on the nature and the
temperature of the transmitting medium.
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12. Sound travels faster in solids than in air. The speed of sound in solids
is much more than the speed of sound in liquids or gases.
13. The distance between two consecutive compressions or two
consecutive rarefactions is called the wavelength.
14. Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations per second.
15. The time taken by the wave for one complete oscillation of the density
or pressure of the medium is called the time period, T.
16. How the brain interprets the frequency of an emitted sound is called
the pitch of sound.
17. Loudness is the degree of sensation of sound produced.
18. Sound properties such as pitch, loudness and quality are determined
by the corresponding wave properties.
19. Sound gets reflected and follows the same law as the reflection of
light.
20. The persistence of sound due to repeated reflection and its gradual
fading away is called reverberation of sound.
21. Echo is a repetition of sound due to the reflection of original sound by
a large and hard obstacle.
22. The audible range of hearing for average human beings is in the
frequency range of 20 Hz – 20 kHz.
23. The amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is
called the intensity of sound.
24. Sound of frequency less than 20 Hz is known as infrasound and
greater than 20 kHz is known as ultrasound.
25. Ultrasound has many medical and industrial applications.
26. SONAR stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging and it works on the
principle of reflection of sound waves.
27. The SONAR technique is used to determine the depth of the sea and to
locate under water hills, valleys, submarines, icebergs sunken ships
etc.
3
Top Formulae:
a. Frequency and time period are related as follows
1
T
b. Speed, v = distance / time
v
T
3. The wave velocity (v), frequency of the wave (f) and its wavelength
(λ) are related by the formula, v = f λ.
1
Top Formulae:
m M
1. Newton’s Law of gravitation F G
R2
GM E
2. Acceleration due to gravity – g
RE 2