Solution Manual Mechanics PDF

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.
Cell#03338189587
By
Khalid Yousaf
BS(Continue)Civil Engineering
The University of Lahore.
Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore .fb:khalid03456496268@yahoo.com
Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore. Cell#03338189587
What is Mechanics?
Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on objects.
The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two parts: statics,which concerns the
equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and dynamics, which concerns the motion of
bodies.
BASIC CONCEPTS
The following concepts and definitions are basic to the study of mechanics, and they should
be understood at the outset.
Space is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear
and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For three-dimensional problems,
three independent coordinates are needed. For two-dimensional problems, only two
coordinates are required.
Time is the measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics. Time is
not directly involved in the analysis of statics problems.
Mass is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity.
Mass can also be thought of as the quantity of matter in a body. The mass of a body affects
the gravitational attraction force between it and other bodies. This force appears in many
applications in statics.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of
its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its
action, and by its point of application. Thus force is a vector quantity..
A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body
whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass
concentrated at a point. We often choose a particle as a differential element of a body. We
may treat a body as a particle when its dimensions are irrelevant to the description
of its position or the action of forces applied to it.
Rigid body. A body is considered rigid when the change in distance between any two of its
points is negligible for the purpose at hand. For instance, the calculation of the tension in the
cable which supports the boom of a mobile crane under load is essentially unaffected by the
small internal deformations in the structural members of the boom. For the purpose, then, of
determining the external forces which act on the boom, we may treat it as a rigid body.
Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on rigid bodies in
equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations belongs to the study of the
mechanics of deformable bodies, which normally follows statics in the curriculum.
PROBLEMS of the unit vectors i and j. Identify both

Introductory Problems the scalar and vector components of F.
2/1 The force F has a magnitude of
800 N. Express F as a vector in terms
of the unit vectors i and j. Identify the x
and y scalar components of F.
Soln.
Step 1: Magnitude of force F=600 lb

Step 2: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1: Free body Diagram
Step3: Force vector

F=600cos30i - 600sin30j
F=520i – 300j
Step 4:Scalar components of force
Step2:Magnitude of force 800N Along x-axis
x component of force, Fx=-Fsin35o Fx=520 lb
Fx=-800sin35o Along y-axis
Fx=-459 N Fy= -300 lb
y component of force, Fy=Fcos35o
Fy=800 cos35o Step5:Vector components of force
Fy=655 N
Along x-axis
Force vector, F=(-459i-655j)N
Fx=520i lb
2/2 The magnitude of the force F is Along y-axis
600 N. Express F as a vector in terms Fy= -300j lb
2/3 The slope of the 4.8-kN force F is Soln.

specified as shown in the figure. Express F Step1:
as a vector in terms of the Magnitude of force F=4800 lb
unit vectors i and j. Position of point A= -15i-20j
Position of point B=30i+10j
Step2: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Stpe3:
Position vector of AB, AB=OB – OA
AB=45i+30j
Magnitude of AB, AB =√452 + 302
= 54.08 in
𝐴𝐵
Unit vector of AB, n= 𝐴𝐵
Step2:
45𝐢+30𝐣
Magnitude of force, F=4.8 kN =
3 4 54.08
Unit vector of force, n= - i- j
5 5
2/5 A cable stretched between the fixed
Force vector F= F n
3 4 supports A and B is under a tension T of
F=4.8(- i- j) 900 lb. Express the tension as a vector
5 5 using the unit vectors i and j, first, as a
=(-2.88i-3.84j)kN
forceTA acting on A and second, as a force
2/4 The line of action of the 9.6-kN force
TB acting on B.
F runs through the points A and B as
shown in the figure. Determine the x and y
scalar components of F.
Soln. Force vector F= F n

Step1: Free body Diagram 3 4
F=1800(- i- j)
5 5
=-1080iN-1440jN
2/7 The two structural members, one
of which is in tension and the other in
compression, exert the indicated
forces on joint O. Determine the
magnitude of the resultant R of the two
forces and the angle θ which R makes
with the positive x-axis.
Step2:
Magnitude of tension in cable AB, T = 900
lb
2
Unit vector of AB=nAB= 𝒊 -
√22 +32
3
j
√22 +32
nAB = 0.832i - 0.55j

TA= TA nAB
TA=900(0.832i - Soln.
0.55j) Step1: Free body Diagram
TA=(749i-499j)lb
But TA= - TB
=-(749i-499j)lb
=(-749i+499j)lb
2/6 The 1800-N force F is applied to the

end of the I beam. Express F as a vector
using the unit vectors i and j.
x-components of resultant force

Rx= ∑Fx
Rx= -3cos60o-2cos30o
Rx= -3.23 kN
y-components of resultant force
Ry= ∑Fy
Ry= 3sin60o+2 sin30o
Ry= -1.598 kN
Magnitude of the resultant force
Soln.
R= √R2x + R2y
Stpe1:
Magnitude of force F=1800 N R= √(−3.23)2 + (−1.598)2
3 4
Unit vector of force, n= - i- j R=3.6 kN
5 5
Step3: 𝑜
800𝑐𝑜𝑠70
Angle θ made by ‘R’ Cosθ=
425
𝑅𝑥 θ=49.90
θ=tan-1( ) y-components of resultant force
𝑅𝑦
−3.23 Ry= ∑Fy
=tan-1( ) Ry= -425sin49.9-800 sin70o
−1.598
=26o Ry= -1070 lb
Angle θ made by ‘R’ with positive x-axis Magnitude of the resultant force
θ=180o+26o R= √R2x + R2y
=206o
2/8 Two forces are applied to the R= √02 + (−1077)2
construction bracket as shown. R=1077 lb
Determine the angle θ which makes Representative Problems
the resultant of the two forces vertical.
Determine the magnitude R of the 2/9 In the design of a control
resultant. mechanism, it is determined that rod
AB transmits a 260-N force P to the
crank BC. Determine the x and y
scalar components of P.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:Magnitude of force P=260 N

12 5
Unit vector of force, n= - i- j
13 13
Force vector P= P n
12 5
P=260(- i- j)
13 13
=-240iN-100jN
Scalar component of P along x
Step2: Px=-240 N
F1=800 lb Scalar component of P along y
F2=425 lb Py=-100 N
Given that the resultant force is normal to 2/10 For the mechanism of Prob. 2/9,
x-axis.Therefore the x-component of determine the scalar components Pt and Pn
resultant force is zero. of P which are tangent and normal,
Rx= ∑Fx = 0 respectively, to crank BC.
Rx= -425cosθ+800cos70o = 0 Soln.
Ft=Fcos40o (1)
Fn=-Fsinθ (2)
Dividing equation (2) by (1)
𝐹𝑛
=-tan40o
𝐹𝑡
Fn=-Ft tan40o
Fn=-75 tan40o
Fn=-62.9o
By equation (1)
Ft=Fcos40o
75=F cos40o
Step2:magnitude of force F=260 N F=97.9 N
5 2/12 A force F of magnitude 800 N is
𝜃 =tan-1(12) applied to point C of the bar AB as
θ=22.6o shown. Determine both the x-y and the
Scalar components of force P along ‘n’ n-t components of F.
Pn=260 cos(30o-22.6o)
Pn=258 N
Scalar components of force P along ‘t’
Pt=260 sin(30o-22.6o)
Pt=33. 5N
2/11 The t-component of the force F is
known to be 75N. Determine the n-
component and the magnitude of F.
Step1:
Free body diagram
Soln.
Step2:
Step2: The t-component of the force
Components of force F along ‘x’
F,Ft=75 N.Let Fn be the n-component
of the force F Fx= -800 cos200
Fx= -752 lb Rx= 7cos45o-3cos30o

Components of force F along ‘y’ Rx= 2.35 kips
Fy= 800 sin200 y-components of resultant force
Ry= ∑Fy
Fy= 274 lb Ry= -7sin60o+3 sin30o
Step3: Ry= -3.45 kips
Components of force along ‘t’ The resultant of the two forces is
Ft= -800 cos400 R=Rxi+Ryj
Ft= -613 lb R= (2.35i-3.45j)kips
Components of force along ‘n’ 2/14 To satisfy design limitations it is
Fn= -800 sin400 necessary to determine the effect of the 2-
kN tension in the cable on the shear,
Fn= -514 lb
tension, and bending of the fixed I-beam.
2/13 The two forces shown act at point A
For this purpose replace this force by its
of the bent bar. Determine the resultant R
equivalent of two forces at A, Ft parallel
of the two forces.
and Fn perpendicular to the beam.
Determine Ft and Fn.
Soln.
Step1:
Free body diagram
Step2:
Components of force along ‘t’
Ft= 2 cos(200+300)
Ft=1.286 kN
Components of force along ‘n’
Fn=2 sin(200+300)
Fn=1.532 kN
2/15 Determine the magnitude Fs of
the tensile spring force in order that
the resultant of Fs and F is a vertical
Step2: force. Determine the magnitude R of
x-components of resultant force this vertical resultant force.
Rx= ∑Fx
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Lift force L=50 lb
𝐿
Ratio of the lift force to drag force =10
𝐷
50
=10
𝐷
D=5 lb
Magnitude of resultant force R =√𝐿2 + 𝐷2
R=√52 + 502
R=50.2 lb
Step2:Magnitude of force F=120 lb Step3:
Angle made by the resultant with ‘D’
Tensile spring force be Fs 𝐿
Since the horizontal component of ‘R’ 𝜃 =tan-1( )
𝐷
is zero 50
F=Fs cos60o 𝜃 =tan-1( )
5
F=120 cos60o θ =84.3 o
F=60 lb
The resultant force 2/17 Determine the components of the
R=Fsin60o 2-kN force along the oblique axes a
R=120sin60o and b. Determine the projections of F
R=103.9 lb onto the a- and b-axes.
2/16 The ratio of the lift force L to the
drag force D for the simple airfoil is L/D
=10. If the lift force on a short section of
the airfoil is 200 N, compute the
magnitude of the resultant force R and the
angle θ which it makes with the
horizontal.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2: Step1: Free body diagram
By the law of sine’s
𝐹𝑎 2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛15𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛15𝑜
Fa= ×2
𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
Fa=0.598 kN
𝐹𝑏 2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜
Fb= ×2
𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
Fb=1.633 kN Step2:
Step3: By the law of sine
𝑅𝑏 800
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛30 𝑠𝑖𝑛40
Rb= 622 N
𝑅𝑎 800
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛110 𝑠𝑖𝑛40
Ra= 1170 N
Step3:Let Pa be the orthogonal
projection of P onto a-axis
Let Pa and Pb be the projections of

