CHAPTER - 1

1. INTRODUCTION
Liquefied petroleum gas is being used for the past decades as industrial fuel and for
domestic purpose. It has a characteristic of GAS less burning in the air. The main constituents
of LPG are propane and butane and depending on the applications their proportions vary. Gas
leakage detection in residential houses has become one of the fundamental issues in the recent
times. Accidents mainly occur due to the negligence and technical fault. Electronic and press
media have reported many accidents which were caused mainly because of gas leakage in
residential houses and industries. A better system needs to be developed to reduce the
accidents because of gas leakage. The gas is generally stored in metallic cylinders as its boiling
point is lower than ambient temperature. Gas is molecularly heavy than other gases present in
the air. So whenever the gas is leaked it settles closest to the ground level.
And unless you provide a powerful exhaust system it cannot be forcefully disposed into
open atmosphere. Now-a-days LPG leakage detection in homes, restaurants has been a
common issue and the detection systems find applications in the market. Presently they are
using load cell to measure the weight of the cylinder. When they find it become empty,
consumer will order for a new cylinder. There may be a delay in providing the cylinder for few
reasons likewe may inform the service provider at the last moment when the gas is empty or
there may be a delay in informing the gas provider. So in this system we will use a pressure
sensor to measure the amount of gas present in the cylinder and also book the gas
automatically when it reaches to a certain level.
LPG is generally odourless and cannot be detected by human sense of smell because of
its odourless nature. A pungent chemical is added to it purposely so that humans can detect the
gas. There are few disadvantages anyhow. Firstly, it requires human presence in the vicinity.
Secondly, by the time gas leakage is detected, its concentration in the vicinity may exceed the
threshold level and may lead to explosion with the spark like light switch. So in order to
monitor its presence, sensing systems are deployed in the premises to detect the leakage and
avoid accidents. Many sensors are available in the market which can warn the gas leakage.
They make use of transmitters, controllers and other accessories but the cost of these kind of
sensing systems is high and has technical complexity and also inaccurate with delays.
Therefore, there is a need for the development of lower complexity, low cost and fast response
systems.

1
 The amount of gas present in the cylinder is measured with the help of the load cell. In
this system we make use of the pressure sensor to measure the amount of the gas present in the
cylinder.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The objective of this project is to design a system that can detect the presence of natural
gases as well as fire and send an SMS alert to the user and nearest fire station if gas leakage
and fire occurred

1.2 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

This project focuses more on the study case and the project development based on the
gas and temperature sensor. The microcontroller will continuously receive the data from both
of the sensor in analog packet of data. It will process the data and convert it to ppm and degree
Celsius respectively. The converted data will be displayed by the LCD. Whenever the reading
of the sensors exceeding the limit set, it will automatically send an SMS alert wirelessly by
using GSM Network to the numbers as being set on the source code. The project methodology
shows the step by step taken in order to complete the project. The methodology includes the
planning, the development of the design and the management of the project.

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 CHAPTER – 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
In the year 2011, A. MAHALINGAM, R. T. NAAYAGI,1, N. E.
MASTORAKIS, “Design and Implementation of an Economic Gas Leakage Detector”,
This project developed system to detect the gas leakage and providing immediate alarm or
intimation to the user.
Later in 2013, few people developed the design proposed for home safety. This
system detects the leakage of the LPG and alerts the consumer about the leak by buzzer.
This project was developed using microcontroller ARM version 7 processor and simulated
using Keil software In the year 2014, HitendraRawat, AshishKushwah, KhyatiAsthana,
AkankshaShivhare, designed a system, They provided security issues against thieves, leakage
and fire accidents.
In those cases their system sends SMS to the emergency number provided to it.
In the proposed system we have designed “LPG gas monitoring and automatic cylinder
booking with alert system”. These report focus on detection of economic fuels like
petroleum, liquid petroleum gas, alcohol..etc., and alert the surrounding people about the
leakage through SMS. It also sense surrounding temperature, so that no fire accidents
occurs.
The one more important feature is automatic cylinder booking by noticing the current
expenditure of LPG gas in our daily life. These projects alert the user by sending message to
mobile through SMS in three conditions.
They are
When LPG gas weight reaches to maximum threshold value.
When the LPG gas exceed its peak value.
When the temperature exceed more than room temperature.
These project gives alert message by buzzing the buzzer and trough SMS to the house
holders. We also provide automatic doors and windows opening, so that the compressed gas
can spread in to air freely. Hence a fire accident does not occurs.

