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    108 views802 pages

    V K Raina - CONCRETE BRIDGE PRACTICE PDF

    Uploaded by

    Shikhar Singh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 802
    CONCRETE BRIDGE PRACTICE Analysis, Design and Economics SECOND EDITION DrV.K RAINA PhO (London, DIC (Landon), MICE (Leda. Eng, Pra. (Orta) Civ Engineering Adviser S Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi New Delhi New York St Louis San Fancsco Auckland Gogol Guatemala Homburg Lisbon London Wadd Mexioo Mian Menreal Panama Paris “San Juan Sto Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto 198410 RASA ncn eed em oy ny ee sen emir tthe puso is elton be pod fo ons she pobiae ‘a MuGru- ashing Comps ae ISBN Ga. as%e eid y Ta Gro. ating Crp Lin. 1HI2 AAG Ras. New Duh 0 Ineo oe Wed, Egan Aree, Sasa 0 ata pd a Rone bees Pe B39 G1 Rana Rows Se 1D eaRaezioanyy {for the developmen ofthe socalled THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES ‘mary of which inthe past were > iosically conquered, olitcalysujucoted, ‘culuralyoppesced, > and economically eplited. ) [dedicate hie wor to THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND ) DEVELOPMENT. ‘THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (0 er plows a commen eis rey ee ey poo. eds poor he Toston poo. tc ones pete o0 Sr Tet wells wat be ccked ha tse peop ae rene rece cso ce ay cae ert fr thee cane search ra tno enn eh a See commis eM tae abd We mae a eapof fen reer hte mets ont ccc teas Bbw te! Telos mar © he eee ol br msve npn Foreword ‘The went century healed new ean tig balling ones wit are improvement in macs wo ma Simctral steel sd rere concrete began tte ed xtensively. Rapid developmen inthe hear of ursturs slong with te advent of the computer made pose lonter imovnve desis. Sopisiatd mahal ad "ol ways was inreasingly aud oe! i aha ) gf structs. With the manne knowttge ceacon sad the eageoes of ceatve mento develp Ie and more ing sans tere have been ary piomeing Shier tn the USA and Euope, which ate deed manele of ‘The design of ridge tracts hs beso nica with the changeover from be convetionl gee sas geno {he complex inerchangesreqing ced units ae ‘ys or suspended unt. The anys such moans vin teen forms nd saps, eques penly of igh over research ay lg Behind pce! posses How ten can we, builders of bridge ult and design ote ting sratuesio safely supe he ls ellgy sing or heavy vehicles ano wit ofeh amped, le forces of wind and water ‘Ths emphasis on theory nd oo lise consideration for Siac deting 2nd onsets tee esl ie follies in the ntsoo-datan pss To deat foe ay ‘5 abd nd mates ens ea wae way Sh edoee, ste tsk of enor and conequentfalles Thee foe ynamism of he professional, ridge bebe canoe Jil spans lager o atempt forms of comtchon now slegant and more economia than ever blr. tn sors 3 Put Bone and Feta Leona, “Evey sew ile tallenes the human spt think of av slsons wan 2+ tum push forward the tesold of wat ct Se tose ‘Undosbely te publican even some engine atone bt the uimat in ridge dein and certon bc oe "Blob forthe present. OF cou, his enains 1 be see stsory would indica orig, ‘The eagnestng work on age bide project of today Isso caplet many engine we volved intedco, am conscton scien, The cet Cant go peachy {oe persona i nthe ps. Lars fem specie ‘a many ses ar invoved, Neves, one man aso sma the final decison. These dcony af which thee may te sever call fora weah of tecateal Ioorledge tn sun jdigevent bated on many Jeet af eigenen Ths book by Dr VK Raine—Concere Bie Practoe ‘Aabs Desgn and Econo, te oh books Sones osx books tenting varias facet of badge eninesngs ‘vies comprehensive coverage onthe sje ar tsk the designer and the constactor, The book is tke 2 Programmed tet svg discrep to deesion ming 18 based onthe aubor's experience both nnd oad toa. His presen asspament ra United Nations Exper in Sua Amis He sys "Teno exaggeration tse