force P along a and b.
Pa=2 cos45o
Pa=1.414 kN
Pb=2 cos15o
Step4:
Pb=1.932 kN Pa=R cos300
=800 cos300
2/18 Determine the scalar components Ra =693 N
and Rb of the force R along the non rectan 2/19 Determine the resultant R of the
-gular axes a and b. Also determine the two forces shown by (a) applying the
orthogonal projection Pa of R onto axis a. parallelogram rule for vector addition
and (b) summing scalar components.
R= √(520)2 + (−700)2
R=872 N
Angle θ made by ‘R’
𝑅𝑥
θ=tan-1( )
𝑅𝑦
700
=tan-1( )
520
=53.4o
So the angle made by resultant with the
vertical
θ=90o-53.4o
θ=36.6o
2/20 It is desired to remove the spike from
Soln.
the timber by applying force along its
Step1: Free body diagram horizontal axis. An obstruction A prevents
direct access, so that two forces, one 1.6
kN and the other P, are applied by cables
as shown. Compute the magnitude of P
necessary to ensure a resultant T directed
along the spike. Also find T.
Step2:(a)
From the law of cosine’s
R2=4002+6002 – 2(400)(600)cos1202
R2=760000
R2=872 N
Let θ be the angle made with the Soln.
vertical,then by the law of sine’s Step1: Free body diagram
600 872
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
𝜃=36.6o
Step3:(b)
x-components of resultant force
Rx= ∑Fx
Rx=600cos30o
Rx=520 N
y-components of resultant force
Ry= ∑Fy Step2: From figure
Ry= -400-600sin30o 4
θ1=tan-1( )
Ry=-700 N 8
Magnitude of the resultant force θ1=26.57o
6
R= √R2x + R2y θ2=tan-1( )
8
θ2=36.87o
α=180o – (θ1+θ2) 800 𝑅

α=180o – (26.57o+36.87o) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 sin(180−𝜃)
α=116.56o
By the law of sine sin(180−𝜃)
𝑃 400 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 =R×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
800
β=18.19o
2/22 The unstretched length of the
P= 537 lb
𝑃 spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m is 100
𝑇
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
mm.When pin P is in the position
θ=30o determine the x- and y-
T= 800.541 lb components of the force which the
2/21 At what angle θ must the 800-N spring exerts on the pin. (The force in
force be applied in order that the a spring is given by F=kx, where x is
resultant R of the two forces has a the deflection from the unstretched
magnitude of 2000 N? For this length.)
condition, determine the angle θ
between R and the vertical.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Magnitude of the resultant force R=2000
lb
From the law of cosine’s Step2: Givent hat spring modulus k=1.2
20002=14002+8002 – kN/m
2(1400)(800)cos(180o-θ)
Unstretched length of spring l =0.1m
But cos(180o-θ)=-cosθ
Therefore Position of point A=0.06i+0.04j
Position of point P=0.08sin30i-0.08cos30j
20002=14002+8002 +
P=0.04i-0.0693j
2(1400)(800)cosθ
Position vector PA=OA-OP
θ=51.3o
PA=(0.06-0.04)i-[(0.04)-(-0.0693)]j
From the law of sine’s
PA=0.02i+0.1093j
Magnitude of PA=√0.022 + 0.10932

PA=0.1111m
𝑃𝐴
Unit vector nPA=
𝑃𝐴
0.02𝐢+0.1093𝐣
n PA=
√(0.02)2 +(0.1093)2
n PA=0.18i+0.984j
Magnitude of spring force F= Kx

Where x is change in length.
x=PA- l
x =0.1111-0.1
x=0.0111m
F=1.2 kN×0.0111 Step3:
F=13.32 N The coordinates of points A and P are
Step3: A=(0.06i,0.04j)
Spring force vector P=(0.08 sin20oi-0.08cos20oj)
P=(0.0274i-0.0752j)
F=F nPA
Hence the position vector PA is given
=13.32(0.18i+0.984j) by
=(2.4i+13.1j) N PA=OA-OP
x and y components of force are PA=(0.06-0.0274)i + [0.04-(-0.0752]j
Fx=2.4 N PA=0.0326i+0.1152j
Fy=13.1 N The magnitude of the vector is given
2/23 Refer to the statement and figure by
of Prob. 2/22. When pin P is in the
position θ=20o,determine the n- and t- PA= √(0.0326)2 + (0.1152)2
components of the force F which the PA=0.1197m
spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m exerts The magnitude of the spring force is
on the pin. given by
Step1:Given that F=kx
Spring constant of the spring k=1.2 Where x=PA - 0.01
kN/m x=0.1197-0.01
Unstrectched length of the spring, x=0.0197m
F=1.2×0.0197
l=0.1m F=0.0237 kN
The angle made by the pin with the F=23.7 kN
vertical θ=20o
Let the centre of the coordinate system 2/24 The cable AB prevents bar OA from
be positioned at 0. rotating clockwise about the pivot O. If the
Step2:The arrangement of the spring cable tension is 750N.Determine the n-
system at the present instant is as and t-components of this force acting on
shown by the free body diagram point A of the bar.
Components of force T along ‘t’

Tt=-T cos𝜃
Tn=-750 cos26.37
Tn=-672 N
2/25 At what angle θ must the 400-N
force be applied in order that the
resultant R of the two forces have a
magnitude of 1000 N? For this
condition what will be the angle θ
between R and the horizontal?
Soln.

Step2:
Tension in the cable T=750 N
Let Tn and Tt be the components of force
‘T’ along ‘n’ and ‘t’axes respectively
By the cosine law
AB=
√OA2 + OB2 − 2(OA)(OB)cos120o
AB= Step2:
√(1.5)2 + (1.2)2 − 2(1.5)(1.2)(−0.866) Magnitude of the resultant force
R=1000 lb
AB=2.34 m
Let θ be the angle between the
Step3:
resultant force ‘R’ and horizontal force
Applying sine rule for triangle BOA
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛120o
700 lb.
= From the law of cosine’s
1.2 𝐴𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛120o 10002=4002+7002 –
Sin𝜃= 2.34
×1.2 2(400)(700)cos(180o-θ)
𝜃=26.37o cosθ=0.625
Step3: θ=51.32o
By the law of sine’s
Components of force T along ‘n’ 400 1000
Tn=T Sin𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
=sin(180−𝜃)
Tn=750 Sin26.37 sin(180−51.32𝑜 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽=400× 1000
Tn=333.12 N
β=18.19o
2/26 In the design of the robot to insert the

small cylindrical part into a close-fitting
circular hole, the robot arm must exert a
90-N force P on the part parallel to the
axis of the hole as shown. Determine the
components of the force which the part
exerts on the robot along axes (a) parallel
and perpendicular to the arm AB, and (b)
parallel and perpendicular to the arm BC.
By resolving forces
Pt=90sin45
Pt=63.6 N (parallel force)
Pn=90cos45
Pn=63.6 N (perpendicular force)
2/27 The guy cables AB and AC are
attached to the top of the transmission
tower. The tension in cable AC is 8 kN.
Determine the required tension T in
cable AB such that the net effect of the
two cable tensions is a downward
Soln. force at point A. Determine the
Step1: Given magnitude R of this downward force.
Force exerted by robot P=90 N
Let parallel force = Pt
Let perpendicular force = Pn
Step2:
(a) Components of force which the part
exerts on the robot along parallel and
perpendicular to the angle arm AB.
Soln.
By resolving forces,
Pt=-90cos30
Pt=-77.9 N (parallel force)
Pn=90sin30
Pn=45 N (perpendicular force)
Step3:
(b) Parallel and perpendicular forces to
the arm BC. Step2:
Tension in the cable AC,Tac=8 kN Soln.

Let the tension in the cable AB be Tab Step1:Geometric solution
Let the magnitude of the resultant
force be R
From the figure
50
θ1=tan-1( )
40
θ1=51.3o
40
θ2=tan-1( )
60
θ2=37.3o
θ3=180o - θ1 - θ2
θ3=95o
By the law of sine
𝑇𝑎𝑐 𝑇𝑎𝑏
= Step2:
sinθ1 sinθ2
Let Fx and Fa be the forces along x
sinθ2 and a-axes respectively.
Tab=400× Let R be the resultant force.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
𝑠𝑖𝑛37.7o From law of cosine
Tab=400× R2=9002+8002-2(900)(800)cos75o
𝑠𝑖𝑛51.3𝑜
Tab=5.68 kN R2=1077300.575
𝑅 𝑇𝑎𝑐 R=1037.93
= Step3:
sinθ3 sinθ1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 By the law of sine
R=8×
sinθ1
𝑠𝑖𝑛95o 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛75
R=8×𝑠𝑖𝑛51.3𝑜 =
800 1037.93
R=10.21 kN
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼=0.744
2/28 The gusset plate is subjected to the
α=48.12o.
two forces shown. Replace them by two
equivalent forces, Fx in the x-direction and From triangle ‘OCD’
Fa in the a-direction. Determine the 180o=β+45o+65o+ α
magnitudes of Fx and Fa. Solve 180o=β+45o+65o+48.12o
geometrically or graphically. β =21.88o
By the law of sine
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fx 1037.93
Fx=547.02 N
Step3:
Now considering triangle ‘OCa’
By the law of sine
sin(𝛼+65) 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fa 1037.93
sin(48.12+65) 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fa 1037.93
sin(113.12) 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fa 1037.93
Fa=1349.963 N
PROBLEMS Step3:Considering similar triangles

Introductory Problems
2/29 The 10 kN force is applied atpoint
A. Determine the moment of F about
point O. Determine the points on the x-
and y-axes about which the moment of
F is zero.
3 5
=
4 4+𝑥
20
4+x=
3
x=2.67 m
𝑦 3
=
𝑥 4
3
y=2.67×
4
y=2 m
Soln. point B(0,2)
Step1: Free body diagram C(2.67,0)
2/30 Determine the moment of the
800-N force about point A and about
point O.
Step2:
The magnitude of force F=10 kN
Let B and C be the points on y and x-
axes respectively. Soln.
Components of force along x and y- Step1: Free body diagram
axes.
4
Fx=10×
5
Fx=8 kN
3
Fy=10×
5
Fy=6 kN
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +)
Mo=Fx×5 - Fy×4
Mo=8×5 - 6×5
Mo=10 kNm Step2:Magnitude of force F=200 lb
Taking moment about ‘A’ 55𝐢+𝟑𝟎j