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 CHAPTER – 3
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5
 CHAPTER – 4
4. ATMEGA328 BIT AVR MICROCONTROLLER
The AVR microcontrollers are based on the advanced RISC architecture. ATmega32 is
a low power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture.
AVR can execute 1 million instructions per second if cycle frequency is 1MHz.

Fig. 3 40 PIN DIP PHOTOGRAPH OF ATMEGA32

4.1 KEY FEATURES

 32 x 8 general working purpose registers.
 32K bytes of in system self programmable flash program memory
 2K bytes of internal SRAM
 1024 bytes EEPROM
 Available in 40 pin DIP, 44 lead QTFP, 44-pad QFN/MLF
 32 programmable I/O lines
 8 Channel, 10 bit ADC
 Two 8-bit timers/counters with separate prescalers and compare modes
 One 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescaler, compare mode and capture mode.
 4 PWM channels
 In system programming by on-chip boot program
 Programmable watch dog timer with separate on-chip oscillator.
 Programmable serial USART
 Master/slave SPI serial interface

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4.2 SPECIAL MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES
 Six sleep modes: Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby and
extended standby.
 Internal calibrated RC oscillator
 External and internal interrupt sources
 Power on reset and programmable brown-out detection.

Fig. 4 40-PIN DIP OF ATMEGA32

All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one
clock cycle.
The power-down saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator. All other chip
functions will be disabled until the next external interrupt arises. Asynchronous timer allows
the user to maintain a timer based in power-save mode while the rest of the device is sleeping.
ADC noise reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except ADC and asynchronous
timer. In standby mode, except crystal oscillator the rest of the device is sleeping. Both the
main oscillator and asynchronous timer continue to run in extended standby mode.

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 Fig. 5 DIAGRAM OF CHIP
ATmega32 is a powerful microcontroller because of its in system self programmable
flash on a monolithic chip, provides a high flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications.

4.3 PIN DESCRIPTIONS

VCC: Digital voltage supply
GND: Ground
Port A (PA7-PA0): This port serves as analog inputs to the A/D converter. It also serves as an
8-bit bidirectional I/O port if the A/D converter is not used.
Port B (PB7-PB0) & Port D (PD7-PD0): It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Its output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, these are extremely pulled low if the pull-up resistors are activated. It also serves
various special function features of the ATmega32.
Port C (PC7-PC0): It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the
pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS), and PC2 (TCK) will be activated.

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 Fig. 6 DIAGRAM OF PORT C FUNCTIONS

Reset: It is an input.
XTAL1: It is an input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2: It is an output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
AVCC: It is the supply voltage pin for Port A and A/D converter. It should be connected to
VCC.
AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D converter.
ATmega32 Memories
It is having two main memory spaces data memory and the program memory space. In addition
it features an EEPROM memory for data storage.
I/O Memory
All I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The I/O locations are accessed by
the IN and OUT instructions, transferring the data between the 32 general purpose registers
and the I/O space. I/O registers with in the address 00-1F are directly bit accessible using the
SBI and CBI instructions.

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4.4 ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 7 ARCHITECTURE
4.5 MEMORY
It consists of 8KB of flash memory, 1KB of SRAM and 512 Bytes of EEPROM. The
8K flash is divided into 2 parts- lower part used as boot flash section, and upper part used as
application flash section. The SRAM contains 1K bytes along with 1120 bytes of general
purpose registers and I/O registers. The lower 32 address locations are used for 32 general
purpose 8 bit registers. The next 64 address are used for I/O registers. All the registers are
connected directly to the ALU. The EEPROM is used to store user defined data.

