Transmission Lines

l Overhead Conductor
l Overhead Spacer Cable
l Underground Cable
l Three-Conductor Cable
l Service Cables

Power Systems I
Overhead Conductors
l ACSR
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Steel Reinforced strands
l ACAR
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Al allow Reinforced
strands
l ACSR/AW
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Alumoweld Steel
Reiforced strands
l Aluminum - current carrying
member
l Steel - structural support

Power Systems I
Overhead Cable
l Where conductor close
proximity is required
l Insulating jacket
surrounds each conductor
l Plastic spacers keep
conductors from coming in
contact with one another

Power Systems I
Cables

Power Systems I
Cables
l Underground
transmission and
distribution cables
l Semiconducting material
surrounds the conductor
to grade the electric field
l Plastic jacket provides
insulation and protection
l Neutral strands for an
outer shell for protection
and return currents

Power Systems I
Transmission Line Parameters
l Line resistance
u dc resistance ρl ρ = conductor resistivity
Rdc =
A l = conductor length
u ac resistance A = conductor cross-
n skin effect sectional area
n at 60 Hz:
Rac = 1.02 ⋅ Rdc

l Temperature effects
u increased resistance at conductor temperature rises
u wiring is rated for 65°C, 75°C, or 90°C
u ambient temperature is 20°C T + t new
Rnew = Rold
T + told
TAl = 228°C
Power Systems I
Review of Magnetics and Inductance
Ampere’s circuital law Γ=
H=
Γ
F = ∫ H ⋅ d l = ie
Integral of the scalar
product of a closed path
ie H
and the magnetic field
equals the encircled current A
B=
Magnetic Flux
B = µH A=
Integral of the φ
flux density that A
φ = ∫ B ⋅ da
is normal to a
defined area
Power Systems I
B
Review of Magnetics and Inductance

Flux Linkage
N
λ = ∑ φi
i =1

Inductance

λ
L=
I

=
∑ φ ∑ ∫ B ⋅ da ∑ ∫ µH ⋅ da
= =
I I I

Power Systems I
Inductance of a Single Conductor

l Conditions:
u infinite straight wire is an approximation of a
reasonably long wire
l Assumptions:
u Image the wire to close at +/- infinity, establishing a
kind of “one-turn coil” with the return path at infinity
u Straight infinitely long wire of radius r
u Uniform current density in the wire. Total current is Ix
u Flux lines form concentric circles (i.e. H is tangential)
u Angular symmetry - it suffices to consider Hx

Power Systems I
Inductance of a Single Conductor
2πx
l General: Ix
∫H x ⋅ dl = I x ⇒ H=
0
2π x
l Case 1: Points inside of the conductor (x < r)
I Ix I µ0 I
= → Hx = 2
x → B x = 2
x
π r 2 π x2 2π r 2π r
µ0 I x2 µ0 I 3
dφ x = Bx dx = 2
xdx → dλx = 2 dφ x = 4
x dx
2π r r 2π r
r
µ0 I r 3 µ0 I µ0
λint = ∫ dλx = 4 ∫
x dx = → Lint = = 0.5 ×10 −7
0
2π r 0 8π 8π

Power Systems I
Inductance of a Single Conductor
l Case 2: Points outside of the conductor (x > r)
µ0 I
I x = I → Bx = µ 0 H x =
2π x
µ I µ I
dφ x = Bx dx = 0 dx → dλx = dφ x = 0 dx
2π x 2π x
D2 D2
µ0 I 1 µ 0 I D2 D2
λext = ∫ dλx = d x = ln → Lext = 2 × 10 −7 ln
D1
2π ∫D x
1
2π D1 D1

Power Systems I
Inductance of a Single-Phase Line
l conductors of radii r1 and r2, separated by a distance D
D
L1( ext ) = 2 × 10 −7 ln
r1 r1 r2
D
L1 = L1(int ) + L1( ext ) = 0.5 × 10 −7 + 2 × 10 −7 ln
r1
D
 −7 1 

L1 = 2 × 10  ln −1 4 + ln D 
 r1e 
r1 = r2 L1 = L2 = L r ′ = re −1 4 = DS
 −7D  −7  D −7  D 

L = 2 ×10  ln −1 4  = 2 × 10  ln  = 2 × 10  ln 
 re   r′   DS 
Power Systems I
Flux Linkage - Self and Mutual Inductances