F=50[ ]
MA=200cos30o×35 62.65
MA=6062.2 lb-in (CW) F=43.89i+23.94j
Taking moment about ‘O’ Step3:(a)
MO = 200cos30o×35 – 200sin30o×35 Taking moment about ‘O’
MO = 6062.2 – 2500 Mo=OA×F
MO = 3562.2 lb –in (CW) Mo=(-15i-20j)×( 43.89i+23.94j)
2/31 Determine the moment of the 50N Mo=(-15×23.94)k+(-20×43.89)(-k)
force (a) about point O by Varignon’s Mo=518.7k
theorem and (b) about point C by a Magnitude of moment about ‘O’ is
vector approach. Mo=518.7 Nmm(CCW)
Step4:(b)
Moment about ‘C’
Mc=CA×F
Position vector of CA,CA=OA-OC
CA=-15i+(-20-25)j
CA=-15i-45j
Mc=(-15i+(-20-25)j)×( 43.89i+23.94j)
Mc=(-15×23.94)k+(-45×43.89)(-k)
Mc=1615.95k
Magnitude of moment about ‘C’ is
Mc=1615.95 Nmm(CCW)
Soln. 2/32 The force of magnitude F acts along
Step1: Free body diagram the edge of the triangular plate. Determine
the moment of F about point O.
Soln.
Step2: Given that
Force acting along line AB,F=50 kN
From figure.
Position vector of A,OA=-15i-20j
Position vector of B,OB=40i+10j
Position vector of C,OC =25j
Vector form of AB,AB=OB-OA Step2:
AB=(40+15)i+(10+20)j Point A(0,h)
AB=55i+30j Point B(b,0)
𝐀𝐁 Vector AB=bi-hj
Force vector along line AB,F=F
ǀ𝐀𝐁ǀ b𝐢−h𝐣
F=F[
55𝐢+𝟑𝟎j
] Unit Vector AB= nAB=
√𝑏2 +ℎ2
√552 +302
Vector OA=hj
Moment about ‘O’ MO= OA × F
Fb𝐢−Fh𝐣
MO= hj ×[ √𝑏2 +ℎ2
]
Fbh
MO= - k
√𝑏2 +ℎ2
Fbh
MO=√𝑏2+ℎ2 (CW)
2/33 In steadily turning the water
pump,a person exerts the 120N force
on the handle as shown. Determine
the moment of this force about point O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram Step2:
Let the tension required be ‘T’
Taking moment about ‘O’
(Anticlock wise +) MO=0
1.8 - T×0.05=0
1.8
T=
0.05
T=36 N
2/35 A force F of magnitude 60 N is
applied to the gear. Determine the
Step2: moment of F about point O.
Magnitude of force F=120 N
Moment of force about ‘O’ (CW +)
Mo=F cos(20o+15o)×0.15
Mo=120cos35o×0.15
Mo=14.74 Nm
2/34 The throttle-control sector pivots
freely at O. If an internal torsional spring
exerts a return moment M =1.8 on the
sector when in the position shown, for
design purposes determine the necessary
throttle-cable tension T so that the net
moment about O is zero. Note that when T
is zero, the sectorrests against the idle-
control adjustment screw at R.
Step2: Given
x and y components of force ‘F’
Fy=250 cos15o
Soln. Fy=241.48 N
Step1: Free body diagram Fx=250 sin15o
Fx=64.7 N
Step3:
Mo – Fy(0.2)+Fx(0.03)=0
Mo – 241.48(0.2)+64.7(0.03)=0
Mo - 48.296+1.92 =0
Mo=46.36 Nm
2/37 A mechanic pulls on the 13-mm
combination wrench with the 140-N
force shown. Determine the moment of
this force about the bolt center O.
Step2:
Fy=F cos cos20o
Fy=60 cos cos20o
Fy=56.38 N
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW+)
Mo=Fy×0.1
Mo=56.38×0.1
Mo=5.64 Nm
2/36 Calculate the moment of the 250-N
force on the handle of the monkey wrench Soln.
about the center of the bolt. Step1: Free body diagram
Soln. Step2:
Step1: Free body diagram Magnitude of force F=140 N
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW+) triangular portion pivots clockwise, and
Mo=Fcosθ×0.095 the pennies roll into the left collection
Mo=Fcos(25o-10o)×0.095 column. Determine the moment about
Mo=140cos10o×0.095 O of the weight of the penny in terms
Mo=13.1 Nm of the slant distance s in millimeters.
2/38 As a trailer is towed in the forward
direction, the force F =500 N is applied as
shown to the ball of the trailer hitch.
Determine the moment of this force about
point O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
mgcos200 and mgsin200 are
components of weight perpendicular
Step2: Given that force F=120 lb parallel to the inclined plane
Let Fx and Fy be the components of force respectively.
along x and y-axes respectively. Taking moment about pivot ‘O’ (CW +)
Taking moment about ‘O’ Mo= mgcos200×s+ mgsin200(9.5+3.5)
(Anticlock wise +) MO=Fx ×1.5+Fy × 11 Mo=3.06×10-3×9.81cos200×s+3.06×10-3
Mo= 120 sin30o ×1.5+120cos30o × 11 ×9.81sin200(9.5+3.5)
Mo=90+1143.15 Mo=(0.0282s+0.1335) Nmm (s in mm)
Mo=1233.15 lb-in (CW) 2/40 Elements of the lower arm are shown
2/39 A portion of a mechanical coin in the figure.The mass of the forearm is 2.3
sorter works as follows:Pennies and kg with mass center at G. Determine the
dimes roll down the 20o incline,the last combined moment about the elbow pivot
triangular portion of which pivots freely O of the weights of the forearm and the
about a horizontal axis through O. 3.6kg homogeneous sphere. What must the
Dimes are light enough (2.28 grams biceps tension force be so that the overall
each) so that the triangular portion moment about O is zero?
remains stationary, and the dimes roll
into theright collection column.
Pennies, on the other hand, are heavy
enough (3.06 grams each) so that the
the moment of T about the drum

center C. At what angle θ should T be
applied so that the moment about the
contact point P is zero?
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Magnitude of force T=32 lb
Taking moment about ‘C’(CW+)
Mc=T×5
Mc=32×5
Mc=160 lb-in
Step2: Given that For the moment about the contact
Weight of the fore arm W1=5 lb point P to be zero,the applied force
Weight of the sphere W2=8 lb should pass through point P.
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the bicep. Let θ be the angle of T with the
Moment about ‘O’ due to the weights 5 lb horizontal such that
and 8 lb.
(Clock wise +) Mo=8×13+5×6sin55o
Mo=104+24.57
Mo=128.57 lb-in (CW)
The combined moment due to the all
forces is zero.
(Clock wise +)∑ Mo=0
128.57-T×2=0
T=64.29 lb From the triangle PCB
𝐵𝐶
Cosθ=
𝐶𝑃
2/41 A 32 lb pull T is applied to a 5
Cosθ=
cord,which is wound securely around 8
the inner hub of the drum.Determine θ=51.3o
2/42 A force of 200 N is applied to the Soln.

end of the wrench to tighten a flange Step1: Free body diagram
bolt which holds the wheel to the axle.
Determine the moment M produced by
this force about the center O of the
wheel for the position of the wrench
shown.
Step2:
Magnitude of tenion T=780 lb
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW +)
Mo=780cos20o×10cos30o-780sin20o×5
Mo=6347.62-1333.88
Mo=5013.74 lb-ft
2/44 The uniform work platform, which
has a mass per unit length of 28 kg/m,
is simply supported by cross rods A
and B. The 90-kg construction worker
starts from point B and walks to the
Soln. right. At what location ‘s’ will the
Step1: Free body diagram combined moment of the weights of
the man and platform about point B be
zero?
Step2: Magnitude of force F=200 N

OA=450-62.5 cos20
OA=391.27 mm
Moment about ‘O’
(Clock wise +) Mo=F×OA Soln.
Mo=200×391.27 Step1: Free body diagram
Mo=78253.84 Nmm
2/43 In order to raise the flagpole OC,
a light frame OAB is attached to the
pole and a tension of 780 lb is
developed in the hoisting cable by the
power winch D. Calculate the moment
Mo of this tension about thehinge point
O. Step2: Given that
Mass of the platform M=28 kg/m
Mass of the worker m=90 kg
Weight of the platform
W=28×(1+4+3)×9.81
W=2197.44 N
Moment of all force at ‘B’ is zero.
MB=0 x=15 m
mg×S -W×1=0 Now considering triangle ‘ABC’
mg×S=W ℎ
tanθ=
12+𝑥
𝑊 25.98
S= tanθ=
𝑚𝑔
12+15
25.98
2197.44 tanθ=
S= 27
90×9.8 θ=tan-10.9622
S=2.49 m θ=43.897o
2/45 In raising the pole from the From ΔOAC
position shown, the tension T in the 1800=α+θ+120o
cable must supply a moment about O 1800=α+43.897o +120o
of 72kNm . Determine T. α=16.103o
Step3:

∑Mo=0
Soln. Mo-Tsinα×30=0
Step1: Free body diagram Tsin16.103o×30=72
T=8.653 kN
2/46 The force exerted by the plunger of
cylinder AB on the door is 40 N directed
along the line AB, and this force tends to
keep the door closed. Compute the
moment of this force about the hinge O.
What force FC normal to the plane of the
door must the door stop at C exert on the
door so that the combined moment about
O of the two forces is zero?
Step2:
Given,moment about ‘O’ Mo=72 kN
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable
Considering triable OBC
ℎ
sin60o=
30
h=25.98 m
𝑥
cos60o=
30
Soln.
Step2:
Step2: Given that Given,applied force F=2 lb
Force exerted by the plunger F=40 N Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW +)
100 ∑Mo=-2cos20o×(10sin60o+1.5)-
tanθ= 2sin20o×(1ocos60o)
400
θ=14.036o ∑Mo=-19.095-3.42
Taking moment about point ‘O’ ∑Mo=-22.5 lb-in
Mo=40cos14.036o(75)+ 40sin14.036o(425) 2/48 Calculate the moment MA of the 200-
Mo=2910.43+4123.035 N force about point A by using three scalar
Mo=7033.465 Nmm (CCW) methods and one vector method.
Let ‘Fc’ be the reaction force at ‘C’
Taking moment about point ‘O’
∑Mo=0
Fc (825) - Mo=0
Fc (825) - 7033.465 =0
Fc (825) = 7033.465
Fc =8.525 N
2/47 The 2lb force is applied to the
handle of the hydraulic control valve as
shown. Calculate the moment of this
force about point O.
Soln.
Step2: Method1
Taking moment about ‘A’
MA=Fcos15o×280+ Fsin15o×400
Soln. MA=200cos15o×280+ 200sin15o×400
Step1: Free body diagram MA=74797.4 Nm (CW)
Step3: Method2
Considering the force applied at ‘D’