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4.6 INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS
It consists of 23 I/O lines with 3 I/O ports, named B, C and D. Port B consists of 8 I/O
lines, Port C consists of 7 I/O lines and Port D consists of 8 I/O lines.
Registers corresponding to any portX(B,C or D) are:
DDRX: Port X data direction register
PORTX: Port X data register
PINX: Port X input register

4.7 TIMERS AND COUNTERS

It consists of 3 timers with comparable modes. Two of them are 8 bit whereas the third
one is 16 bit.

4.8 OSCILLATORS
It incorporates internal reset and oscillator which makes it possible to eliminate the
need for any external input. The internal RC oscillator is capable of generating internal clock
which can run at any frequency of 1MHz, 2MHz , 4MHz or 8MHz as programmed. It also
supports external oscillator with maximum frequency of 16MHz.

4.9 COMMUNICATION
It provides both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer schemes through
USART(Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter), i.e. communication
with modems and other serial devices. It also supports SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface) used for
communication between devices based on the master-slave method. Another type of
communication supported is the TWI(Two wire Interface). It allows commutation between any
two devices by using 2 wires along with a common ground connection.
It also has a comparator module integrated in the chip to provide comparison between
two voltages connected to the two inputs of the Analog comparator through the external chips.
It also contains a 6 channel ADC out of which 4 have 10 bit accuracy and 2 have 8 bit
accuracy.

Status Register
It contains information about the currently executed arithmetic instruction set.

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 CHAPTER – 5
5. ATMEGA PIN DIAGRAM

Fig. 8 ATMEGA PIN DIAGRAM

One of the important features of ATmega8 is that except 5 pins, all other pins support two
signals.
 Pins 23,24,25,26,27,28 and 1 are used for port C, whereas pins 9,10,14,15,16,17,18,19 are
used for port B and pins 2,3,4,5,6,11,12 are used for port D.
 Pin 1 is also the Reset pin and a applying low level signal for a time longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a reset.
 Pins 2 and 3 are also used for serial communication for USART.
 Pins 4 and 5 are used as external interrupts. One of them will trigger when interrupt flag bit
of status register is set and the other will trigger as long as the interrupt condition prevails.
 Pins 9 and 10 are used as external oscillator as well as timer counters oscillators where the
crystal is connected directly between the pins.
 Pin 10 is used for crystal oscillator or low frequency crystal oscillator. If the internal
calibrated RC oscillator is used as the clock source and the asynchronous timer is enabled,
these pins can be used as a timer oscillator pins.

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 Pin 19 is used as Master Clock output, slave clock input for SPI channel.
 Pin 18 is used as Master clock input, slave clock output.
 Pin 17 is used as Master data output, slave data input for SPI channel. It is used as a input
when enabled by a slave and is bidirectional when enabled by the master. This pin can also
be used as a output compare match output, which serves as an external output for the
timer/counter compare match.
 Pin16 is used as a slave select input. It can also be used as a timer/counter1 compare match
by configuring the PB2 pin as an output.
 Pin15 can be used as an external output for the timer/counter compare match A.
 Pins 23 to 28 are used for ADC channels. Pin 27 can also be used as Serial interface clock
and pin 28 can be used as serial interface data
 Pins 13 and 12 are used as Analog Comparator inputs.
 Pins 11 and 6 are used as timer/counter sources.

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 CHAPTER – 6
6. LOAD CELL
A load cell is a transducer that is used to convert a force into electrical signal. The most
common use of this sensor is in weighing machine. Every weighing machine which shows
weight has a load cell as sensing element. This conversion is indirect and happens in two
stages. Through a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The
strain gauge measures the deformation (strain) as an electrical signal, because the strain
changes the effective electrical resistance of the wire. A load cell usually consists of four strain
gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cells of one strain gauge (quarter bridge) or
two strain gauges (half bridge) are also available. The electrical signal output is typically in the
order of a few millivolts and requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it
can be used. The output of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to calculate the force
applied to the transducer. Load cells are used in several types of measuring instruments such as
weighing scales, universal testing machines. The wiring of load cell consist of four wires (Plus
one cable shielding, optional). The wires are as below. The RED/BLACK are usually given
DC excitation voltage. While the GREEN/WHITE are taken as sensing output.