From the 2 conductor case:

λ1 = L11 I1 + L12 I 2 λ1 = L11 I1 − L12 I1

I1 = − I 2 →
λ2 = L21 I1 + L22 I 2 λ2 = − L21 I 2 + L22 I 2

−7  1  1
L11 = 2 ×10  ln  L22 = 2 ×10 −7  ln 
 r1′   r2′ 
 1
L12 = L21 = −2 ×10 −7 (ln D ) = 2 ×10 −7  ln 
 D

Power Systems I
Total Inductance
General Case:

I1 + I 2 + L + I i + L + I n = 0
n
λi = Lii I i + ∑ Lij I j j≠i
j =1

 n 
1 1 
λi = 2 ×10 −7  I i ln + ∑ I j j≠i
 r ′ j = 1 D 
 i ij 

Power Systems I
Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
l Symmetrical spacing Ia
I a + Ib + Ic = 0
−7
 1 1 1 D D
λa = 2 × 10  I a ln + I b ln + I c ln 
 r′ D D
D
 1 1 Ic Ib
λa = 2 × 10 −7  I a ln − I a ln 
 r′ D
−7 D
λa = 2 × 10 I a ln
r′
D
L = 0.2 ln
DS
Power Systems I
Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
l Asymmetrical spacing Ia
−7  1 1 1 

λa = 2 ×10  I a ln + I b ln + I c ln  D12
 r′ D12 D13 
 1 1 1  D31
λb = 2 ×10 −7  I a ln + I b ln + I c ln 
 r ′ D21 D23  D23 Ib
 1 1 1 
λc = 2 ×10 −7  I a ln + I b ln + I c ln 
 r′ D31 D32 
Ic
= LI
 1 1 1 
 ln ′ ln ln 
 r D12 D13 
1 1 1 
L = 2 × 10 −7 ln ln ln
 D21 r′ D23 
 1 1
Power Systems I  ln
1 
 D31 D32 r ′ 
 Transposition
l The practice of equilateral arrangement of phases is not
convenient
u horizontal or vertical configurations are most popular
u Symmetry is lost - unbalanced conditions
l restore balanced conditions by the method of
transposition of lines
u Average inductance of each phase will be the same
position
a c b a c b
1
b a c b a c
2
c b a c b a
3

u Each phase occupies each position for the same fraction of the
total length of the line
Power Systems I
Review of Electric Fields
Gauss’s law
h
A
q e = ∫ D ⋅ da

Electric field R
D=εE
Electric field
D
D2
Gaussian Surface
D1
v12 = vD1 − vD2 = − ∫ E ⋅ dl

Capacitance

q =Cv
Power Systems I
Infinite Straight Wire

D2 q q D2
dx = ln
D1
v12 = ∫
2πε 0 x 2πε 0 D1 h
Infinite wire
q1 D of radius r
v12 (q1) = ln R
2πε 0 r
q2 r
v21(q 2 ) = ln
2πε 0 D D
q
q1 D q2 r C=
v12 = v12(q1) + v21(q 2 ) = ln + ln v
2πε 0 r 2πε 0 D
2π ε
q D C=
v12 = ln D
πε 0 r ln
Power Systems I r
Three-Phase Capacitance
l Equilateral spacing
a
C
GMDφ = geometeric mean distance
between conductors
C n C rφ= conductor radius

c b
0.0389
C= ) per mile per phase
 GMDφ 
log10  
 r 
 φ 
Power Systems I
Example
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance per phase and rated current carrying capacity for
the overhead line shown. Assume the line operates at 60 Hz
GMDφ = 3 d12 d 23 d13 = 3 (45.6 ) (88) (45.6 )
44 in 44 in 12 in
= 56.8 in = 4.73 ft
(60) log  4.73 
Z a = (0.3263) + j 0.2794 10  
60  0.0244 
= 0.326 + j 0.639 Ω / mi
conductor 1
rφ = 12 dia = 2 (0.720 in ) ⋅ 121 = 0.03 ft
R: 0.3263 Ω/mile
GMR: 0.0244 ft 0.0389
C= = 0.177 )PLSKV
Dia.: 0.720 in log10 (4.73 0.03)
X C = 1 (2π 60 ⋅ 0.177 ) ) = 149.9 Ω mi
Power Systems I
Conductor Bundling
l Commonly used to reduce the electric field strength at the
conductor surface
l Used on overhead lines above 230 kV
l Conductors are connected in parallel
l Typical bundled conductor configurations