CD=400tan15o
CD=107.18 mm Soln.
DA=AC+CD Step1: Free body diagram
DA=280+107.18
DA=387.18 mm
MA= 200cos15o×DA
MA= 200cos15o×387.18
MA=74797.4 Nm (CW)
Step4: Method3
Finding the perpendicular distance AE
DA=387.18 mm Step2:
DE=DAsin15o Elastic modulus of band k=60 N/m
DE=387.18 sin15o Unstretched length of band xo=0.74m
DE=100.21 mm OC=OA+AC
AE=√𝐷𝐴2 + 𝐷𝐸 2 OC=0.635+0.74
AE=√387.182 + 100.212 OC=1.375 m
AE=374 mm 1.375
θ=tan-1
Taking moment about ‘A’ 0.635
MA=200×374 θ=65.2o
Step3:
MA=74797.4 Nm
Change in the length of band x=BC-xo
Step5: Vector method
x=1.515-0.74
r=200i+480j
Deflection of spring x=0.775m
F=-200 cos15oi+200 sin15oj Spring force F=kx
M A= r × F F=60×0.775
MA=(200i+480j) × (=-200 cos15oi+200 F=46.5 N
sin15oj) Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +)
MA=74797.4k Nm Mo=Fsinθ×OB
2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the Mo=46.5sin62.5o×0.535
90-N force about point O for the Mo=26.8 Nm
condition θ=15o. Also, determinethe 2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the 90-N
value of θ for which the moment about force about point O for the condition
O is (b) zero and (c) a maximum. θ=15o. Also, determine the value of θ for
which the moment about O is (b) zero and
(c) a maximum.
c) For the moment to be maximum the

applied force should be perpendicular.
0.6
tanα=
0.8
α=36.9o
θ=90+α
θ=90+36.9o
θ=126.9o
2/51 The small crane is mounted along
the side of a pickup bed and facilitates
Soln. Given that
the handling of heavy loads. When the
Applied force F=90 N
boom elevation angle is θ=40o,the
a) θ=15o force in the hydraulic cylinder BC is 4.5
Step1: Free body diagram kN, and this force applied at point C is
in the direction from B toC (the cylinder
is in compression). Determine the
moment of this 4.5-kN force about the
boom pivotpoint O.
Step2:
(Anticlock wise +)
Mo=Fcosθ×0.6 - Fsinθ × 0.8
Mo=90cos15o×0.6+ 90sin15o×0.8
Mo=33.52 Nm
Step3:
b) Moment of the force about ‘O’ is zero.
Mo=0
Fcosθ×0.6 - Fsinθ × 0.8=0 Soln.
cosθ×0.6=sinθ × 0.8 Step1: Free body diagram
0.6
tanθ=
0.8
θ=36.9o
Step4:
Step2:
Let the angle made by the force F with
the horizontal be α
360+340sin40−110cos40
tanα=
340cos40+110sin40
494.283
tanα=
331.162
α=56.2o ∑MB=0
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +) MB – P(EF+FB)=0
Mo=Fcosα×OB MB = P(EF+FB)
Mo=4.5cos56.2o ×0.36 MB =90(150+450sin30o)
Mo=0.902 kNm MB =90(375)
2/52 Design criteria require that the robot MB =33750 Nmm
exert the 90-N force on the part as shown MB =33.75 Nm
while inserting a cylindrical part into the
Step3:
circular hole. Determine the moment about
points A, B, and C of the force which the
part exerts on the robot. ∑MA=0
MA – P(EF+FB+BG)=0
MA = P(EF+FB+BG)
MA =90(150+450sin30o+550sin45o)
MA =90(3763.91)
MA =68751.9 Nmm
MA =68.752 Nm
2/53 The masthead fitting supports the
two forces shown. Determine the
magnitude of T which will cause no
bending of the mast (zero moment) at
point O.
Soln.
Step2:
Let T be the tension in the string.
∑Mo=0
5cos30o×90+5sin30o×90-
5 2×60
T ×120- T =0
√22 +52 √22 +52
389.71+150-11.42T-22.28T=0
133.7T=539.71
T=4.04 kN
Step2: Given that 2/54 The piston, connecting rod, and
Force exerted by the robot at ‘D’ P=90 N crankshaft of a diesel engine are shown in
Taking moment about ‘C’ the figure. The crank throw OA is half the
∑MC=0 stroke of 8in, and the length AB of the rod
MC – P(150)=0 is 14in. For the position indicated, the rod
is under a compression along AB of
MC=13500 Nmm
3550lb. Determine the moment M of this
MC=13.5 Nm
force about the crankshaft axis O.
Taking moment about ‘B’
(Clockwise +) Mo=Fsinθ×OB
Mo=3550 sin14.33o×15.56
Mo=13671.81 lb-in
Mo=1139 lb-ft
2/55 The 120-N force is applied as
shown to one end of the curved
wrench. If α=30o, calculate the
moment of F about the center O of the
bolt. Determine thevalue of α which
would maximize the moment about O;
state the value of this maximum
moment.
Soln.
Step2: Soln.
OA=8 in Step1: Free body diagram
AB=14 in
Compression in the rod AB, T=3550 lb.
AD=OA cos30o
AD=4(0.866)
AD=3.464 in
OD=OA sin30o
OD=4 sin30
OD=2 in
BD=√𝐴𝐵 2 − 𝐴𝐷2
BD=√142 − 3.4642
BD=13.56 in Step2:Applied force F=120 N
OB=BD+OD Taking moment about ‘O’(CW+)
OB=13.56+2 Mo=120cos30o(70+150+70)+
OB=15.56 in 120cos30o(25+70+70+25)
AB Mo=41537.68Nmm
θ=tan-1 Step3:
AD
For maximum moment Mo the force F
3.464 should be perpendicular to the line
θ=tan-1
13.56 joining AB.
25+70+25+70
θ=14.33o tanα=
70+150+70
Step3: α=33.2o
Taking moment about ‘O’ Step4:For this condition
OA=√(25 + 70 + 25 + 70)2 + (70 + 150 + 70)2

OA=346.7mm Step2:
Taking moment about ‘O’ a) Taking moment about ‘C’.
Mo=120×346.7 ∑MC=0
Mo=41603.84 Nmm P×8+100cos60o×4-100sin60o×8=0
2/56 If the combined moment of the two P=61.6 lb
forces about point C is zero, determine Step3:
(a) the magnitude of the force P. b) ∑Fx=Rx
(b) the magnitude R of the resultant of the Rx= - 100cos60o-61.6
two forces. Rx=-111.6 lb
(c) the coordinates x and y of the point A ∑Fy=Ry
on the rim of the wheel about which the Ry=100 sin60o
combined moment of the two forces is a Ry=86.6 lb
maximum. R=√𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2
(d) the combined moment MA of the two
R=√(−111.6)2 + (86.6)2
forces about A.
R=141.3 lb
Step3:
𝐹𝑦
c) θ=tan-1
𝐹𝑥
86.6
θ=tan -1
143.3
θ=37.81o
Step4:
Soln.
x=8sinθ
x=8sin37.81o
x=4.9 in
y=8cosθ
x=8cos37.81o
x=6.32 in
Step5:
Moment about ‘A’
MA=R×BA
BA=OA+OB
BA=8+4 cosθ
BA=8+4cos37.81o
BA=11.61 in
Since MA=R×BA
MA=143.3×11.61
MA=15771 lb-in (CW)
PROBLEMS
2/57 The caster unit is subjected to the
pair of 400-Nforces shown. Determine
the moment associated with these
forces.
2/60 The indicated force–couple

system is applied to a small shaft at
the center of the plate.Replace this
system by a single force and specify
the coordinate of the point on the x-
axis through which the line of action
of this resultalt force passes.
2/58 A force F=60 N acts along the line

AB. Determine the equivalent force–
couple system at point C.
2/61 The bracket is spot welded to the

end of the shaft at point O.To show the
effect of the 900-N force on the weld,
replace the force by its equivalent of a
force and couple M at O. Express M in
vector notation.
2/59 The top view of a revolving

entrance door is shown. Two persons
simultaneously approach the door and
exert force of equal magnitudes as
shown. If the resulting moment about
the door pivot axis at O is 25 Nm,
determine the force magnitude F.
.
2/62 As part of a test, the two aircraft

engines are revved up and the 2/64 Each propeller of the twin-screw
propeller pitches are adjusted so as to ship develops a fullspeed thrust of 300
result in the fore and aft thrusts shown. kN. In maneuvering the ship,one
What force F must be exerted by the propeller is turning full speed ahead
ground on each of the main braked and the other full speed in reverse.
wheels at A and B to counteract the What thrust P must each tug exert on
turning effect of the two propeller the ship to counteract the effect of the
thrusts? Neglect any effects of the ship’s propellers?
nose wheel C, which is turned 90N
and unbraked.
Representative Problems
2/65 A lug wrench is used to tighten a
square-head bolt. If 250-N forces are
applied to the wrench as shown,
determine the magnitude F of the
equal forces exerted on the four
contact points on the 25-mm bolt head
so that their external effect on the bolt
is equivalent to that of the two 250-N
forces. Assume that the forces are
2/63 Replace the 10-kN force acting
perpendicular to the flats of the bolt
on the steel column by an equivalent
head.
force–couple system at point O.This
replacement is frequently done in the
design of structures.
.
2/66 During a steady right turn, a

person exerts the forces shown on the
steering wheel. Note that each force
consists of a tangential component
and a radiallyinward component.
Determine the moment exerted about 2/68 A force F of magnitude 50 N is
the steering column at O. exerted on the automobile parking -
brake lever at the position x =250mm.
Replace the force by an equivalent
force–couple system at the pivot point
O.
2/69 The tie-rod AB exerts the 250-N

force on the steering knuckle AO as
shown. Replace this force by an
equivalent force–couple system at O.
2/67 The 180-N force is applied to the

end of body OAB. If θ= 50o, determine
the equivalent force–couple system at
the shaft axis O.
.
2/72 Calculate the moment MB of the