6.1 CONNECTIONS
• RED:input voltage
• BLACK:gnd
• GREEN:signal output (+)
• WHITE:signal output (-)

6.2 FEATURES
• Ready to Interface with Microcontrollers.
• 8 Bit Data o/p Reference to Load.
• UART Output.
• Varies from 0- 255.

6.3 APPLICATIONS
• Load checking.
• weight, Strain Guage.

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6.4 WORKING
• Load cell is Interfaced with SPI Based ADC chip
• Using 8051 Microcontroller Conversion of SPI to UART o/p and 8 bit O/p
• Easy to Interface with 8 bit Microcontrollers

6.5 PACKAGE CONTAINS

• Loadcell Interface Kit - Includes 10Kg Load Cell + Control Board.
• Uart TTL Output 8Bit Data Output.
This straight bar load cell (sometimes called a strain gauge) can translate up to 10kg of
pressure (force) into an electrical signal. Each load cell is able to measure the electrical
resistance that changes in response to, and proportional of, the strain (e.g. pressure or force)
applied to the bar. With this gauge you will be able to tell just how heavy an object is, if an
object's weight changes over time, or if you simply need to sense the presence of an object by
measuring strain or load applied to a surface.
Each straight bar load cell is made from an aluminum-alloy and is capable of reading
a capacity of 10kg. These load cells have four strain gauges that are hooked up in a wheatstone
bridge formation. The color code on the wiring is as follows: red = E+, green = O+, black = E-,
and white = O-. Additionally, these load cells offer an IP66 protection rating and feature two
M4 and two M5 sized through-holes for mounting purposes.

6.6 TYPES OF LOAD CELLS

A load cell is a physical element (or transducer if you want to be technical) that can
translate pressure (force) into an electrical signal.So what does that mean? There are three
main ways a load cell can translate an applied force into a measurable reading.

6.6.1 HYDRAULIC LOAD CELLS

Hydraulic load cells use a conventional piston and cylinder arrangement to convey a
change in pressure by the movement of the piston and a diaphragm arrangement which
produces a change in the pressure on a Bourdon tube connected with the load cells.

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 Fig.9 DIAGRAM OF A HYDRAULIC LOAD CELL

6.6.2 PNEUMATIC LOAD CELLS

Pneumatic load cells use air pressure applied to one end of a diaphragm, and it escapes
through the nozzle placed at the bottom of the load cell, which has a pressure gauge inside of
the cell.

Fig. 10 DIAGRAM OF A PNEUMATIC LOAD CELL

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6.6.3 STRAIN GAUGE LOAD CELLS
And lastly (though there are many other less common load cell set ups), there is a strain
gauge load cell, which is a mechanical element of which the force is being sensed by the
deformation of a (or several) strain gauge(s) on the element.

Fig. 11 STRAIN GAUGE LOAD CELL DIAGRAM

In bar strain gauge load cells, the cell is set up in a "Z" formations so that torque is
applied to the bar and the four strain gauges on the cell will measure the bending distortion,
two measuring compression and two tension. When these four strain gauges are set up in a
wheat stone bridge formation, it is easy to accurately measure the small changes in resistance
from the strain gauges.

Fig. 12 STRAIN GAUGE LOAD CELL

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 CHAPTER – 7
7. GSM
This is a plug and play GSM Modem with a simple to interface serial interface. Use it to
send SMS, make and receive calls, and do other GSM operations by controlling it through
simple AT commands from micro controllers and computers. It uses the highly popular
SIM300 module for all its operations. It comes with a standard RS232 interface which can be
used to easily interface the modem to micro controllers and computers. The modem consists of
all the required external circuitry required to start experimenting with the SIM300 module like
the power regulation, external antenna, SIM Holder, etc.