D14
D13 D13
D12 D12 D12

2 conductors 3 conductors 4 conductors

Power Systems I
Conductor Bundling
l The use of bundled conductors effects the impedance of
the line, the GMRφ , the GMDφ , and the equivalent radius
l GMDφ : the distance between the center of each bundle is
used
l GMRφ :
n
GMRφ′ = n GMRφ ⋅ ∏ D1i
i=2

l Equivalent radius
n
rφ′ = n rφ ⋅ ∏ D1i
i=2

Power Systems I
Example
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance of the overhead line shown. Assume the line
operates at 60 Hz
20 in

20 in conductor
R: 0.1204 Ω/mile
GMR: 0.0403 ft
10 ft Dia.: 1.196 in

30 ft

Power Systems I
Example
R′ = 14 ⋅ 0.1204 = 0.0301 Ω / mi
GMDφ = 3 D12 D23 D13 = 3 (31.6 ) (60 )(31.6 ) = 39.15 ft
GMRφ = 4 (0.0403) (1.67 )(1.414 ) (1.67 ) = 0.7178 ft
(60) log  39.15 
Z a = (0.0301) + j 0.2794 10  
60  0.7178 
= 0.0301 + j 0.485 Ω / mi
1
2
rφ = 12 dia = (1.196 in ) ⋅ 121 = 0.0498 ft
rφ′ = 4 (0.0498) (1.67 ) (1.414 ) (1.67 ) = 0.7568 ft
0.0389
C= = 0.0227 )PLSKV
log10 (39.15 0.7568)
X C = 1 (2π 60 ⋅ 0.177 ) ) = 116.85 Ω mi
Power Systems I
Transmission Line Modeling
l Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent
circuit with parameters on a per-phase basis
u Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral
u Currents are expressed for one phase
u The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase
l All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and
resistance, and shunt capacitance and conductance
u Line parameters: R, L, C, & G
l Three types of models
u depend on the length and the voltage level
u short, medium, and long length line models

Power Systems I
ABCD Two-Port Network
l All transmission line models may be described as a two-
port network
l The ABCD two-port network is the most common
representation
l The network is described by the four constants: A, B, C, &
D
l Network equations:
u circuit equations VS = A VR + B I R
I S = C VR + D I R
u matrix form VS   A B  VR 
 I  = C D   I 
 S    R
Power Systems I
Short Transmission Line Model
l The short transmission line model may be used when
u The line length is less than 50 miles (80 km), or
u The line voltage is not over 69 kV
l Modeling of the transmission line parameters
u The shunt capacitance and conductance are ignored
u The line resistance and reactance are treated as lumped
parameters
l Circuit of the short model
RL XL

VS VR

Power Systems I
Short Transmission Line Model
l Circuit analysis of the short line model
IS IR
Z=R+jωL

Gen.
VS VR Load

IS = IR
VS = VR + I R ( R + j ω s L)
= VR + I R Z

Power Systems I
Two-Port Representation
l Circuit Equations: VS = VR + Z line I R
IS = IR
u Matrix representation:
VS  1 Z line  VR 
 I  = 0 1   I 
 S    R
u ABCD values: A=1
B = Z line
C =0
D = A=1
Power Systems I
Short Transmission Line Example
l 40 km, 220 kV transmission line has per phase
u R = 0.15 Ω/km L = 1.3263 mH/km
l Find V, S, V.R., and η at the sending end of the line for
u 381 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 220 kV

Z = (r + j ω L ) l = 0.15 Ω + j 2 π × 60 ×1.3263 ×10 −3 ⋅ 40

( )
Z = 6 + j 20 Ω
220,000∠0°
VR = = 127,000∠0°
3
S R ( 3φ ) = 381∠ cos −1 0.8 = 381∠36.9° = 304.8 + j 228.6 MVA
( )
Power Systems I
 Short Transmission Line Example
S R* ( 3φ ) 381× 106 ∠ − 36.9°
IR = = = 1000∠ − 36.9° A
3 VR* 3 × 127,000∠0°
VS = VR + Z I R = 127,000∠0° + (6 + j 20)(1000∠ − 36.9°)
= 144,330∠4.93°
VS − LL = 3 ⋅ VS = 250 kV
S S (3φ ) = 3 ⋅ VS ⋅ I S* = 3 ⋅ (144,330∠4.93°)(1000 ∠ − 36.9°)
= 322.8 + j 288.6 = 433∠41.8° MVA
250 - 220 304.8
VR% = × 100% = 13.6% η = ×100% = 94.4%
220 322.8
Power Systems I
Medium Transmission Line Model
l The medium transmission line model may be used when
u The line length is greater than 50 miles (80 km)
u The line length is less than 150 miles (250 km)
l Modeling of the transmission line parameters
u Half of the shunt capacitance is considered to be lumped at each
end of the line
u The line resistance and reactance are treated as lumped
parameters
RL XL
l Circuit model:

VS VR
YC/2 YC/2

Power Systems I
Medium Transmission Line Model
l Circuit analysis of the short line model
IS IR
Z=R+jωL

Gen.
VS ½ YC ½ YC VR Load

VS = VR + Z line I R + Y2C VR
( )
Z line YC
= (1 + 2
)V + Z I R line R
YC YC
IS R 2
= (I + V ) + V R 2 S
Z line YC Z line YC
C
= Y (1 + 4
)V + (1 + R 2
)I R
Power Systems I
Two-Port Representation
l Circuit Equations: VS = VR + Z line I R + Y2C VR
( )
Z line YC
= (1 + 2
)V + Z I R line R
YC YC
IS R 2
= (I + V ) + V R 2 S
Z line YC Z line YC
C
= Y (1 + 4
)V + (1 + R 2 )I R

u Matrix representation: VS   1 + Z line2 YC Z line  VR 

I  =  Z line YC Z line YC   
 S  CY 1 + ( 4 ) 1 + 2  IR 
Z line YC
u ABCD values: A = 1+ B = Z line
2
Z line YC
C = YC 1 +
( 4 ) D = 1 + Zline2 YC
Power Systems I
Medium Transmission Line Example
l 130 km, 345 kV transmission line has per phase
u R = 0.036 Ω/km L = 0.80 mH/km C = 0.0112 uF/km
l Find V and S at the sending end of the line for
u 270 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 325 kV

Z = (r + j ω L ) l = 0.036 Ω + j 2 π × 60 × 0.8 ×10 −3 ⋅130

( )
= 4.68 + j 39.2 Ω
Y = ( j ω C ) l = j 2 π × 60 × 0.0112 × 10 −6 ⋅130 = j 0.549 siemens
( )
325,000∠0°
VR = = 187,600∠0°
3
S R (3φ ) = 270∠ cos −1 0.8 = 270∠36.9° = 216 + j162 MVA
( )
Power Systems I
Medium Transmission Line Example
S R* (3φ ) 270 ×106 ∠ − 36.9°
IR = = = 480∠ − 36.9° A
3 VR* 3 ×187,600∠0°
 0.989 + j 0.001284 4.68 + j 39.2 
−7 −4
ABCD =  
 − 3 . 53 × 10 + j 5. 46 × 10 0 . 989 + j 0 . 001284 
VS = A VR + B I R = (187,600∠0°)(0.989 + j 0.001284 ) +
(480∠ − 36.9°)(4.68 + j39.2)
= 199,160∠4.02°
I S = C VR + D I R = (187,600∠0°) − 3.53 ×10 −7 + j 5.46 ×10 − 4 +
( )
(480∠ − 36.9°)(0.989 + j 0.001284)
= 421.5∠ − 25.58°
Power Systems I
Medium Transmission Line Example
VS − LL = 3 ⋅ VS = 345 kV
S S (3φ ) = 3 ⋅ VS ⋅ I S* = 3 ⋅ (199,160∠4.02°)(421 ∠ − 25.58°)
= 218.9 + j124.2 MVA pf = 0.87
VR ( NL ) − VR ( FL ) VS ( FL ) / A − VR ( FL )
VR% = ×100% = × 100%
VR ( FL ) VR ( FL )
345 0.989 + j 0.001284 - 325
= ×100% = 7.3%
325

Power Systems I
Long Transmission Line Model
l The long transmission line model are used when
u The line length is greater than 150 miles (250 km)
l Modeling of the transmission line parameters
u Accuracy obtained by using distributed parameters
u The series impedance per unit length is z
u The shunt admittance per unit length is y