ot ‘mare bilge of many vcs, cing some Ayovees ‘eentng 10 km i lengh exch, have been Seng noe ‘ain Su Aisin the te ovens and eiges thes the eae inthe word If tee eer exe ie he world» fest of designing aed balding pestered and info concrete briges,itwas in Saal Arabia dang this ped and it was not for oothing that 10 many cenvered i Wis (hs seing that inspired Dr Reina © write his Sanasic book providing am integrated serene ofthe trctralanatis and design of ots convene and ‘modern ridges. wash pasion fore bge a es leh to ake‘ this say. De Rai hs en I the langng fhe engineer. The rade ongoing tough he ok, ili a freaching insight ino deg proses nd metoss and the inerpetsion and use of dege ‘peiesions I furlshes the precttng engineer wih seh needed data to met the changer is work We He ‘on exelent ouree of reference De TN Sunse Rao Managing Director Gammon Maia Linked, Bombay AWord to the Reader Talking clone never pulled out stamp! Atory ty 10 ‘hrow about the weigh of thes parly academic degrees ‘en-productive publcaions,claireom or waiefice ‘experiences, amd even the hander of ter comme. ‘memberships. Inthe en, onl thote tht here finaly ‘ctaly been moulded on the profesional en re af ‘al value—thove thet have had prolonged but sacral ‘xposres to furiously resuvorented nd proficeaing ompeitive practical conmercal perience where te est month's survival depends om the Previous months My im in writing this took etm fle. One ito bene those who may wih toreceie exer acl presi ote {Tom the ‘scene of sha" sanipont a disinet from a theoreti” clasrooe Rael hat blest ot ‘st nagar acne” rd at if and eae fo he sleeves up weeklies Sond ist ty and “lk to he engine a shart sgh soo lang the sobeties en rout in the vein of sey ‘uated ioral, without “yang” hr with xe, Deseritons have been wen wth clay ad es ob tha the enzneer irate verved or bed wh gen this eer too hotter arn with inp eo sees dt, This ook aes he ede bye fags eco, he labyrinth subject na worknatte mason so She or econo, ee ane pice Of he numerous warks that hve been writen pon the subject af bridge analysis an doin: many a cece ftamples of mathematia! gymeasicy rer than of ‘nsncering aplication mths book heaps ofthe reve re gud i paths sften ren by and therefore familar tothe anton rh, ‘dere, is able to recommend @uraight course wthont ‘he designer having to ware tine search fore outa It have scceeded in some mesure iste only by Seog emelopedi, but because the presentation is fresh in ‘matment an abo al ey oy ad flo cone ovies what the desgndenginert wan, witht alae eranis on his esi. However the sr beng what is and de work invoied being swesome tat gated She i ofthe Bok) havea o presume athe ead steady hat some eipeince inthe anal Stig sed desig of concrete tigen easeabls aoe ‘ompeitive professions pncice. Engines sso st doing ihre sms ort 4 ater of bind adherence t> gap and formulae, Gre rote danger of becoming to coated wih ese nt be consed enough with pact Yale” Zs ‘more meaningful have an approximate slut og ‘rat problem thane ese salut oa eprosined ‘rable. A weft book doesnot have tobe te ravjand of dead Ph Dit Asx pli prince who hs opted in 40 many counties and as worked with ee of eninctors and conse, dred is bok pare 'o be pacicaT when ti packed wih poser of eens ropes and impressive Tooking raps ha ae ony of ‘ery rested ae and, were le writen by someone who has never stayed sured and sce inthe meri Wot of cempeiive practice im constacton and design Thais wher all he fons ap were one pagols wie survival situations that can caus ers! A pood mutica | fr superior toa mariccrte Pavel engneers as ‘esol mre ere eae a have to havea wide bad of experience ate tan st Solted nar speciation sone” Originality comes oat of understanding, nd undesanding comes oto lees, ae, nto mee information. Last bh nt Ee let, 00d judgement comes ou of experince and experince ‘ten comes ont of bad judgment. De V K Rana