Fig. 13 GSM MODEM

7.1 FEATURES
• Uses the extremely popular SIM300 GSM module.
• Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to
computers and other devices.
• Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers.
• Power, RING and Network LEDs for easy debugging.
• Onboard 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup
for the modules’ internal RTC.
• Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS and
TCP/IP stack.
• Can be controlled through standard AT commands.
• Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception.
• Board provides an option for adding an external antenna through an SMA connector.
• The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600
default).

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 • Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1A
during transmission.
• Operating Voltage: 7 – 15V AC or DC (board has onboard rectifier.
• Note: The modem consumes current of nearly 1A during transmission;
please make sure that your power supply can handle such currents.

7.2 RS 232 CONVERTER

In telecommunications, RS-232, Recommended Standard 232 is a standard introduced

in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals
connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and
a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment or data communication equipment), such as
a modem. The RS-232 standard had been commonly used in computer serial ports. The
standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and
the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F
Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment
Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.

An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for
connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other
peripheral devices. RS-232, when compared to later interfaces such as RS-422, RS-
485 and Ethernet, has lower transmission speed, short maximum cable length, large voltage
swing, large standard connectors, no multipoint capability and limited multi drop capability. In
modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface
roles. Many computers no longer come equipped with RS-232 ports and must use either an
external USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports
to connect to RS-232 peripherals. Nevertheless, thanks to their simplicity and past ubiquity,
RS-232 interfaces are still used—particularly in industrial machines, networking equipment,
and scientific instruments where a short-range, point-to-point, low-speed wired data connection
is fully adequate.

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7.3 KEYPAD
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which bear digits, symbols or
alphabetical letters. Pads mostly containing numbers are called a numeric keypad. Numeric
keypads are found on alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices which require mainly
numeric input such as calculators, push-button telephones, vending machines, ATMs, Point of
Sale devices, combination locks, and digital door locks. Many devices follow
the E.161 standard for their arrangement.

A computer keyboard usually has a small numeric keypad on the side, in addition to the
other number keys on the top, but with a calculator-style arrangement of buttons that allow
more efficient entry of numerical data. This number pad (commonly abbreviated to "numpad")
is usually positioned on the right side of the keyboard because most people are right-handed.
Many laptop computers have special function keys which turn part of the alphabetical
keyboard into a numerical keypad as there is insufficient space to allow a separate keypad to be
built into the laptop's chassis. Separate external plug-in keypads can be purchased. Keypads for
the entry of PINs and for product selection appear on many devices including ATMs, vending
machines, Point of Sale payment devices, time clocks, combination locks and digital door
locks. In 1984 Ronald and Malcolm Binstead developed a Projected Capacitance keypad which
could sense through very thick glass. This was initially used to operate computers through shop
windows, but is now used to operate a wide range of devices, such as Juke Boxes, ATMs,
Vending Machines, Electric Cooker Hobs, and Industrial Controllers, due to the fact that the
keypad is isolated from the user and protected from damage by the thick glass.

Fig. 14 KEYPAD

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7.4 MQ2 GAS SENSOR

Fig. 15 MQ2 GAS SENSOR

The MQ-2 GAS Sensor can detect or measure gasses like LPG, Alcohol, Propane,
Hydrogen, CO and even methane. The module version of this sensor comes with a Digital Pin
which makes this sensor to operate even without a microcontroller and that comes in handy
when you are only trying to detect one particular gas. When it comes to measuring the GAS in
ppm the analog pin has to be used, the analog pin also TTL driven and works on 5V and hence
can be used with most common microcontrollers. So if you are looking for a sensor to detect or
measure gasses like LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO and even methane with or without
a microcontroller then this sensor might be the right choice for you. Using an MQ sensor it
detects a GAS is very easy. You can either use the digital pin or the analog pin to accomplish
this. Simply power the module with 5V and you should notice the power LED on the module
to glow and when no GAS it detected the output LED will remain turned off meaning the
digital output pin will be 0V. Remember that these sensors have to be kept on for pre-heating
time (mentioned in features above) before you can actually work with it. Now, introduce the
sensor to the GAS you want to detect and you should see the output LED to go high along with
the digital pin, if not use the potentiometer until the output gets high. Now every time your
sensor gets introduced to this GAS at this particular concentration the digital pin will go high
(5V) else will remain low (0V).

