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MATHEMATICAL
INVESTIGATION 3.1 Investigation
Differentiate Mathematical
Investigation from Problem Solving
Demonstrate understanding of the
role of Mathematical Investigation
in Real-life world;
Demonstrate skills significant to
Mathematical investigation;
Formulate Mathematical problem
and solve using the steps in
Mathematical Investigation.
Introduction/Overview
Essential Questions:
Performance task:
You decided to make a logical puzzle that can improve the pattern
recognition skills of your students. The puzzle must have its own rules and you
have to provide a solution or steps in solving it. You have a week to do the task.
Rubrics:
Content The puzzle is The puzzle helps The content of The content of
very effective to the students the puzzle will the puzzle will
improve the recognize cause a little definitely not
student’s patterns better. improvement to help the
pattern the pattern students to
recognition recognition skills improve their
skills. of the students. pattern
recognition
skills.
Rules and The students The students can The rules and The rules and
directions can follow the follow the rules directions of the directions of
rules and and directions of puzzle are the puzzle are
directions of the the puzzle with difficult to follow. not clear and
puzzle without low level of therefore can’t
difficulty. difficulty. be followed.
Time Allotment Finish the Finish the puzzle Finish the Finish the
puzzle before on exact day of puzzle a day puzzle 3 days
the deadline. deadline. after deadline. after the
deadline.
Lesson 1
Mathematical Investigation
2.) Consider two consecutive numbers and square them. Find the difference of
their squares. Investigate.
3.) A set of three counting numbers which obey Pythagoras’s theorem is called
Pythagorean triad. For example;
a =3, b=4 and c=5
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
32 + 42 = 52
9+ 16 = 25 25 = 25
Investigate.
3. The task is known but you do not know a direct way of doing it.
5. The total number of triangles determined by drawing all the diagonals from one
vertex of a polygon with n sides.
1. Pythagorean Theorem
2. Pascal’s Triangle
Did you know that through Mathematical Investigation, we found a new trick in
dividing any number by 9 for seconds? Here’s how it works:
2 2 1 0 04÷9
2 4 5 5 5 9
Ans: 24556
1. The first digit is going to be the same as in the left hand side, so it's 2.
2. The second digit is the first digit plus the second digit: 2 + 2 = 4
3. The third digit is the previous answer plus the third digit: 4 + 1 = 5.
6. The last digit is the sum of all the digits: 5 + 4 = 9. For this final digit it's
necessary to work out how many times 9 can be divided by 9 (it's 1). That
gets added to the previous digit which becomes 6.
Explore investigation
Gather and record information from the data
Look for patterns
Make conjectures
Test the conjecture and then refine it and test it again
Explain or prove results
Make generalizations
Extend the problem
Communicate or share findings
Example 1:
Read and analyse the investigation. Discuss what the task is saying and asking you to
do.
After you gather and data, the next thing you need to do whether by yourself or
with others is to brainstorm to see problems that you can formulate from example
number 1. The latter is called problem posing.
Problem posing:
There are lots of considerations which might affect the Problem you’ll be working on.
Here are some questions you have to consider in deciding which problem is worth
pursuing.
Is it interesting?
Is the method of solution not immediately known?
Are the hypotheses overly or not restrictive enough?
Are you able to think of methods of solution or at least ways of gaining enough
information to make an educated guess or conjectures?
What are your considerations?
Make conjectures based on the data collected and the patterns seen.
99 will be the difference and 198 will be the sum if two adjacent integers are the same.
Look carefully at these numbers. See if there is anything about them which is the same.
Look at the digits and make a conjecture.
Organize the data and information. Group the numbers with the same difference
between the first and the third digits.
Digits differ by 2 432, 694 Difference 198, sum 1089
Digits differ by 3 683, 845 Difference 297, sum 1089
Digits differ by 4 541. 703 Difference 396, sum 1089
Digits differ by 5 883 Difference 495, sum 1089
Digits differ by 6 933 Difference 594, sum 1089
Digits differ by 7 912, 811 Difference 693, sum 1089
Digits differ by 8
Digits differ by 9
The difference between the digits appears to be central to the result of what data
that you have obtained. Examination of the results, particularly the results of the
subtraction actually leads you to the following conjectures:
• The final result is 1089 unless the first and last digits of the number differ by 1
in which case it is 99.
