RUNNING HEAD: CLINICAL RESEARCH 1

Clinical Research

Tyra Jackson

University of Central Florida

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Abstract

Research is an important factor of enhancing our understanding while obtaining new knowledge.

My research question investigated the factors of research that influence the accuracy of

appropriate data. Within the last 30 years, researchers have introduced progress in biomedical

research development enhancing the forms of clinical procedures that are current and for those to

come in the future. The procedure involved within research can affect the success of the process

and the information obtained. The research within this essay shares the characteristics of

technology and methodology that are involved in the process of clinical research while

understanding the administrative effect followed from the procedure. With the help of

technology, researchers have more data instruments to find deeper information improving the

process of research. Instrument selection can hinder or enhance the data obtained. When looking

for detailed diagnosed imaging researchers can determine which appropriate instrument and

procedure to use from X-rays, agnetic esonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography scan

(CT scan). All technology and methods perform to different needs to tailor to achieve different

information. The research will be reviewed through numerous council boards to evaluate all

aspects of the investigation and thus analyzed to understand the information’s importance to the

medical field. Administration of the data obtained can become published and implemented into

the standard of a pharmacy, hospital, or private practice.

Keywords: clinical trials, nurses, physicians, data collection, research protocol, and clinical

administration.
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Clinical Research

Research is an investigation for a deeper knowledge to discover. Clinical research is the

foundation of all the medical intel that has been uncovered over hundreds of years. I wanted to

learn how these keywords are involved in clinical research while trying to understand a

conclusion of a standard. I continued my research to understand what the best ways are to gather

and interpret information that has been established by my major while also taking a look into any

new developments that is being newly introduced. I coined the idea to gain prior knowledge of

my major through my research question before completing any credit courses to provide me a

greater background for the nursing field.

Method

After weeks of research, I have interpreted information regarding the appropriate

procedures of clinical research highlighting the importance of data collection within a clinical

setting. All guidelines and accuracy of instruments and procedures are made from intensive

research from years of shared information from education, shared research, and shared

experiences. My first information I gathered shared intel from public websites that I found from

Google Scholar and articles from Google that discussed clinical research. I conducted an

interview My research includes personal guidance and information from Dale Strong, her career

with Quintiles involve her reviewing data of clinical trials. Within healthcare most procedures

have a distinct protocol that was formulated from early research to narrow down how to perform

to the best aptitude.

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Results

Within research healthcare, the technology, methodology, and administration of the

research affects and influence the clinical world. Technology has played a crucial role by

enhancing data through the process of achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted

effort or expense. Most procedures have a distinct protocol that was formulated from early

research to narrow down how to perform to the best aptitude, through research we can test how

the data collected in different methods can impact the data records. It is a primary issue to have

the proper data collection method and instrument selection to have appropriate data within

healthcare to follow the standard for clinical reliability, accuracy, and validity. With the data

collected from research, the clinical administration sparks the discourse of what is the method to

pursue and what method is appropriate for different patient conditions.

Technology

Technology has become the forefront essence of clinical trial decision-making and data

collection. Technology has assisted clinical research through the process of suggesting a standard

to follow and continues to take a look into any new developments that is currently in the process

of being introduced. Clinical trials can depend on new technology to provide more data involved

within research from different perspectives. With the help of technology, researchers have more

data instruments to find more information, ranging from having the ability to use an electron

microscope to make it possible to see the resolution of half the width of a hydrogen atom.

Technology has assisted the new ability to use the Interactive Response Technology that

involves different systems that has an access to data through a web-based system.

With continuous advancements in new technologies, such as mobile devices and apps,

provide plenty of comprehensive reports to investigate the current data, trends, and projections.
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As stated by Pharmaceutical Product Development, since 1997 there have been plenty of new

developments that they have custom-design, developed, and individually validated more than

850 systems worldwide, supporting more than 50,000 sites and 500,000 patients. Pharmaceutical

Product Development has held the title of the leading provider of Interactive Response

Technology systems and continues to provide more quick and efficient systems that authorizes

researchers to streamline research and ultimately reducing timelines substantially. Technology

has made a crucial impact in research in healthcare by saving time and increasing patient

participation. Patient recruitment and retentiveness is a common consistent challenge that all

clinical researchers and biopharmaceutical companies tolerate. With new advancements such

direct to patient influenced apps can provide the solutions that can increase researcher or

physician outreach to the patient community. These direct to patient applications and web

browsers have become increasingly used with the rise of online communities. As stated on their

website, Pharmaceutical Product Development’s international clinical supplies management

system fully amalgamate with Pharmaceutical Product Development’s Interactive Response

Technology, that allows their global clinical supplies company to closely maintain and manage

their study inventory for clients. Furthermore, Pharmaceutical Product Development systems are

completely stocked with clinical trial management and data management systems that

Pharmaceutical Product Development mostly established.