Acknowledgements ‘As acknowndged in my omer tools, one of he paces « rote prctonar hs wo pey he unl tore Inve nrecarch ed brotay work oom rs oF aoc wor, hardy ba tne twee. A tt ‘toner would ater speed ene nasi oa | more designing) and contig (and sleet onan) than jst wing Boo Sore woul be ert chorea fe prcting profesional ho ‘as singers om te pase pre end tn fot hor {avo wie stout could est te oder 0 es {ore pofesion. however har pt be fr hin fed thas inet Tt would be even more mecnigf ditional, ado pace rescarth schon hal vod ep im st gran rom has Fed by th elise op wine he resent ook in We homble hope at may pve an ga of occ dior. wt ie fre orange ae {8 xe hat te ook be of gull tet Be ping ‘Wi he mind bogsing and unpalled spe ofa om of words sipenerretay. and ghar ‘etwas nau rab scone th ed Naan {Bepsines of Tecnica Cooperation or Decoy os the house dsr tthe isn Comments of the Sud Goverment, was isle han kop sesign and consrscton of seven! iges ie bast Irchanges,crosings und hove oars ps ans, ‘ows and carve, with mat) oman ad conan, {08 90 aggro o ate hee at woe ge of ‘any vets inledng ame fyne ere IDs lng cich ov ben desi de Saas Arba "he ie seversies andthe eles an anywhere cee te wordt I tee ever ext se wows fa of vaowsconaing engineering ims td conracers (Dar AlHendaah Lande, UR), Wilson Musow (Stine, USA), Icon one, fal Sut Renalet (Rome. sp, Tec Rane a Sade Cons Riyadh KSA). Travers Morgue ant Pre Landon UR. ‘Aroian Eng: Bureau (ya, KSA), Rha Ieee \ormund, W. Germany. Oar AFRiyad OS}, Dexidit (atten. Greece), ears Lenn CK, Gon PS Ld (New Deh Ini Ganon Ini Lit Bamba, nda. {US Duga & CoP. Lia New Det Ina)-CCC Ldn, ARMs Conrating (KSA) Naser Haro Bros. (KSA). Han Yang S Korea). tok ter tates, Gres) Tan |Riyadh. KSAD and J&P (Cyprus to name only some with wom 1 worked in diferent capscies in ferent outs. aso wish acaowiede the oppor) 1 ot of designing some of te fst clas carved en shew’ cont neous preset concrete in Cade vie worn ‘she Omari Depuiment of Taspustan(pevious ‘The Deparment of Highway, Torn. Tae speinces | asidousy sie and sored over tt long yes Wh 8 "See to ring them wih ste trough hs Book, ‘Last bat cenit? notte leaf sh to express my earl grade to Vn my ds ie fre at sate ‘edurance, While we both edt tree anderserved ‘hough ou especie preonseepicece wa medicine (She has Data from Leon Unryo ove Pao logy ut perhaps edd this to ete since ed "the nel of pies on ou domestic om, Perhaps the cost fou in terms of contcn and way murone ution of understanding ha tes high bi ook ns Srengh to stend the oneness of selinficted Individual Soltdes end sltde is always a verte in agony can "ever gon mysei enough foreman omy wie an 10 _Actnonledeenent some extent omy parent) len afering and loneliness, ith all is consequence and rer despatch frm (vhat ‘omast people are erent worlds orm hough realy tnt rnstry Indeed ary inh elie mrt sense ‘hi vas de to my plese! ements tinge vay otentimes, oe to dfs ans, for lng pein OF tine fr years not jt met, le et wn esc fomilimems kept ber Sestak. The aly slae a in he resaking void T inves the dine for ive yet in eng thi book and my ar four books (ed aso Pape), using erly xc sealable nate every single (iy (ode my eroded oil work chest) suing ‘he time-consuming nd general feivolous socal ge topes, and denying mse even the mleo ndareons freon (On wei ig) Jaden Contents Foreword ‘A Word 10 the Reader vt Actnowledgenete we 1. The Basle Principe of Praccl Sutra Acayse and Design 1 MM Ietoducon 1 2 Surmary of he oot appasch forays td design of aril pe of bridge 7 2. Forces to be Considered Inthe Analysis for the Design of @ Bridge a DL Maia foes 6 22. Some relevant ceaidrtions 6 3 Live Laad on Rosa Bridges, ° 3 Gere bckgiotnd 9 52 Leading of diferent counties 10 33. Some iteesieg eomparzane inthe diesen ‘ype of losings 34. Deals of tome nalonl (highs bridge loadings 15 Referees 25 4 Stractral Conerte 6 41. Covert for contstion 26 42 Some roushandseady ifomation 28 Deals of Structural Relforcement Bars ond Mesh Fables 2 6 Detals of Prestesingstee, Tendors and G1 Types of eel 47 62 Prestessing tendons 42 2 trsosucton 60 72 tmporant Setitions 6 73. Open foundations 2 14 le foundatcas 64 755 Smal diameter sige doable under seme tnd elavely shore bored wes 97 16 Caistns or "weloundaions 7 17. Pret and abutment #0 DistrTuton of Externally Applied and Set Induced Horizontal Fores among Brie Supports in Srnght- Decks 8 ee) 5.2. Simply supped nonsew seit decks on ‘aielng reports. 