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 You can also use the analog pin to achieve the same thing. Read the analog values (0-5V)
using a microcontroller, this value will be directly proportional to the concentration of the GAS
to which the sensor detects. You can experiment with this values and check how the sensor
reacts to different concentration of GAS and develop your program accordingly.

7.5 HOW TO USE THE MQ-2 SENSOR TO MEASURE PPM

If you are looking for some accuracy with your readings then measuring the PPM
would be the best way to go with it. It can also help you to distinguish one GAS from another.
So to measure PPM you can directly use a module. A basic wiring for the sensor from
datasheet is shown below.

Fig. 16 MQ-2 SENSOR TO MEASURE PPM

The procedure to measure PPM using MQ sensor is the same but few constant values
will vary based on the type of MQ sensor used. Basically, we need to look into the (Rs/Ro) VS
PPM graph given in the datasheet (also shown below).

Fig. 17 Rs/RoVS PPM graph

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 The value of Ro is the value of resistance in fresh air and the value of Rs is the value of
resistance in GAS concentration. First, you should calibrate the sensor by finding the values of
Ro in fresh air and then use that value to find Rs using the formulae

Once we calculate Rs and Ro we can find the ratio and then use the graph shown above we can
calculate the equivalent value of PPM for that particular gas.

7.6 FEATURES
 Operating Voltage is +5V
 Can be used to Measure or detect LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO and even
methane
 Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
 Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
 Preheat duration 20 seconds
 Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
 The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer.

7.7 APPLICATIONS
 Detects or measure Gases like LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO and even
methane
 Air quality monitor
 GAS leak alarm
 Safety standard maintenance
 Maintaining environment standards in hospitals

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 CHAPTER – 8

8. AC-TO-DC SUPPLY

Fig. 18 AC-TO-DC SUPPLY

DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power supplies
will employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage.
A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying DC voltage, which in
turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an unregulated DC voltage. The filter
removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining AC voltage is known
as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of filtering that
must be provided by a power supply. In some applications, high ripple is tolerated and
therefore no filtering is required. For example, in some battery charging applications it is
possible to implement a mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a
transformer and a single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit
charging current.

8.1 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration
that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most
common application, for conversion of an alternating-current (AC) input into a direct-
current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave
rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a
rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

24
 The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same
regardless of the polarity at the input. Two type of rectifier there are half wave rectifier & full
wave rectifier, here we have used full wave rectifier. A full-wave rectifier converts the whole
of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.
Mathematically, this corresponds to the absolute value function. Full-wave rectification
converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a
higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in
a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are
needed.3] Single semiconductor diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common
anode, and four-diode bridges, are manufactured as single components.

8.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may
include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or
more AC or DC voltages. For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced with two digits,
indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output, while the 7812
produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is
positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are
complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to
provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit. 78xx ICs have three
terminals. These devices support an input voltage anywhere from around 2.5 volts over the
intended output voltage up to a maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the model, and
typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a
lower or higher current rating).

8.3 CAPACITOR - FILTER

The filter is a device that allows passing the dc component of the load and blocks the ac
component of the rectifier output. Thus the output of the filter circuit will be a steady
dc voltage. The filter circuit can be constructed by the combination of components
like capacitors, resistors, and inductors.