It is now common in today’s society that people will connect with providers to

understand their current condition or circumstance of health. There are other companies and

interfaces out there to establish client data management along with lab and clinical supplies

systems as Pharmaceutical Product Development is one of the leading examples. This integration

ensures our clients have access to full study progress information, thus enhancing decision-
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making capabilities. Along with the rise of online communities, the pharma and biotech

industries are incorporating Interactive Response Technology to capitalize on these

advancements to innovate existing clinical trial data and systems currently established while

influencing new clinical discoveries. As the future of technology is ever growing, so is medicine

and healthcare as it is closely connected to the privilege of patients as well as individuals to take

care of their own health through personal devices and technologies. Health trackers, wearables

and sensors are great devices to get to know more about our health and to commit in clinical

research. The database such as Genospace, have provided through these technologies help

provide more patients for clinical research. GenoSpace launched a clinical trial matching app to

assist researchers to health record database. This has streamlined research by allowing physicians

and participants to have another form of communication to complete a study. The Genospace app

provides a medical database of patients that researchers can connect to for clinical research

increasing the accessibility of finding the participants to take part in the study and making it

easier for patient participation. Technology is shaping clinical research and modeling the

discourse of information presented.

The instrument chosen for the study can impact the ease of the investigation due to the

researcher having the most appropriate technology to complete the study to their best ability.

Within the article “Critical appraisal and selection of data collection instruments: A step-by-step

guide” by Roehrs, C. and Wilson, V. (2016) presented by Sciedpress, is an abstract from the

Journal of Nursing Education and Practice and the online article provides information for nurse

researchers to improve valid data through the idea of using accurate instruments to collect data.

The article has a comprehensive check list to assist readers to swiftly and appropriately apprise

quantitative research collection instruments. The article’s main goal is to aid nurse researchers to
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objectively discuss, weigh information, and make scholar conclusions. The excerpt principles of

the step-by-step list that involves Critical Appraisal and Selection of Data Collection Instruments

are established from the tenets of the measurement theory, literature, and experience of the

included authors involved with the schooling/education and experience/practice research. The

article communicates in great detail of conducting quantitative research. I agree with the article’s

concept of how all data collection instruments selected within a research study must undergo a

comprehensive critical appraisal to evaluate the properties of reliability and validity, but in

addition to estimate the quality of congruence of the method with the research motive, research

question(s), hypotheses, blueprint, study population, investigation setting, conceptual and

operational ideas of the intended research variables and the over-all calculation outline.

Methodology

Methodology is the design that the study will follow and the factors that affect the

outcome of the research. Within all research, different research methods have different purposes,

different levels of validity, and test different variables. Different forms of methodology can

include but not limited to true experiments, case-control studies, meta-analysis, and test tub lab

studies. Clinical trial procedures can enhance or hinder the success of systematic research due to

methodology alone. This can affect the validity of the research and the success. For example,

some physicians have a methodology that includes the physician to be the researcher while

treating patients. Many physicians complete research from these two perspectives to have more

control of the study and to investigate the information found to a fuller extent. However,

physicians that are treating patients may face the difficulty of interest involving the therapeutic

and analysis role of the physician thus affecting the methodology chosen decreasing validity of

the research. All guidelines and accuracy of instruments and procedures are made from intensive
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research from years of shared information from education, shared research, and shared

experiences. Within the last 30 years researchers have introduced progress in biomedical

research development enhancing the forms of clinical procedures that are current and for those to

come in the future. Antonia Vlahou and Manousos Makridakis wrote a detail edition of Springer

Protocols titled “Clinical Proteomics” which includes the standards of healthcare protocol. This

source in particular communicates the idea that there could be multiple shifts within data

collection involving the tools to use and the protocol to follow. The methodology presented in

research is very important regarding to the data concluded. Gelijin presents the contrasting idea

that physicians that are treating patients may face the difficulty of interest involving the

therapeutic and analysis role of the physician. The author states that Swazey and Fox, who are

fellow writers of the edition, examined that physicians involved in both experiment and

treatment face stress. The authors presented the notion that the strains that are presented in those

physicians are due to the intensified experience from their usually close and continual connection

with the patients as their subjects; by fellow researchers’ scientific and ethical criticism of their

study; and by a vested interest in protecting their professional stature. They also face a struggle

in advancing them to have identification for being exceedingly successful with development in

knowledge or system. The development has been placed in a situation of the context of the

physician's medical investigation and the trust relationship between the patients and the

physicians. The method chosen involved greatly research because many different research

designs can be used especially if the research involves the affects study of human growth and

development.