83 Dutrtuton of Ingtdina!horiona forex sevens tridgesuppons in stighedeske ia Simple and cnuour sane on tng oF fete suppons 40 8 Applesion 85 SS Canlaon 9, Distbuton of Externally Applied and Set Induced Hortonal Forces among Bridge Supports in Curved andlor Skewed Deeks (Simple or Contiuous Spee) 2 9. Iaodseion 92 82 Amijsa 9s 93 Appleton 95 918 Conchsion 98 10 Estimation of ‘Desig Values” ofA ‘Bending Moment in a‘Tall Seeds Bridge Support—Guardingspanet Bueing Etec »” 10.1 2a onder teary 100 102 Conetsion 14 1, Analyss and Design of Slender Exposed Pies in a Group ss 1.2 Analyse for colann action by second order teary 105 113 Applcwion 108 HLA Revormendions 109 11'S Nameveal example 717 References 1/4 Annexes 115 12, Estimating Safe Bearing Capacly of Seis for Feotings Calione and Pies ‘us 124 Troditon 118 si Cone M4 18. | 6 PART (Workmantike Approach) 119 (A) Varioue preliminaries, and obtsning quickly ¢vosphestimate of the sae beong exec (SBC) of soil 119 More accutestinainn of B.C of it tncer'a footie or cision 120 (€) Soil veins to 4 ple 125 (D)_ Soil testaneew oop of piles PART IL (Same Reevaet Deis) "130 (0) Improving the Bearing capaci of si ane making foundstions on weak silt 130 Various inst peneaon ess employed in the estinavon of substrata Bearing Safe being opciy of ocky subsrat “7 Soi parameters: Some peal values 138 o ww 0 ay ‘etseen the Maximum Seour Level Founding Level 1B Cue a Her 132 Cae B16 153 Active ereh-pressite on abutment 9 on Feng founded on Figo les 15 [valuation of Mase-Presure and Contactarea ‘under Foundations Sueted to Dtet Load fd Aegis Bending 7 Friction Slab for Staiing Abstmants and Retaining Walls 150 151 Procetre 150 Reloforeed Kerth Strucures 1, 1 Principle of reifoed earth 153 162 Cure design and sonsction systems 156 ‘Avot about ‘ost’, corso tine snd ‘care needes ing eorstnetion™ 162 ‘The Beis yer te French coro proce 168 Tesig of mati The pobiem af corosin Reteences 165 Bearings for Bridges 6 TL Beings 168 172 Bridge spree movements 165 173. Developmen of Bearings 107 174 Types of Besigs commended fo arious spun lengts and sper contin to Prats consderaos inthe spesfeston ‘sign, anitre an wal Comal of mecha ge Resins 71 sone rom some ses ites experiences 1 Siractunldeign of aous pes of Besngs Design of tinwar concrete hinge cocker) Beare 15° Denil of inate neoprene Bearings 189 Some ofthe erie and modes ngecapss 1741 Aalto oysters Reterenes 208 6 ns 9 110 201 ‘The Superstrvcture 161 Inredusion 206 162 Gena conpursen of wifes conte and presvessed snete sopesicures 209 Sb ope supersrcure tell or vided). tly deeminaeorindteminnte 209 ‘eam anda and toes supercars 210, cocomic spacing btncen beams 217 alined eailever ye sera 2/2 (Cominsus type supersrucres 212 Seanenal deck constuction 213 Pre biges 217 Dre ehck ist for seta aaabs. desi fee concton for vaowe (pet of pe src 220 206 3 “Transerse Distesbution of Live Load among Deck Longiedinals 19.1 botucon 229 192 Baste fetus elated to waneverse loud Sibaion 23 ‘Taner datbution of loads (as pee ACL Commitee 342 Repo and AASHTO specii> ‘ons 235 Courons metiod for estimating tavese ‘Serio of ve fond mang deck Hons ‘Gms ina beaedlib pe deck 708 ine aad Morice method Vor estimating transverse oat of lve load rang the ‘eck Tongittnals In sold-ab pe oF Peds peo abemn-ansiab fe deck) 29 195 Griloge metho (or ext ‘no 93 194 9s