Power Systems I
 Long Transmission Line Model
z ∆x
IS I(x + ∆x) I(x) IR

VS V(x + ∆x) y ∆x y ∆x V(x) VR

∆x x
l
V ( x + ∆x) = V ( x) + z ∆x I ( x) I ( x + ∆x) = I ( x) + y ∆x V ( x + ∆x)
V ( x + ∆x) − V ( x) I ( x + ∆x) − I ( x)
= z I ( x) = y V ( x + ∆x)
∆x ∆x
dV ( x) dI ( x)
limit as ∆x → 0 = z I ( x) limit as ∆x → 0 = y V ( x)
dx dx
Power Systems I
Long Transmission Line Model
IS IR
I+∆I I

Gen.
VS V+∆V V VR Load

∆x x

d 2V ( x) dI ( x) d 2 I ( x) dV ( x)
2
=z 2
=y
dx dx dx dx
d 2V ( x) d 2 I ( x)
2
= z ( y V ( x) ) 2
= y ( z I ( x) )
dx dx
2
Power Systems I γ = z y propagation constant
Long Transmission Line Model
d 2V ( x) 2
2
= γ V ( x)
dx
V = A1 eγ x + A2 e −γ x
γ = α + jβ = z y = (r + jωL )(g + jωC )
1 dV ( x) γ
I ( x) = = A1 eγ x − A2 e −γ x = yz A1 eγ x − A2 e −γ x
( ) ( )
z dx z
1
Zc = z y I ( x) = A1 eγ x − A2 e −γ x characteristic impedance
( )
Zc
VR + I R Z c VR − I R Z c
@x=0⇒ A1 = A2 =
2 2
Power Systems I
Long Transmission Line Model
VR + Z c I R x y z VR − Z c I R − x y z
V ( x) = e + e
2 2 Hyperbolic Functions
V Z +I V Z −I
I ( x) = R c R e x y z − R c R e − x y z
2 2 eθ − e −θ
sinh θ =
yz yz yz yz 2
ex + e−x ex − e−x
V ( x) = VR + Z c IR
2 2
x yz −x y z x yz −x y z eθ + e −θ
1 e −e e +e cosh θ =
I ( x) = VR + IR 2
Zc 2 2
V ( x) = cosh x y z VR + Z c sinh x y z I R
( ) ( )
1
I ( x) = sinh (x y z )V + cosh (x R y z)I R
Z c
Power Systems I
Two-Port Representation
let x → l
VS = cosh (γ l ) VR + Z c sinh (γ l ) I R
1
IS = sinh (γ l ) VR + cosh (γ l ) I R
Zc
 cosh (γ l ) Z c sinh (γ l )
ABCD =  1 
 sinh (γ l ) cosh (γ l ) 
 Zc 
z
γ = zy Zc =
y

Power Systems I
Pi-Model of a Long Transmission Line
l Represent a long transmission line as a pi-model for
circuit analysis Z’
l The circuit:
VS VR
Y’/2 Y’/2

l Find the values for Z’ and Y’

′ ′
VS = 1 + Z 2Y VR + Z ′I R
( ) → Z ′ = Z c sinh (γ l )
Z′Y′ Z′Y′
′
I S = Y 1 + 4 VR + 1 + 2 I R
( ) ( ) →
Y′ 1 cosh (γ l ) − 1 1 γ l
= (cosh (γ l ) − 1) = = tanh  
2 Z′ Z c sinh (γ l ) Z c  2 
Power Systems I
Long Transmission Line Example
l 250 km, 500 kV transmission line has per phase
u z = 0.045 + j 0.4 Ω/km Y = j 4. 0 uS/km
l Find ABCD for a pi model of the long transmission line

z 0.045 + j 0.4
Zc = = −6
= 316.7 - j17.76
y 4 × 10
γ = zy = (0.045 + j 0.4 )(4 × 10 −6 ) = 7.104 × 10 −5 + j 0.001267
Z ′ = Z c sinh (γ l ) = 10.88 + j 98.36
Y′ 1 γ l
= tanh  = j 0.001008
2 Zc  2 
Power Systems I
Long Transmission Line Example

Z ′ = 10.88 + j 98.36
Y′
= j 0.001008
2
′ ′
A = D = 1 + Z 2Y = 0.9504 + j 0.0055
( )
B = Z ′ = 10.88 + j 98.36
′ ′
C = Y ′ 1 + Z 4Y = j 0.00100
( )

Power Systems I