Administration
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The administration of the research findings sparked discussion of the data presented and

how the interpretation of the study will affect healthcare. There are plenty of evidence of

development of research from different point of views to highlight different treatments but the

decision to take is limited to physician and organization convention. Quality questionnaire form

presented to the patients after the conducted study can help pharmaceutical companies evaluate

the success of the research in terms of the patient well-being. The research will be reviewed

through numerous council boards to evaluate all aspects of the investigation and thus analyzed to

understand the information’s importance to the medical field. Administration of the data

obtained can become published and implemented into the standard of a pharmacy, hospital, or

private practice. The data obtained and the patient questionnaire prompts the discourse of what is

the method to pursue and what method is appropriate for different patient conditions. The

discourse is continuous but clinical rules and implementations have been suggested to create a

standard within the field. It is very important to have a standard in the clinical field, valuable

consistent results, and to limit any crucial errors. To have the appropriate data research within

healthcare is the foundation to follow the standard for clinical reliability, accuracy, and validity.

Discussion

The success of the evaluation is strongly based on having professional self-regulation and the

interpretation from institutional review boards. Review boards are not necessarily contacted

before investigation research and the board does not conduct in-depth background inspection of

the research outline, so it is crucial to have an appropriate study so that the conclusions can be

accurate and accepted. Having a good foundation of research is crucial especially in regard to

peer review ounce the research is published. There are many important segments involved with

research such as initiation of an idea, formation of a research question, appropriate study design,
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protocol of research, and interpretation of information obtained is connected to methodology of

the study and impacts the success of the research.

Works Cited/References/Bibliography

Perspective 1 Technology:

1. “Data & Tech Driven Clinical Trials.” Clinical Trials Summit,

www.clinicaltrialsummit.com/clinical-trial-technology.

2. “9 Clinical Trial Facts You Didn't Know You Didn't Know - Blog | Praxis.” Praxis

Communications, 31 Oct. 2018, www.gopraxis.com/little-known-clinical-trial-facts/.

3. Gelijns, Annetine C. “4. The Development of Clinical Procedures.” Technological

Innovation: Comparing Development of Drugs, Devices, and Procedures in Medicine.,

U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1989,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222716/.

4. “10 Ways Technology Is Changing Healthcare.” The Medical Futurist, 2 July 2018,

medicalfuturist.com/ten-ways-technology-changing-healthcare.
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Perspective 2 Methodology:

1. Roehrs, C. and Wilson, V. (2016). Critical appraisal and selection of data collection

instruments: A step-by-step guide. [online] Sciedu.ca. Available at:

http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/viewFile/10147/6397 [Accessed 4

Feb. 2019].

2. Grove SK, Burns N, Gray JR. The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis,

and Generation of Evidence (7th ed). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Publishers; 2013.

3. Tappen R. Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice (2nd ed). Burlington,

MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2016.

4. Scholtes VA, Terwee CB, Poolman RW. What Makes a Measurement Instrument Valid

and Reliable? Injury, International Journal of Care for the Injured. 2011; 42: 236-240.

PMid:21145544 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.11.042

5. Davis SL, Morrow AK. Creating usable assessment tools: A step-by-step guide to

instrument design. 2013. Available from: http: //www.docdatabase.net/more-creating-

usable-assessm ent-tools-a-step-by-step-guide-to--1141299.html

6. Stone KS, Frazier SK. Measurement of Physiological Variables Using Biomedical

Instrumentation. In C. F. Waltz, O. L. Strickland & E. R. Lenz (Eds). Measurement in

Nursing and Health Research (4th ed., pp. 335-370). New York, NY: Springer Publishing

Company; 2010. PMid:20579905

7. Fawcett J, Garity J. Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice.

Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis; 2009.

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8. Ryan-Wenger NA. Evaluation of measurement precision, accuracy, and error in

biophysical data for clinical research and practice. In C. F. Waltz, O. L. Strickland & E.

R. Lenz (Eds). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research (4th ed., pp. 371-383). New

York, NY: Springer Publishing Company; 2010.

9. Lohr KN, Aaronson NK, Alonso J, et al. Evaluating Quality-ofLife and Health Status

Instruments: Development of Scientific Review Criteria. Clinical Therapeutics. 1996;

18(5): 979-992. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(96)80054-3

10. Wilcox, A., Fort, D., Weng, C. and Bakken,, S. (2014). Considerations for Using

Research Data to Verify Clinical Data Accuracy. [online] PubMed Central (PMC).

Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333689/ [Accessed 4 Feb.

2019].

11. Lewis, Peter, et al. Health Assessment in Nursing. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins, 2014, downloads.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/sample-

content/9780781762403_weber/ch03.pdf.

Perspective 3 Administration:

1. Study to Assess the Validity and Reliability of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure

(SCIM III) - Tabular View. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00573976?view=record

2. Nickson, C., Chris, Monash University, Australian Centre for Health Innovation, New
Zealand Intensive Care Society, ANZICS) Education Committee, & University of
Auckland. (2016, January 03). Validity of Clinical Research • Life in the Fast Lane •
LITFL • Medical Blog. Retrieved from https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ccc/validity-of-
clinical-research/
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