2/70 The combined drive wheels of a 900-N force about the bolt at B.
front-wheel-drive automobile are acted Simplify your work by first replacing
on by a 7000-N normal reaction force the force by its equivalent force-couple
and a friction force F, both of which are system at A.
exerted by the road surface. If it is
known that the resultant of these two
forces makes a 15o angle with the
vertical, determine the equivalent
force–couple system at the car mass
center G. Treat this as a two
dimensional problem.
2/71 The system consisting of the bar 2/73 The bracket is fastened to the
OA,two identicalpulleys, and a section girder by means of the two rivets A
of thin tape is subjected to the two and B and supports the 2-kN force.
180N tensile forces shown in the Replace this force by a force acting
figure. Determine the equivalent force– along the centreline between the rivets
couple system at point O. and a couple. Then redistribute this
force and couple by replacing it by two
forces,one at A and the other at B, and
ascertain the forces supported by the
rivets.
.
2/76 The device shown is a part of an

automobile seatback-release mechan-
ism. The part is subjected to the 4-N
force exerted at A and a restoring
moment exerted by a hidden torsional
spring. Determine the y-intercept of the
line of action of the single equivalent
force.
2/74 The angle plate is subjected to

the two 250-N forces shown. It is
desired to replace these forces by an
equivalent set consisting of the 200-N
force applied at A and a second force
applied at B. Determine the y-
coordinate of B.
2/75 The weld at O can support a

maximum of 2500 N of force along
each of the n- and t-directions and a
maximum of 1400 Nm of moment.
Determine the allowable range for the
direction θ of the 2700-N force applied
at A. The angle θ is restricted to 0
≤θ≥90o.
.
Resultant
.
PROBLEMS
2/77 Calculate the magnitude of the
tension T and the angle θ for which the
eye bolt will be under a resultant
downward force of 15 kN.
2/80 Determine the height h above the

base B at which the resultant of the
three forces acts.
2/78 Determine the resultant R of the

four forces acting on the gusset plate. 2/81 Where does the resultant of the
Also find the magnitude of R and the two forces act?
angle θx which the resultant makes
with the x-axis.
2/82 Under nonuniform and slippery

road conditions, thetwo forces shown
are exerted on the two rear-drive
wheels of the pickup truck, which has
a limited-slip rear differential.
Determine the y-intercept of the
2/79 Determine the equivalent force– resultant of this force system.
couple system at the origin O for each
of the three cases of forces being
applied to the edge of a circular disk. If
the resultant can be so expressed,
replace this force–couple system with
a stand-alone force.
.
2/86 A commercial airliner with four jet

2/83 If the resultant of the two forces engines, each producing 90 kN of
and couple M passes through point O, forward thrust, is in a steady, level
determine M. cruise when engine number 3suddenly
fails.Determine and locate the
resultant of the three remaining engine
thrust vectors. Treat this as a
twodimensional problem.
2/84 Determine the magnitude of the

force F applied to the handle which will
make the resultant of the three forces
pass through O.
2/87 Replace the three forces acting

on the bent pipe by a single equivalent
force R. Specify the distance x from
point O to the point on the x-axis
through which the line of action of R
passes.
2/85 Determine and locate the

resultant R of the two forces and one
couple acting on the I-beam.
.
2/88 The directions of the two thrust

vectors of an experimental aircraft can
be independently changed from the
conventional forward direction within
limits. For the thrust configuration
shown, determine the equivalent
force–couple system at point O. Then
replace this force–couple system by a
single force and specify the point on
the x-axis through which the line of
action of this resultant passes. These
results are vital to assessing design
performance.
2/91 The design specifications for the
attachment at A for this beam depend
on the magnitude and location of the
applied loads. Represent the resultant
of the three forces and couple by a
single force R at A and a couple M.
Specify the magnitude of R.
2/89 Determine the resultant R of the

three forces acting on the simple truss.
Specify the points on the x- and y-axes
through which R must pass.
2/92 In the equilibrium position shown,

the resultant of the three forces acting
on the bell crank passes through the
bearing O. Determine the vertical force
P. Does the result depend on θ?
2/90 The gear and attached V-belt

pulley are turning counterclockwise
and are subjected to the tooth load of
1600 N and the 800-N and 450-N
tensions in the V-belt. Represent the
action of these three forces by a
resultant force R at O and a couple of
magnitude M. Is the unit slowing down
or speeding up?
.
2/93Two integral pulleys are subjected

to the belt tensions shown.If the
resultant R of these forces passes
through the center O, determine T and
the magnitude of R and the
counterclockwise angle θ it makes
with the x-axis.
2/96 The rolling rear wheel of a front-

wheel-drive automobile which is
accelerating to the right is subjected to
the five forces and one momentshown.
The forces Ax =240 N and Ay= 2000 N
are forces transmitted from the axle to
the wheel, F =160 N is the friction
force exerted by the road surface on
the tire, N =2400 N is the normal
reaction force exerted by the road
surface, and W = 400 N is the weight
2/94 While sliding a desk toward the
of the wheel/tire unit. The couple M=3
doorway, three students exert the
Nm is the bearing friction moment.
forces shown in the overhead view.
Determine and locate the resultant of
Determine the equivalent force–couple
the system.
system at point A. Then determine the
equation of the line of action of the
resultant force.
2/95 Under nonuniform and slippery 2/97 A rear-wheel-drive car is stuck in

road conditions, the four forces shown the snow between other parked cars
are exerted on the four drive wheels of as shown. In an attempt to free the
the all-wheel-drive vehicle. Determine car, three students exert forces on the
the resultant of this system and the x- car at points A, B, and C while the
and y-intercepts of its line of action. driver’s actions result in a forward
Note that the front and rear tracks are thrust of 200 N acting parallel to the
equal (i.e.AB=CD). plane of rotation of each rear wheel.
Treating the problem as two-
dimensional, determine the equivalent
.
force–couple system at the car center

of mass G and locate the position x of
the point on the car centreline through
which the resultant passes. Neglect all
forces not shown.
2/98 An exhaust system for a pickup

truck is shown in the figure. The
weights Wh, Wm, and Wt of the
headpipe,muffler, and tailpipe are 10,
100, and 50 N, respectively, and act at
the indicated points. If the exhaust-
pipe hanger at point A is adjusted so
that its tension FA is 50 N, determine
the required forces in the hangers at
points B, C, and D so that the force–
couple system at point O is zero. Why
is a zero force–couple system at O
desirable?
.
Ch#3 Equilibrium
Step2:
Step3:
Step4:
Step5:
1.5'
.
1
PROBLEMS α= tan-1
0.27
Introductory Problems α=75o
3/1 Determine the force P required to Step3:
maintain the 200-kg engine in the Applying sine’s law
position for which θ=30o. The diameter 𝑃 𝑊
of the pulley at B is negligible. =
sin(90 +30 ) sin(180 −30𝑜 −75𝑜 )
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
P=1962×
𝑠𝑖𝑛75𝑜
P=1759 N
3/2 The mass center G of the 1400-kg
rear-engine car is located as shown in
the figure. Determine the normal force
under each tire when the car is in
equilibrium.State any assumptions.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Mass of car m=1400kg
Weight W=1400×9.81
W=13734 N
Step2: ∑Fy=0
Mass m=200kg Since there are two front and two rear
Weight W=200×9.81 tyres of a car,therefore
=1962 N 2RA+2RB-13734=0 (i)
DC=2sin30o Taking moment about ‘A’
DC=1 m ∑MA=0
AD=2cos30o 2RB(1.386+0.964)-13734×1.386=0
AD=1.732 m 4.7RB=19035.324
BD=2-AD RB=4050 N (ii)
BD=0.27 m Using the value of RB in (i)
𝐷𝐶 2RA+2(4050)-13734=0
α=tan-1 2RA=2817 N
𝐵𝐷
.
3/3 A carpenter carries a 12 lb uniform

board as shown.What downward force
does he feel on his shoulder at A?
Step1:Free body diagram Soln.

Step2:Weight of the board W=12 lb

Let NA and NB be the reactions at
points A and B respectively.Taking
moment about B,
∑MB=0
W×(2+1)-NA×2=0
12×3-2NA=0
2NA=36 Step2:
NA=18 lb Weight of TV, W 1=70×9.81
W 1=686.7 N
3/4 In the side view of a 70kg Weight of the cabinet W 2=24×9.81
television resting on a24kg cabinet, the W 2=235.44 N
mass centers are labeled G1 and G2. Taking moment about A,
Determine the force reactions at A and ∑MA=0
B. (Note that the mass center of most NB ×0.7-W 1×0.6-W 2×0.35=0
televisions is located well forward 0.7NB -686.7×0.6-235.44×0.35=0
because of the heavy nature of the 0.7NB-412.02-82.404=0
front portion of picture tubes.) 0.7NB=706 N
Now ∑Fy=0
NA+NB-W 1-W 2=0
NA+706-686.7-235.44=0
NA=216 N
.
3/5 The roller stand is used to support Let RA and RB be the reactions at A
portions of long boards as they are and B.
being cut on a table saw. If the board Taking moment about A,
exerts a 25-N downward force on the ∑MA=0 (CCW+)
roller C, determine the vertical RD×0.355-25×0.235=0
reactions at A and D. Note that the RD=16.55 N
connection at B is rigid, and that the Now ∑Fy=0
feet A and D are fairly lengthy RA+RD-25=0
horizontal tubes with a nonslip coating. RA+16.55-25=0
RA=8.45 N
3/6 The 450-kg uniform I-beam
supports the load shown.Determine
the reactions at the supports.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the I-beam W1=450×9.81
W1=4414.5 N
Weight of the drum W 2=220×9.81
W2=2158.2 N
RA+RB=4414.5+2158.2
RA+RB=6572.7 (i)
Taking moment about A,
∑MA=0 (CW+)
4414.5×4+2158.2×5.6-RB×8=0
RB=3718 N
Putting this value in (i)
RA+3718=6572.7
RA=2854.7 N
Step2:
Downward force at ‘C’ is 25N
.
3/7 Calculate the force and moment