• After the subtraction step, the middle digit of the result is always 9 and the other
two digits are given by multiplying the difference of the first and the third digits, as listed
in the table above, by 9.
For example, for 432 the difference between 4 and 2 is 2. If we multiple 2 x 9 we get 18.
Therefore, after the subtraction the result is 198
Verifying:
The important conjecture to verify at this stage is the second one. This is done by
choosing numbers that have a digit difference of 4, 6 or 9 as there were none of these in
the data gathered.
Check:
97 41 62 83 31
- 79 - 14 -26 -38 -13
18 27 36 45 18
+8 1 +72 +63 +54 +81
99 99 99 99 99
Conjectures:
• The results of the subtraction step are the product of the difference of the digits
and 9.
• The sum is always 99.
Example 2 :
Consider two consecutive numbers and square them. Find the difference of their
squares. Investigate.
22 − 12 = 4 − 1 = 3
32 − 22 = 9 − 4 = 5
42 − 32 = 16 − 9 = 7
122 − 112 = 144 − 121 = 23
152 − 142 = 225 − 196 = 29
192 − 182 = 361 − 324 = 37
Record your observation from the data and look for observable patterns.
The difference of the square of two consecutive numbers is odd prime number.
Gather more data to test your conjectures:
62 − 52 = 36 − 25 = 11
72 − 62 = 49 − 36 = 13
82 − 72 = 64 − 49 = 15
202 − 192 = 400 − 361 = 39
232 − 22 = 529 − 484 = 45
302 − 292 = 900 − 841 = 59
22 − 12 = 4−1 =3 1+2=3
32 − 22 = 9−4 =5 2+3=5
42 − 32 = 16 − 9 = 7 3+4=7
52 − 42 = 25 − 16 = 9 4+5=9
62 − 52 = 36 − 25 = 11 5+6=11
The important conjecture that we need to verify at this stage is the conjecture that
the difference of the squares of two consecutive numbers is always odd.
Let “n” be the first number and (n+1) is the second.
Square the two numbers, we get:
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 Expand
(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝟐
Now we have ∶ 2n + 1
Where, if we substitute any number to “n”, we’ll always get an odd number
answer.
Conjecture verifies.
Make generalization:
The result of our exploration is clear that if we square two consecutive numbers
and subtract them, the difference is always an odd number.
The final result is always equal to the sum of the two consecutive numbers.
Test it again:
The difference of the square of two consecutive numbers is 57, can we find the
two numbers?
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 = 57
𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒏𝟐 =57
2n + 1= 57
2n= 57-1
2n=56
2
n=23, n+1= 24.
The two numbers are 23 and 24.
Extend the problem
Example:
What if we look for the sum of the squares of two consecutive numbers instead of
their difference?
22 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
32 + 22 = 9 + 4 = 13
42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25
52 + 42 = 25 + 16 = 41
62 + 52 = 36 + 25 = 61
Talk about how you gathered information, the guesses you’ve made, further tests
You carried out and the conclusions you came to.
Example 3 :
Conjecture:
By taking 3, 4, and 5 and multiplying them by a constant number are you
can make Pythagorean triads.
Example:
Multiply by 4, gives 12, 16 and 20. However, the 12, 16 and 20triangle is the
same shape at the 3, 4, 5 triangle, just four times the size.
Using the ‘guess and check’ strategy, look for the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ which give a
counting number value for ‘c’.
5 7 25 49 74 8.6023
5 8 25 64 89 9.4340
5 9 25 81 106 10.2956
5 10 25 100 125 11.1803
5 11 25 121 146 12.0830
5 12 25 144 169 13
Example:
169.
