JTP 505 – 2 SKS

VENTILASI TAMBANG

14 Oktober2014 – Hendra Harisman, S.T., M.Eng.Sc.

FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Calculation of airway resistance and frictional losses
based on:
• Shape and length of the airway or duct
• Roughness of the surface
• Flow regime (turbulent or laminar)
• Quantity of air, gas or fluid in the airway or duct.
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Friction loss:
pressure loss due to flow over rough surface
Discontinuity loss:
pressure loss when air flows through and around
discontinuities (e.g. bends).
Obstruction loss: Pressure loss due to objects
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Viscosity
When a fluid begin to move, individual molecules or
layers start to move over each other in an approximately
linear fashion with retardation dependent on internal
cohesion between molecules.

As the velocity of the fluid increases, molecules or layers

move in increasingly random fashion as the magnitude of
inertial forces increase and the flow become turbulent.
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
The degree of turbulence in a moving fluid depends on:
• viscosity
• velocity

Less viscous fluids moving faster and more turbulent than

more viscous fluids moving slower.

Turbulence is associated with energy or pressure loss.

 FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
• Turbulence is associated
with energy or pressure loss.
• In laminar conditions
pressure loss is proportional
to velocity
• In turbulent conditions
pressure loss is proportional
to velocity squared
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
• The limits of laminar and turbulent flow can be
determined from the dimensionless Reynolds number

Reynolds number:

ρ = density(kg/m3)
L = characteristic dimension e.g. diameter(m)
V = Velocity(m/s)
μ = viscosity (kg/ms)
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
• The limits of laminar and turbulent flow can be
determined from the dimensionless Reynolds number
• Generally, the upper limit of laminar flow is between
Reynolds number of 2,000 and 3,000.
in other words:
Turbulent flow starts between Re 2,000 to 3,000
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Reynolds number:

L = characteristic dimension e.g. diameter(m)

• In circular ducts or airways:
L = diameter
• In non-circular ducts or airways
• L = hydraulic diameter
A = Area
C = Circumference
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Contoh soal:
Hitung kecepatan (velocity) dan quantity udara yang
dapat menyebabkan turbulent flow (Re = 2500) di sebuah
terowongan development yang lebarnya 5 m dan
tingginya 3 m.
Assumsi:
density udara = 1.16 kg/m3
Viskositas udara = 18 x 10-6 kg/ms
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Friction Loss on Rough Surface
• As gas or liquids flow over rough surfaces, there is loss of
pressure due to the interaction of the boundary layer
with the surface.
• This loss results in a reduction of static pressure, and in
airways of constant cross sectional area, an equal
reduction of total pressure.
• In most applications, flow is assumed to be turbulent
• The frictional pressure loss is proportional to the square of
velocity.
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Friction Loss on Rough Surface
• Frictional pressure loss represents a loss of energy to the
system
- it results in a loss of static pressure which is not reversible
- in turbulent regimes the loss is proportional to the
square of velocity
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Friction Loss on Rough Surface
• Atkinson’s equation is the mathematical representation
of the relationship between frictional pressure loss
occurring on rough surfaces and velocity.
Atkinson’s equation in terms of Velocity

Atkinson’s equation in terms of Quantity

Density is incorporated as
a ratio of actual fluid
density to standard
density of 1.2 kg/m3
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Friction Loss on Rough Surface
Atkinson’s equation

k = roughness factor of the surface (Ns2/m4)

C = Circumference/perimeter (m)
L = Length(m)
A = Area (m2)
ρ = density of the fluid/gas(kg/m3)
V = Velocity (m/s)
Q = Quantity (m3/s)
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Friction Loss on Rough Surface
Airway resistance (R)

• K factors can be obtained

from text books but should be
checked by survey
• K are range from 0.003 for
smooth ducts to 0.015 for
rough walls
FRICTION, DISCONTINUITY & OBSTRUCTION
Contoh soal:
Friction factor (k) suatu terowongan dengan tinggi 3 m dan
lebar 5 m adalah 0.012 Ns2/m4. Apabila densitas udara di
terowongan tersebut adalah 1.17 kg/m3, berapakah
resistance (R) dari terowongan tersebut per 100 m
panjangnya?
THE END
INERTIA
 a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a
straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force.

 Inertia is a word we use when we talk about matter and movement. Basically, our idea of
inertia goes back to Sir Isaac Newton's first two laws of physics:

 1. An object at rest tends to stay at rest.

 2. An object in motion tends to stay in motion.

 Inertia is the quality in matter (matter is anything you can touch) that lets it stay still if it is still,
or keeps it moving if it is moving.

 If you want to overcome inertia, you have to apply a force. A force will make something that
is still start to move, like flicking a wad of paper with a pencil will make it move. Also force,
due to resistance, will slow or stop something that is already moving. The wad of paper will
be slowed by resistance made by rubbing up against the air it is passing through.