reactions at the bolted base O of the
overhead traffic-signal assembly. Each 3/8 The 20-kg homogeneous smooth
traffic signal has a mass of 36 kg,while sphere rests on the two inclines as
the masses of members OC and AC shown.Determine the contact forces at
are 50 kg and 55 kg, respectively. A and B.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Mass of the sphere, m=20kg
Weight of sphere, W=20×9.81
Step2: W=196.2 N
Weight of each traffic signal is 80 lb. Considering forces along x-axis
Weight of members OC and AC are ∑Fx=0
110 lb and 120 lb respectively. RA cos150-RB sin30o=0
Let Ox,Oy and Mo=0 be the reactions 0.966NA-0.5NB=0 (i)
and reactive moment at ‘O’ Considering forces along y-axis
respectively. ∑Fy=0
Considering forces along x-axis RA sin150+RB cos30o-196.2=0
∑Fx=0 0.966NA+0.5NB=196.2
Ox =0 0.259NA=196.2-0.866NB
Considering forces along y-axis NA=758.06-3.344NB (ii)
∑Fy=0 Putting above value in (i)
Oy-80-80-110-120=0 0.966(758.06-3.344NB)-0.5NB=0
Oy=390 lb 732.29-3.23NB-0.5NB=0
Taking moment about ‘O’ 3.73NB=732.29
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) NB=196.3
80(15+3+12)+80(3+12)+120×12-Mo=0 Using this value in (i)
Mo=5040 lb-ft (CW) 0.966NA-0.5(196.3)=0
0.966NA=98.15
NA=101.6 N
.
3/9 A 120 lb crate resets on the 60 lb necessary to reduce the normal force
pickup tailgate. Calculate the tension T at A to onehalf its nominal (F = 0)
in each of the two restraining cables, value.
one of which is shown. The centers of
gravity are at G1 and G2. The crate is
located midway between the two
cables.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the generator W=160×9.81
W=1569.6 N
Step2: Let F be the force required.
Weight of the crate W 1=120 lb Let RA and RO be the reactions at A
Weight of the tailgate W 2=60 lb and O respectively.
12 For F=0
tanθ=
9.5+2.75 Taking moment about ‘O’
θ=tan-10.9796 ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
θ=44.4o -RA×0.46+1596.6×0.135=0
Taking moment about ‘O’ RA=460.64 N
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) 1
o
120(14)+60(9.5)-2Tsin44.4 (12.25)=0 For RA=230.32 N
2
1680+570-17.14T=0 Taking moment about ‘O’
T=131.27 lb ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
3/10 A portable electric generator has 1569.6(0.135)-230.32(0.46)-F(0.7)=0
a mass of 160 kg with mass center at -0.7F=-105.95
G. Determine the upward force F F=151.36 N
.
3/11 With what force magnitude T must

the person pull on the cable in order to
cause the scale A to read 2000 N? The
weights of the pulleys and cables are
negligible. State any assumptions.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Force applied F=40 N
Let the tension in portion ‘BC’ be ‘T’
Let Ro be reaction at ‘O’
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
Tcos45o(32)+Tsin45o(36) -
40cos10o(78+32)-40sin10o(27)=0
T=94.06 N
3/13 A woodcutter wishes to cause the
tree trunk to fall uphill, even though the
Step2:
trunk is leaning downhill.With the aid of
Weight of the block is 1000 lb and reading
the winch W, what tension T in the cable
is 500 lb. will be required? The 1200lb trunk has a
Let T be the tension in the cable.
center of gravity at G. The felling notch at
Considering forces along y-axis O is sufficiently large so that the resisting
∑Fy=0
moment there is negligible.
5T+500-1000=0
T=100 lb
3/12 The device shown is designed to aid
in the removal of pull-tab tops from cans. If
the user exerts a 40-N force at A,
determine the tension T in the portionBC
of the pull tab.
.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the trunk W=1200 lb Step2:
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable Weight of the block W=300×9.81
Taking moment about ‘O’ W=2943 N
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) Let RA and RB be reactions at A and B.
1200(12sin5o)-T(10+4)cos15o=0 Taking moment about ‘A’
T=81.21 lb ∑MA=0 (CCW+)
3/14 To facilitate shifting the position of a 2943×0.4 - RB×0.6=0
lifting hook when it is not under load, the RB=1962 N
sliding hanger shown is used. The Considering forces along y-axis
projections at A and B engage the flanges ∑Fy=0
of a box beam when a load is supported, RA-RB-W=0
and the hook projects through a horizontal RA=1962+2923
slot in the beam. Compute the forces at A RA=4905 N
3/15 Three cables are joined at the
and B when the hook supports a 300-kg
mass. junction ring C. Determine the tensions in
cables AC and BC caused by the weight
of the 30-kg cylinder.
.
Soln. Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram Step1:Free body diagram
Step2:
Let TAC,TAB and TDC be the tension in the
cables AB,BC and CD respectively. Step2:
Weight of the cylinder W=30×9.81 Total axial force ‘F’ requires is 700N
W=294.3 N Since two prybars are acting at both
Here sides of the pully,the axial force by
TDC=294.3 N each prybar would be 350N.
∑Fx=0 Taking moment about ‘E’
-TACcos45o+294.3cos15o-TBCcos60o=0 ∑ME=0 (CCW+)
0.707TAC+0.5TBC=284.27 (i) 𝑭
-𝟐×0.038+Fcos5(0.25)+Fsin5(0.031)=0
∑Fy=0
-13.3+0.249F+0.0027F=0
TACsin45o+294.3sin15o-TBCsin60o=0
0.252F=13.3
0.707TAC=0.866TBC-76.17
F=52.84N
TAC=1.225 TBC-107.74 (ii)
3/17 The uniform beam has a mass of 50
Using (ii) in (i) kg per meter of length. Compute the
0.707(1.225TBC-107.74)+0.5TBC=284.27 reactions at the support O.The force loads
0.866TBC-76.17+0.5TBC=284.27 shown lie in a vertical plane.
1.366TBC=360.44
TBC=263.87 N
Using above value in (ii)
TAC=1.225(263.87)-107.74
TAC=215.49 N
3/16 A 700-N axial force is required to
remove the pulley from its shaft. What
force F must be exerted on the handle of
each of the two prybars? Friction at the
contact points B and E is sufficient to
prevent slipping;friction at the pulley Soln.
contact points C and F is negligible. Step1:Free body diagram
.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’ along
x and y directions respectively.
Let Mo,be the reaction moment at ‘O’ Step2:
Self load of the beam portions.i.e Applied force 24 kN
F1=50×9.81×(1.8+0.6) Let RA and RB be the reactions at A and B.
F1=1177.2 N Here RA=RB
F1=1.117 kN ∑Fy=0
F2=50×9.81×(0.6+0.6) 24-RAcos15o-RBcos15o=0
F2=588.6 N 2RAcos15o=24
F2=0.589 kN RA=12.42 kN
Step3: RA= RB=12.42 kN
Taking moment about ‘O’ 3/19 The uniform 15m pole has a mass of
∑Mo=0 150 kg and is supported by its smooth
Mo-F1×1.2-3×2.8-F2(2.4+0.6cos30o)+4 – ends against the vertical walls and by the
1.4(2.4cos30o+1.2)=0 tension T in the vertical cable.Compute
Mo-1.177×1.2-5.4-0.589×2.916+4- the reactions at A and B.
1.4×3.278=0
Mo-1.41-5.4-1.72+4-4.59=0
Mo=9.12 kNm
∑Fx=0
Ox+1.4sin30o=0
Ox+0.7=0
Ox=-0.7 kN
∑Fy=0
Oy-F1-F2-3-1.4cos30o=0
Oy-1.177-0.589-3-1.21=0
Oy=5.98 kN
Representative Problems
3/18 A pipe P is being bent by the pipe Soln.
bender as shown. If the hydraulic cylinder Step1:Free body diagram
applies a force of magnitude F = 24 kN to
the pipe at C, determine the magnitude of
the roller reactions at A and B.
Step2:
Length of the pole, L=15m
Weight of the pole, W=150×9.8
W=1471.5 N
.
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable. Soln.

Let RA and RB be the horizental reactions Step1:Free body diagram
at A and B respectively.
OB2+122=152
OB=√152 + 122
OB=9 m
∑Fx=0
RA=RB
∑Fy=0
T-1471.5=0
T=1471.5 N
Step3:
Step2:
Let Ax,Ay and Ex be the reactions at A and
E respectively.
∑Fx=0
Ax+Ex-4000sin30o=0
Ax+Ex=2000 (i)
From similar triangles ADC and ABO ∑Fy=0
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝑂 Ay-4000cos30o+500=0
= Ay=3464.1-500=0
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶 12 Ay=2964.1 N
= Taking moment about ‘A’
5 15
AC=4 m ∑MA=0
Now consider trianglesAFE and ABO 500×8+Ex×3-4000cos30o(4)=0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝑂 3Ex=16000cos30o-4000
= Ex=3285.46 N
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐸 12 Using above value in (i)
=
7.5 15 Ax+3285.46=2000
AE=6 m Ax=-1285.46 N
Taking moment about ‘A’ (CCW+) For maximum P, Ex=0
∑MA=0 Taking moment about ‘A’
RB×9-1471.5×6+1471.5×4=0 ∑MA=0
RB=327 N P×8-4000cos30o(4)=0
RA=RB=327 N
8P=13856.4
3/20 Determine the reactions at A and E if
P = 500 N. What is the maximum value P=1732 N
which P may have for static equilibrium? 3/21 While digging a small hole prior to
Neglect the weight of the structure planting a tree, a homeowner encounters
compared with the applied loads. rocks. If he exerts a horizontal 225-N force
on the prybar as shown, what is the
horizontal force exerted on rock C? Note
that a small ledge on rock C supports a
vertical force reaction there. Neglect
friction at B. Complete solutions (a)
including and(b)excluding the weight of
the 18kg prybar.
.
3/22 Determine the force P required to