25
8.4 LCD
LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other
smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow
displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much
less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking
light rather than emitting it. An LCD is made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix
display grid. The active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor (TFT) display. The
passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at each intersection in the
grid. A current is sent across two conductors on the grid to control the light for any pixel. An
active matrix has a transistor located at each pixel intersection, requiring less current to control
the luminance of a pixel. For this reason, the current in an active matrix display can be
switched on and off more frequently, improving the screen refresh time (your mouse will
appear to move more smoothly across the screen, for example).Some passive matrix LCD's
have dual scanning, meaning that they scan the grid twice with current in the same time that it
took for one scan in the original technology. However, active matrix is still a superior
technology.
We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators,
television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of display to display the time. An
LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid crystal to produce a visible image. The
16×2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The
16×2 translates o a display 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.

Fig. 19 LCD Display

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Pin No. Advertisement Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

Contrast adjustment; the best way is to use a variable resistor such as a

potentiometer. The output of the potentiometer is connected to this pin.
3 Vo / VEE
Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backwards to adjust the
LCD contrast.

RS (Register
4 Selects command register when low, and data register when high
Select )

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write

Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given; Extra
voltage push is required to execute the instruction and EN(enable)
6 signal is used for this purpose. Usually, we make it en=0 and when we Enable
want to execute the instruction we make it high en=1 for some
milliseconds. After this we again make it ground that is, en=0.

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table No. 1 LCD Display PIN Description

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8.5 RS (REGISTER SELECT)
A 16X2 LCD has two registers, namely, command and data. The register select is used
to switch from one register to other. RS=0 for command register, whereas RS=1 for data
register.

8.6 COMMAND REGISTER: THE command register stores the command instructions given
to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. Processing for
commands happens in the command register.

8.7 DATA REGISTER: The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The
data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we send data to
LCD it goes to the data register and is processed there. When RS=1, data register is selected.

8.8 RELAY
Relays are the primary protection as well as switching devices in most of the control
processes or equipments. All the relays respond to one or more electrical quantities like voltage
or current such that they open or close the contacts or circuits. A relay is a switching device as
it works to isolate or change the state of an electric circuit from one state to another.
Classification or the types of relays depend on the function for which they are used. Some of
the categories include protective, reclosing, regulating, auxiliary and monitoring relays
Protective relays continuously monitor these parameters: voltage, current, and power; and if
these parameters violate from set limits they generate alarm or isolate that particular circuit.
These types of relays are used to protect equipments like motors, generators, and transformers,
and so on. Auxiliary contacts are used in circuit breakers and other protective equipments for
contact multiplication. Monitoring relays monitors the system conditions such as direction of
power and accordingly generates the alarm. These are also called directional relays.

Fig. 20 RELAY

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 CHAPTER – 9
9. WORKING OPERATION
9.1 Leakage Detection
SnO2 is the sensing material used as gas sensor. When SnO2 is heated at a certain high
temperature in air, oxygen is adsorbed on the crystal surface with a negative charge. Then
donor electrons in the crystal surface are transferred to the adsorbed oxygen, resulting in
leaving positive charges in a space charge layer. Thus, surface potential is formed to serve as a
potential barrier against electron flow. Electric current flows through the conjunction parts
(grain boundary) of SnO2 micro crystals. At grain boundaries, adsorbed oxygen forms a
potential barrier which prevents carriers from moving freely. The electrical resistance of the
sensor is attributed to this potential barrier. In the presence of a deoxidizing gas, the surface
density of the negatively charged oxygen decreases, so the barrier height in the grain boundary
is reduced. The reduced barrier height decreases sensor resistance. Hence the corresponding
pulse can reach the microcontroller as an interrupt signal and also can be fed to the buzzer and
the exhaust fan so that they will be turned „ON‟.

9.2 GSM Module

The GSM module works on simple AT commands which can be implemented by
interfacing it to the microcontroller Rx and Tx pins. The GSM module used is SIMCOM 300
which uses SIM memory to store the number of system owner or housemates and distributor or
to whoever the messages have to be forwarded. It requires very less memory to send and
receive text messages and operates on simple 12 Volt adapter.