ating the por a. onmers ofthe applied load effet in the longitudinal ond he wansvese mene of he eck) 28 19.7 Transverse di References, vibation oF ive load ia tox Practical Struc 201 Aim 267 2022 Sra analsisfndaaconeeps 26) 20. “Area moment metod of analy o70 204 “Srainenerg)" meta of maya 257 205 “Moment isebuton ica of maha 278 20 “Slope deecion meth ef onal 2027 “Flexibility method of nays (ig. OF Vy thea 24) 208 Bens om elie foundations 208 209 implied aids orld hangs 308 al Anal 21 Baker's Method for Unite Lead Analisis ‘of Indeterminate Conerte Sieur 352 References 358 Etec of Different Settemen of Supports ins Staicaly Indeterminate Sinctare 384 ets ofan ne) per tenet oo te moments inte wiperarctie 2 Caluating the ea ite settenest of upp stil nde tea bythe ete method te Reinforced Concrete Design a 231 Geral hackgrod and prince of inonced oncee sxgn a5? 22 Elawie design mead 359 233 Loader design method 560 224 Dewling 90 Reterencer "> Practical Design agsast Shear and Torsion and Design of Shortcailercrs tnd Deepsbeams| a 241 Prope of desen agin sear 377 242 Design of sora sera ashes 3 23 Design of an areulsion ti. «halkng jin 0 244 Design of eep teams 243 Desien agaist combined shee aed torsion an Reterences 38 Cowen 2, Design ofa Relaorce Concrete Seton Subject to Combleed Axil Test and Anya BendingSimpied Praca n. Method a 251 tooduetion 287 252 Theay 387 253 Examples 380 Coneasin 396 Post-iesioned Pressing of Concrete 397 2641 Genel prinipes of retested conc 397 262 Stages of lasing 97 263. Pressed ves riforsed coerce 98 264 Syteme 0 265 Cable ton evaions 407 266 Breet of caeroctage 2 267 Design of eablecanchorage zones (end oss in postesione precedente a 26.8 Concordat cable pies in coninious [pesessed ence beans 115 269 Non concen destination of scons ' continous pesuesee conte beam 26.10 Liner tantomation of eominous pres: bing enon pots nents beam 9 26.1 Limiso ine foam af esbe prs incominueus beams Reference 13) Behaviour of» Structure during the Loading History al the way p16 ostaps, 8nd Estimation of Moments Attained at “Ute taking “Redstation” into secount Py ns ne Deformation characeries 42: Clase behaviour of comtnoes beams 428 Propose eto fretting tr inte beading moment disrbton 38 Efe of tenon trsnstormiion oo white seo 27 Inpotnce of workman “etaing” 428 Exination of tron hing momens 2 siessaiareltonsig. 29 Reterenes 29 Elect of Tendon Transformation on Uiiate Swength of Cont ous Prestressed Conerete, Beams “0 Anais dsvation of he proposed forrls a0 a m 2. a ‘Simplied Method forthe analyse of Torslonal Monet ar an Effect of + Horzantlly Carved Mulispan Continuous Deck os 291 totucon $25 282 Longudal analysis «37 293 Tongue analyse 438 Reterencer 42 ‘Temperature Stresses in Concrete Bridge esk-Simple Design Method ws 30. Inodustion 445 B03 Predicting temperate disebation through deskecetn (or evaunig egesues) 77 304 Themnal rack pate 409. 305 Themal ence 450 308 Recommendations 45 307 Numeral examples 152 Reteenees 452 ‘Aonenore 53 “Transverse Analysis of Some Typkal Concrete Sections. Analsig a Deck Cros “sr SLL Background 457 Cast (AY Twincboxsstion with an inte onssing tp sab 8 cee (By: Mule! boxes ih eq: (hsknese nee 8 Cae (Ch Mule ox-section with sub cenit web 486 caw (De Twocelltoxsecton with slid ental spe 473 ose (Ey Void det scion 475 (Case (FE Analyst decks in ntinry eamandio type of deck and rainy a8" ype of dak 378 spantion Joints for Bridge Decks 3 32.1 Sources of movements ant fads expansion joins 983 2322 Function) requirements of expansion joints 323 Compression sels 88 32 Lege moverent expansion joints 95 5325 Inealaion of Wabotky Sk sens 50 References 7 Parapets and Ralings for Mighay Bedges $12 31 Defame 512 % 6 332 Clasico highway ide parapets 512 CConstreton Techniques a (Construction Canidrations a Cantilever Contraction of Bridges os 442 Vas dere 325 Considerations inthe Design of Prestressed Concrete