7 9 49 81 130 11.40
7 24 49 576 625 25
a b c
3 4 5
5 12 13
7 24 25
Conjecture:
Can we use this pattern to find the Pythagorean Triad beginning with the next prime
number which is 11?
60 and 61
3721 = 612
Test it again:
Can we use this pattern to find the Pythagorean triad for prime number 17?
Let’s check:
21,025= 1452
I. Look for the pattern of the following numbers and find their next term.
4.) 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 14…?
When you throw a die, six (1) is the hardest number to get. Investigate.
Use at least the six steps in investigation.
Explore Investigation
Record and Gather data
Look for the patterns
Make your own conjectures (guesses) and test them
Test your conjecture and then refine it and test it again
Share your findings
One of the goals of mathematical investigation is to discover new ideas and reveal
truths out of this world. Reimann hypothesis is one of the great problems in
Mathematics and therefore garnishing glory for the person who can solve it, this is one
of the Clay Mathematics Institute’s “Million dollar problems”. Anyone who can provide a
solution would have a pretty profitable lug: One million dollar.
Riemann hypothesis is all about the distribution of the prime numbers, those integers
that can be divided only by themselves and one.
Sir Michael Atiyah, a famous fields medallist and Abel Prize winner, claims to have
solved the Riemann Hypothesis. He gave a lecture in Germany which he presented an
outline that is often the first announcement of the solution of the Riemann problem but
should not be taken the problem has been solved- far from it. There are many steps that
is needed to be taken first before they pronounce that Atiyah’s solution is correct.
Checking if Atiyah’s solution is correct would take quite a lot of time, maybe months or
even years.
Essential learning:
There are nine steps in investigation, (1) Explore investigation: It is where you
analyze the given situation or problem. (2) Gather and record information from the data:
After analyzing, you can now get a data or information for your investigation. (3) Look
for pattern: Based from data you gathered you can now observe and look for a pattern.
(4) Make conjectures: This conjecture where based from the data and pattern you see
or formulate. (5) Test the conjecture and then refine it and test it again, (6) Explain or
prove results, (7) Make generalizations: It is the summary of what your investigation is.
(8) Extend the problem, (9) Communicate or share findings.
Practice Exercises:
_____3. After you gather data, the next thing you need to do whether by yourself or with
others is to brainstorm to see what problems can you formulate is called __________.
a. exercise c. problem
b. challenge d. problem posing
_____4. The skill which is far more important than the concepts in math investigation.
a. Exercise b. Practice
_____2. The step where, you have to analyze what the investigation wants you to do.
_____3. It is when you already found new ideas and discoveries and share it to others.
_____4. When you reach this step, you can tell if the problem is an open-ended or closed
mathematical task.
_____5. This is the step where you have to observe to the data and information you have. It is
connected to the “general problem” in investigation.
1. Make ten pieces of the pizza below using only 4 cuts/slices. Each piece must have a piece of
hotdog.
2. The number 15 can be expressed as a sum of three consecutive counting numbers, 4+5+6.
Nine can be expressed as 2+3+4, which is also a sum of consecutive counting numbers.
The Problem:
Can the counting numbers from 1-50, be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive
counting numbers? If not, then which ones can?
Analyze, look for patterns, and come up with some conjectures (guesses). Write your findings.
Go online : Go to the link below and watch the video of the new method for dividing.
Study and apply it. Decide if this method is accurate and applicable. Discuss and prove
your answer.
Chapter challenge:
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 1 6 12 20 ?
I.
1. Problem solving
3. Problem solving
5. Mathematical Investigation
II.
1. Mathematical investigation is helpful in real-life world.
I.
1.) 631428
3.) 31
5.) 5,040
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
I. Multiple choice
1.) d
3.) d
5.) c
II.
1.) Making conjectures
3.) Share or communicate findings
5.) Look for patterns
III.
1.
CHAPTER CHALLENGE:
I.
1.) d
3.) b
5.) c
II.
1. T
3. T
5. F
7. T
9. T
III. A
1.) 56
3.) 8
1
5.)
3
III. B
1.) y = x + 𝑥 2