9.3 Automatic Gas Booking

The automatic Gas booking system continuously monitors the weight of the gas in cylinder
and displays it on seven segment display. When the weight of the gas falls below the threshold
value i.e. 10k.g., a logic high pulse is fed to a port pin of microcontroller. As this pin goes
high, microcontroller will send a booking message to distributor. At the same time, the
message will be displayed on LCD as “Booking Cylinder”. When the weight of the gas goes
below 0.5 kg another logic high pulse is fed to another port of microcontroller through a relay
circuit as discussed in truth table. As this port pin goes high, microcontroller will send an alert
message through a GSM module to cell numbers of the required members and also an alert
message is displayed on the LCD screen.

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 CHAPTER – 10
10. APPLICATIONS
 This system used for home application

30
 CHAPTER – 11
11. ADVANTAGES

1.Automatically booking gas

2.Detecting gas leakage

3.Readuce manual monitoring system

31
 CHAPTER – 12
12. COST OF ESTIMATION

Quantity Amount in
S. No Name of the Equipment
Nos Rs
1 Micro Controller 1 950

2 Load cell 1 460

3 TTL To RS232 Converter 1 700

4 GSM Modem 1 960

5 Gas Sensor 1 220

6 Keypad 1 40

7 Power Supply 1 300

8 LCD Display 1 300

9 Relay 1 180

10 Wire _ 50

11 Others _ 500

Total Rs. 4,660

Total Amount Rs. 4,660/-

(Rupees Four Thousand Six Hundred and Sixty Only)

32
 CHAPTER – 13
13. PHOTOGRAPHY

33
 CHAPTER – 14
14. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
14.1 RESULT
Gas leakage detected by the gas sensor. Load cell is continuously measuring weight of
the gas cylinder. When gas level goes below the set level, message is send to the gas agency
for booking purpose.
The above figure represents SMS messages in user mobile phone which is send by
GSM module for different kinds of input reaction in our project. The message is sent to the
user when the LPG gas reaches to minimum threshold level. So the user comes to know to
when to book the cylinder to avoid delay in delivering cylinder.

14.2 CONCLUSION
By implementing this project we help the people to save their time by providing
automatic gas booking. It can provide the security to people by sensing the leakage of gas. It is
very useful for domestic purpose as well as for the industrial purpose. The programming used
for this project is very simple and can be easily understood as we have used C language We
have studied and completed the design of LCD display interfacing also studied load cell, MQ6
gas sensor, M95 qutel modem, buzzer with ARM 7 microcontroller and simulated it using
proteus software and actual work of project simulation result is observed and studied also
complete the work of project to required output.

34
 CHAPTER – 15
15. REFERENCES
1) Mandelis, Andreas, and Constantinos Christofides. Physics, chemistry and technology of
solid state gas sensor devices. Vol. 174.John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
2) J. Jaber, M. Mohsen, and B. Akash, "Energy analysis of Jordan's commercial sector,"
Energy Policy, Vol. 31(9), pp. 887-894, 2003.
3) Lopes dos Santos, P.; Azevedo-Perdicoúlis, T.- P.; Ramos, J.A.; Jank, G.; Martins de
Carvalho, J.L.; Milhinhos, J., “Gas pipelines LPV modelling and identification for leakage
detection”, Proc. of American Control Conference, pp. 1211-1216, 2010.
4) Fraiwan, Luay, KhaldonLweesy, AyaBani-Salma, and Nour Mani. "A wireless home safety
gas leakage detection system."In Biomedical Engineering (MECBME), 2011 1st Middle East
Conference on, pp. 11-14.IEEE, 2011.
5) National Research Council (US). Committee for Pipelines, Public Safety, Scoping Study on
the Feasibility of Developing Risk-Informed Land Use Guidance near Existing, and Future
Transmission Pipelines. Transmission Pipelines and Land Use: A Risk-informed Approach.
Vol. 281.Transportation Research Board, 2004.

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