begin rolling the uniform cylinder of mass
m over the obstruction of height h.
Soln.
Soln. Step1:Free body diagram
Step2:
Let (Fc)x and (Fc)y be the horizontal and
vertical reactions at ‘C’. Step2:considering the triangle ABC
Let FB be the force exerted by rock at ‘B’
(a) Considering the weight of the prybar.
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
8
50×68+40×34tan20o-FB× 𝑐𝑜𝑠20𝑜=0
3400+495-8.51FB=0
8.51FB=3895
FB=457.7 lb
Taking force along x-axis
(Fc)x+50- FBcos20o=0 BC=√𝑟 2 + (𝑟 − ℎ)2
(Fc)x= 457.7cos20o-50 BC=√𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 − ℎ2 + 2𝑟ℎ
(Fc)x=380 lb BC=√2𝑟ℎ − ℎ2
Step3: 𝐵𝐶
sinθ=𝐴𝐶
(b) Excluding the weight of the prybar.
√2𝑟ℎ−ℎ2
Taking moment about ‘C’ sinθ=
∑MC=0 𝑟
8 Taking moment about ‘C’
50×68-FB× 𝑐𝑜𝑠20𝑜=0 ∑MC=0
FB=399 lb P(r-h)-mgrsinθ=0
Taking forces along x-axis. √2𝑟ℎ−ℎ2
∑Fx=0 P(r-h)-mgr =0
𝑟
FC- FBcos20o+50=0 √2𝑟ℎ−ℎ2
FC- 399cos20o+50=0 P=mg
𝑟−ℎ
FC=325 lb
.
3/23 A 35-N axial force at B is required to 3/24 A person holds a 30-kg suitcase by
open the springloaded plunger of the its handle as indicated in the figure.
water nozzle. Determine the required force Determine the tension in each of the four
F applied to the handle at A and the identical links AB.
magnitude of the pin reaction at O. Note
that the plunger passes through a
vertically-elongated hole in the handle at
B, so that negligible vertical force is
transmitted there.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the suitcase W=60 lb
Number of links is 4.
Let ‘T’ be the tension in each link,so there
are 2T force in the left and right.
∑Fy=0
60-4Tsin35o=0
Step2: Tsin35o=60
Let ‘F’ be the force applied at handle. T=26.15 lb
Let Ox and Oy be the horizontal and 3/25 A block placed under the head of the
vertical reactions at point ‘O’. claw hammer as shown greatly facilitates
Given that 35N of force is the reactive the extraction of the nail. If a 200-N pull on
force at ‘B’ the handle is required to pull the nail,
Taking moment about ‘O’ calculate the tension T in the nail and the
∑Mo=0 magnitude A of the force exerted by the
35×18-Fcos10o(38)- Fsin10o(44)=0 hammer head on the block. The
45.06F=630 contacting surfaces at A are sufficiently
F=13.98 N rough to prevent slipping.
Ste3:
∑Fx=0
Ox-Fcos10o-35=0
Ox-13.98cos10o-35=0
Ox=48.8 N
∑Fy=0
Oy-Fsin10o=0
Oy=2.43 N
Magnitude of reaction at ‘O’
O=√𝑂𝑥 2 + 𝑂𝑦 2 =√48.82 + 2.432
O=48.86 N
.
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram Soln.
Step2:
Force applied on the handle F=50 lb
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the nail.
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and Step2:
vertical reactions at ‘A’ respectively. Let the load weight be WL
Taking moment about ‘A’ Weight of the truck W=3600 lb
∑MA=0 Let the normal forces at A and B be RA
50×8-2T=0 and RB respectively.
T=200 lb Given that the normal forces under the
∑Fx=0 front and rear wheels are equal.
Fcos20o -Ax=0 RA=RB
Ax = 50cos20o Taking moment about ‘A’
Ax = 46.98 lb ∑MA=0
∑Fy=0 3600(45)+ W L(45+67+16)- RB(45+67)=0
Fsin20o +Ay-T=0 162000+ 128W L-112RB =0 (i)
Ay =T- 50sin20o Considering forces along y-axis.
Ay =200- 50sin20o ∑Fy=0
Ay =182.9 lb RA+RB-3600-W L=0
The magnitude of the force ‘A’ exerted by 2RB =3600+ W L (ii)
the hammer head of the block. Using (ii) in (i)
162000+ 128W L-56(3600+W L) =0
A=√𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 162000+128W L-210600-56W L=0
72W L=39600
A=√46.982 + 182.92 WL=550 lb
A=188.8 lb Putting above value in (ii)
3/26 The indicated location of the center of 2RB =3600+550
mass of the 3600 lb pickup truck is for the 2RB =4150
unladen condition. If a load whose center RA=RB=2075 lb
of mass is x = 400 mm behind the rear 3/27 The wall-mounted 2.5-kg light fixture
axle is added to the truck, determine the has its mass center at G. Determine the
mass mL for which the normal forces under reactions at A and B and also calculate
the front and rear wheels are equal. the moment supported by the adjustment
thumbscrew at C. (Note that the
lightweight frame ABC has about 250 mm
of horizontal tubing, directed into and out
of the paper, at both A and B.)
.
MC=24.53×100
MC=2453 Nmm
MC=24.53 Nm
3/28To test the validity ofaerodynamic
assumptions made in the design of the
aircraft, its model is being tested in a wind
tunnel. The support bracket is connected
to a force and moment balance, which is
zeroed when there is no airflow. Under
test conditions,the lift L, drag D, and
pitching moment MG act as shown. The
force balance records the lift, drag, and a
moment MP. Determine MG in terms ofL,
D, and MP.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the light W=2.5×9.81
W=24.53 N
Let Ax,Ay and Bx be the reactions at A and
B respectively.
∑MA=0 (CW+)
Bx×230-24.53×300=0 Step2:
Bx=32 N Taking moment about ‘P’
Considering fores along x-axis ∑MP=0
∑Fx=0 MP-MG-Ld-Dh=0
Ax-Bx=0 MG=MP-Ld-Dh=0
Ax-32=0 3/29 The chain binder is used to secure
Ax=32 N loads of logs,lumber, pipe, and the like. If
Step3:Free body diagram of fixture only the tension T1 is 2 kN when θ=30o,
determine the force P required on the
lever and the corresponding tension T2 for
this position.Assume that the surface
under A is perfectly smooth.
Taking moment about ‘C’due to weight ‘W’

∑MC=0
.
Soln.
Step2:
Tension T1=2 kN
θ=30o
Let Ay be the reaction at support ‘A’ Step2:
Taking moment about ‘A’ Force applied at handle F=30 lb
∑MA=0 (CW+) Let the reaction forces at B and C are RB
P×600-2×100sin30o=0 and RC respectively.
P=0.1667 kN Considering triangle BCO
Considering fores along x-axis
∑Fx=0
T2-T1+P sin30o=0
T2-25+0.1667×0.5=0
T2=1.92 kN
3/30 The device shown is designed to
apply pressure when bonding laminate to
each side of a countertop near an edge. If
a 120-N force is applied to the handle,
determine the force which each roller OB=3.5tan45o
exerts on its corresponding surface. OB=3.5
BC=√𝑂𝐵2 + 𝑂𝐶 2
BC=√3.52 + 3.52
BC=4.95
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
B×3.5-30×5.5cos45o=0
3.5B=116.67
B=33.43 lb
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Fy=0
C-B-30=0
C-33.34-30=0
C=63.34 lb
3/31 The two light pulleys are fastened
Soln. together and form an integral unit.They
Step1:Free body diagram are prevented from turning about their
bearing at O by a cable wound securely
around the smaller pulley and fastened to
point A.Calculate the magnitude R of the
force supported by
the bearing O for the applied 2kN load.
.
Ry=3.23 kN
Magnitude of the reaction force ‘R’
R=√𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
R=√(−2.95)2 + (3.23)2
R=4.37 kN
3/32 In a procedure to evaluate the
strength of the triceps muscle, a person
pushes down on a load cell with the palm
of his hand as indicated in the figure. If the
load-cell reading is 160 N, determine the
vertical tensile force F generated by the
triceps muscle. The mass of the lower arm
is 1.5 kg with mass center at G. State any
Soln. assumptions.
Step2:
Weight acting on the pulley W=2 kN
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable at ‘A’
Let Rx and Ry be the reactions at ‘O’
Considering the triangle
Soln.
125
sinθ=
325
θ=22.62o
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
2×200-T×125=0 Step2:
T=3.2 kN Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb
Considering fores along x-axis Let ‘F’ be the force in the triceps muscle
∑Fx=0 load at the palm is 35 lb
3.2cos22.62o+Rx=0 Taking moment about ‘O’
Rx=-2.95 kN ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
Considering fores along y-axis 35×(6+6)-3.2×6-F×1=0
∑Fy=0 -F= - 401
Ry-2-3.2sin22.62o=0 F=401 lb
.
3/33 A person is performing slow arm 1.94F-3.2×6-280=0

curls with a 10-kg weight as indicated in F=154.23 lb
the figure. The brachialis muscle group Considering fores along x-axis
(consisting of the biceps and brachialis ∑Fx=0
muscles) is the major factor in this Ex-Fsin14.04o=0
exercise. Determine the magnitude F of Ex-154.23sin14.04o=0
the brachialis-musclegroup force and the Ex=37.4 lb
magnitude E of the elbow joint reaction at Considering fores along y-axis
point E for the forearm position shown in ∑Fy=0
the figure. Take the dimensions shown to Ey-3.2-20+Fcos14.04o=0
locate the effective points of application of Ey=-126.4 lb
the two muscle groups; these points are Resultant force at ‘E’
200 mm directly above E and 50 mm
directly to the right of E. Include the effect E=√𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑦 2
of the 1.5-kg forearm mass with mass E=√(37.4)2 + (126.4)2
center at point G. State any assumptions. E=131.82 lb
3/34 A woman is holding a 3.6-kg sphere
in her hand with the entire arm held
horizontally as shown in the figure. A
tensile force in the deltoid muscle prevents
the arm from rotating about the shoulder
joint O; this force acts at the 21o angle
shown.Determine the force exerted by the
deltoid muscle on the upper arm at A and
the x- and y-components of the force
reaction at the shoulder joint O. The mass
of the upper arm is mU =1.9 kg, the mass
of the lower arm is mL = 1.1 kg, and the
mass of the hand is mH = 0.4 kg; all the
corresponding weights act at the locations
shown in the figure.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb
Let ‘F’ be the force is the Brichiates
muscle load in the palm is 20 lb.
tanθ=2⁄8
θ=14.04o
Taking moment about ‘E’
∑ME=0 (CCW+)
Fcos14.04o(2)-G×6-20×14=0
.
Step2:
Weight of the upper arm Wu=1.9×9.81 N
Weight of the lower arm Wl=1.1×9.81 N
Weight of the hand W h=0.4×9.81 N
Weight of the sphere W=3.6×9.81 N
Let ‘T’ be the tensile force acting in the
deltoid muscle.
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at joint ‘O’
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
Fsin21o(125)-1.9×9.81×130-1.1×9.81
×412- (3.6+0.4) ×9.81×6.35=0
31786.362
F=125sin21o
F=710 N
Step2:
Considering fores along x-axis
Let ‘F’ be the force in the patellar tendon.
∑Fx=0
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’.
Ox-Fcos21o=0
Let 𝑊 ⁄2 be the weighton one leg.
Ox =662.8 N
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
∑Fy=0 𝑊
Oy+710sin21o-1.9×9.81-1.1×9.81- F×50 - 2 ×225=0
0.4×9.81-3.6×9.81=0 F=2.25W
Oy=-185.7 N Considering fores along x-axis
3/35 With his weight W equally distributed ∑Fx=0
on both feet, a man begins to slowly rise Fcos55o-Ox=0
from a squatting position as indicated in 2.25cos55o-Ox=0
the figure. Determine the tensile force F in Ox=1.29W
the patellar tendon and the magnitude of Considering fores along y-axis
the force reaction at point O, which is the ∑Fy=0
contact area between the tibia and the 𝑊
Fsin55o+ 2 +Oy=0
femur. Note that the line of action of the
2.25sin55o+ 0.5W+Oy=0
patellar tendon force is along its midline.
Oy=-2.34W
Neglect the weight of the lower leg.
Magnitude of the reaction at ‘O’
O= √𝑂𝑥 2 + 𝑂𝑦 2
O= √(1.29𝑊)2 + (−2.34𝑊)2
O=2.67W
3/36 The elements of an on-off
mechanism for a table lamp are shown in
the figure. The electrical switch S requires
a 4N force in order to depress it.
Whatcorresponding force F must be
exerted on the handleat A?
Soln.
.
1.8-2.318-3.477F=0
F=0.186 lb
3/37 The uniform 18-kg bar OA is held in
the position shown by the smooth pin at O
and the cable AB. Determine the tension T
in the cable and the magnitude and
direction of the external pin reaction at O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
The force at ‘S’ is 0.9 lb
The force has been replaced by a force-
couple system at B.
Sstep2:
Weight of the bar ‘OA’ W=18×9.81
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable AB
1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜
tanθ=
1.2+1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜
1.299
tanθ=
1.95
θ=33.7o
∑Mo=0 (CW+)
Tsin33.7o×1.5cos60o-Tcos33.7o×1.5sin60o
1.5
+ 18×9.81× 2 cos60o=0
0.42T-1.08T+66.22=0
0.66T=66.22
T=100 N
Where M=F(2.4cos15o) Step3:
Taking moment about ‘O’ Considering fores along x-axis
∑Mo=0 (CW+) ∑Fx=0
0.9×1.2- F×(2.4cos15o)-F×(3.6cos15o)=0 Ox-100c0s33.7o=0
Ox=83.45 N
.
Considering fores along y-axis 3/39 The exercise machine is designed

∑Fy=0 with a lightweight cart which is mounted
Oy-18×9.81-100sin33.7o=0 on small rollers so that it is
Oy=232 N free to move along the inclined ramp. Two
Magnitude of the reaction at ‘O’ cables are attached to the cart-one for
each hand. If the hands are together so
O= √𝑂𝑥 2 + 𝑂𝑦 2 that the cables are parallel and if each
O= √(83.45)2 + (232)2 cable lies essentially in a vertical plane,
O=246 N determine the force P which each hand
3/38 A person attempts to move a 20-kg must exert on its cable in order to maintain
shop vacuum by pulling on the hose as equilibrium position.The mass of the
indicated. What force F will cause the unit person is 70 kg, the ramp angle θ is 15o,
to tip clockwise if wheel A is against an and the angle β is 18o. In addition,
obstruction? calculate the force R which the ramp
exerts on the cart.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the person W=70×9.81 N
Inclination of the ramp θ=15o
Let ‘R’ be the force exerted by the ramp
on the cart.
Let ‘P’ be the force exerted by each hand.
Considering the forces along the inclined
Step2: plane.
Weight of the cart W=40 lb ∑Fx=0
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and 70×9.81×sin15o-2P-2Pcos18o=0
vertical reactions at ‘A’ respectively. 177.73-3.90P=0
Let ‘F’ be the extended force. P=45.6 N
The reaction ‘R’ at B is zero at the point Considering the forces perpendicular to
trepping. the plane.
Taking moment about ‘A’ R-70×9.81×sin15o-2Psin18o=0
∑MA=0 R=663.3+2×45.6 sin18o
40×7-Fcos15o×(15+8)+Fsin15o×3=0 R=691N
280-21.44F=0 3/40 The device shown is used to test
F=13.06 lb automobile-engine valve springs. The
.
torque wrench is directly connected to arm Taking moment at ‘O’

OB. The specification for the automotive M=Fcos20o×15
intake-valve spring is that 370 N of force 498=14.095F
should reduce its length from 50 mm F=35.3 lb
(unstressed length) to 42 mm. What is the
corresponding reading M on the torque
wrench, and what force F exerted on the
torque-wrench handle is required to
produce this reading? Neglect the small
effects of changes in the angular position
of arm OB.
Soln.
Step2:
Force exerted by the spring on ‘OB’=83 lb
∑Mo=0
M-83×6=0
M=498 l.in
Considering free body diagram of ‘OA’
.
Truss:A framework composed of members

joined at their ends to form arigid structure
is called a truss. e.g;
Trusses of roofing system, bridge trusses,
transmission towers etc.
Types of trusses: There are two types of
trusses.
i) Plane truss
ii) Space truss
Plane Truss: When the members of the
truss lie essentially in a single plane, the
truss is called a plane truss.
Space Truss: When the members of the
truss do not lie in the same plane, the
truss is called space truss.
Type of plane trusses depending upon
the arrangement of members.
SimpleTruss:A truss which is constructed

from a basic triangular structure to such a
manner that to increase new elements,
two members and one joint is added, is
known as simple truss.
Compound Truss: A compound truss is

formed by connecting two or more simple
trusses.
Complex Truss: It is a truss which cannot

be classified as simple or compound.
Assumptions in the analysis and design of

trusses.
1-Members are joined together by smooth

pins, although the members are riveted,
bolted and welded.
2-The centre line of all the members are
concurrent at the joint.
Commonly used bridge trusses. 3-All the loads are only applied at the
joints and the weight of the members is
assumed negligible so there will be only
axial forces (tension or compression).
Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.

Stability:
External Stability: A truss will be external
unstable if all the reactions are concurrent
or parallel.
.
Internal Stability: A truss will be internally

stable if it is not liable to collapse. A
simple truss is always internally stable.
Indeterminacy:A truss will be indetermina-
te in which all support reactions and
internal forces cannot be calculated only
by available equilibrium equations for a
given system of forces.
Degree of indeterminacy: The access of
total number of reactive components or
access of members over the available
equilibrium equations is known as degree
of determinacy.
It is convenient to consider stability and Soln.
determinacy as follows: Step1:Free body diagram
1-With respect to reactions. e.g; external
stability and determinacy.
2-With respect to members. e.g; internal
stability and determinacy.
3-The combination of internal and external
conditions.
External Determinacy: A determinate
structure should have at least three
reactions.
Ne=r-N
Where
r=number of reactions
Step2:
N=number of equilibrium equations
Taking moment about E,
available.
∑ME=0
5T-20(5)-30(10)=0
Internal Determinacy: It can be checked
5T=400
if minimum number of reacting
T=80 kN
components necessary for the external
∑FX=0
determinacy and stability are known.
80cos30o-EX=0
m+r=2j
EX=69.3 kN
where
∑FY=0
m=number of members
80sin30o+EY-30-20=0
r=
EY=10 kN
j=
Step3: Considering the joint A
The structure will be stable and
determinate if
m+r > 2j
Sample Problem 4/1

Compute the force in each member of the
loaded cantilever truss by the method of
joints.
.
∑FY=0
AB Sin60o-30=0
0.866AB=30
AB=34.6 kN (T)
∑FX=0
-AC+AB cos60o=0
-AC+34.6(0.5)=0
AC=17.32 kN (C)
Step4: Considering joint B
∑FY=0
-DE Sin60o+10=0
0.866DE=10
DE=11.55 kN
∑FX=0
DE cos60o+63.5-69.3=0
11.55(0.5)-5.8=0
∑FY=0 0=0 checks
BC Sin60o-AB Sin60o=0
0.866BC-34.6(0.866)=0
BC=34.6 kN(C)
∑FX=0
BD-AB cos600-BC cos60o=0
BD-34.6(0.5)-34.6(0.5)=0
BD=34.6 kN (T)
Step5: Considering joint C
∑FY=0
CD Sin60o-BC Sin60o-20=0
CD(0.866)-34.6(0.866)-20=0
0.866CD-30-20=0
0.866CD=50
CD=57.7 kN (T)
∑FX=0
BC cos60o-CD cos60o-AC-CE=0
34.6(0.5)-57.7(0.5)-17.32-CE=0
CE=63.5 kN (C)
Step6: Finally consider joint E

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Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

PROBLEMS of the unit vectors i and j. Identify both

Step 1: Magnitude of force F=600 lb

Step3: Force vector

2/3 The slope of the 4.8-kN force F is Soln.

Soln. Force vector F= F n

nAB = 0.832i - 0.55j

2/6 The 1800-N force F is applied to the

x-components of resultant force

Step2:Magnitude of force P=260 N

Fx= -752 lb Rx= 7cos45o-3cos30o

Let Pa and Pb be the projections of

α=180o – (θ1+θ2) 800 𝑅

Magnitude of PA=√0.022 + 0.10932

Magnitude of spring force F= Kx

Components of force T along ‘t’

Step1:Free body diagram

2/26 In the design of the robot to insert the

Tension in the cable AC,Tac=8 kN Soln.

PROBLEMS Step3:Considering similar triangles

Taking moment about ‘A’ 55𝐢+𝟑𝟎j

the moment of T about the drum

2/42 A force of 200 N is applied to the Soln.

Step2: Magnitude of force F=200 N

Taking moment about ‘O’

Considering the force applied at ‘D’

c) For the moment to be maximum the

OA=√(25 + 70 + 25 + 70)2 + (70 + 150 + 70)2

2/60 The indicated force–couple

2/58 A force F=60 N acts along the line

2/61 The bracket is spot welded to the

2/59 The top view of a revolving

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/62 As part of a test, the two aircraft

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/66 During a steady right turn, a

2/69 The tie-rod AB exerts the 250-N

2/67 The 180-N force is applied to the

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/72 Calculate the moment MB of the

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/76 The device shown is a part of an

2/74 The angle plate is subjected to

2/75 The weld at O can support a

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/80 Determine the height h above the

2/78 Determine the resultant R of the

2/82 Under nonuniform and slippery

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/86 A commercial airliner with four jet

2/84 Determine the magnitude of the

2/87 Replace the three forces acting

2/85 Determine and locate the

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/88 The directions of the two thrust

2/89 Determine the resultant R of the

2/92 In the equilibrium position shown,

2/90 The gear and attached V-belt

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of Lahore.

2/93Two integral pulleys are subjected

2/96 The rolling rear wheel of a front-