Box-Girder Decks with Spent Reference to CanlevesConsrucin $31 374 Toil devon 537 312 Anse 552 313 al design 535 31a Deng 397 531 Geflton of canever tedges and camber sign 339 [317 Protea robles in casinsiyeonsteton ber col 340 a7 Concerta of recs segments ad math cst pony joins 544 79 Fatigue im peeed concrete Wipes 546 ieterenee 508 Design and Construction of Cable stayed Bridge DesksSome Information 58, 382 The evn ce mye 588 383 Amiga et ot) 550 She Defcon eters 580 BES. Operation of seble stay 557 387 Cate ny ming 388 Gem ie aay amangement $55 389. Diesen pes of eablestys S38 3810 The Fyn cable wy 390 B81) BOR say and anctorge 36 30.12 Frye say aechorage 562 SEIS Stang ofthe sys 862 [E14 Speen ends for eblestays 80 3815 Spesfeaton anchorage fr enlestays 364 388 Sposa of tetera for abe sair7 Sip of sy” weal sas 318 Inulin fa cale say 568 Salons dele of enn ablestay tides 568 Reference 509 3 Vibration of Brige Decks 0 381 Invoduction 570 382 Susie 37) 383 Coal provision, 57 3844 Human aspect 572 305 Frequencies ovsig phsilgiea amd psycho logit efeas 3 286 Fatigue and tlrance els 573 38,7 Work alien cone sas relation present protien 593 398 Practcl favs 574 399 Fractal aproach for stain ansyss 574 0, Use of Frepsinet Fat Jacks, 6 40.1 lvoeton 575 40.2 Adepiation aad combinsions 576 403 Force exened scoring to tne oping 575 404 Methods of nalihin 577, 403 “Ifaton’ techigue 377 406 Recovery and rese of aks 577 407 Applications 578 41, Fire Resistance of Sractaral Concrete S81 414 Genera 387 412 Simply supped (onestined) sas and teams SBP 413 Coninuoss sibs and trans 582 414 Fe endurance of lone and oof which have rn esl expansion 562 S15 Hestanmision S 416 Fe endure of walls 583 41.7 Reinforced coperete columns S88 418 Propenie of ela high temperatins $86 419 Prpenies of cones high tomersioes sss 4140 Temperature éisibtion within concrete members exposed tof” 558 Selected bibliography 9) ‘2 Economies and Quantty-Trerds in Alternative Bridge Structure Schemes, 4 421 Synopis 504 422 odection 594 425 Economics™vaiows considerations 596 426 Typical compurzon-Cave Study 1605 427 Typist compatian-Cive Sty 2? $23 Quantyarens 608 “© Guidelines tor Profesionaly Peparig and Sabmiting "Detaee Stractrat Anais nd “ Design Catelatione’ snd “Constrcton Drawing” for Cew’s Covnter-checking and Record a7 [Engincerng Drawings and Working Drawings a 461 Engineering drawings 679 442 Working eovings 2 443 Caution 623 PrecTender Datz-Quesenasire—Designcum- Consruct BridgeTender 4 Malnteoance Management System for Highws Bridges as $61 Imodcion 626 4462 Flenent of te apeanen 526 463 Incepon report 26 {64 Inver ad enon survey of teenie aw network 627 465 Maintenances lation of ridges and ser sete 27 46 Bridge inennce eum _ 628 467 Struc tnpeton 29 463 Guidance for BMT 690 469. Outie of tide sineys 8 {$6.10 Inspection posers 839, 46.1 Means of oes andthe reauited eguipnen 4512 Schedule of nit res for invesigntve stra ecrptaton fr te nda oe “4813 Schedule or unit res for state lond and 46.15 Rekailision wok 646 Bridge-DistressReporting—A Workman ‘Approach 7 411 towodection 647 12 Bridge doves reporting 667 Bridge Raglneering—Some Topieat Reflections ass 48.1 evaduction ass 482 The “Bridge Cute (A brit historic! noe) as 483 Rational approach w src design 659 484 New coset of practice et out factor") ei ee 485. Desin evesion 642 85 Core aginst cracking of conrte—aot by ‘aleuaions none! 66! 48.2 Lieae of road bps 68 4488 Conc sractredetoraton drei ltaion 66 89. Appoprite tectnology for dveoping counties 672 48.10 lucie forging ect development nthe eld af vl engiceting pi works in developing counties” 67% 811 Inspection eteklig—6t Some sel referencee "85, Appendix 1 Metric Unit and Connerstn Factors 687 ‘Appendix 2 Some General Dats oo Appendix 3 Append 4 ‘Append § Appenax 6 Appendix 8 Shapes 6 Mathematics Data 4 Estimation of Bursting Tene Stress in ‘Cason tenn’ under Pevmatic., ‘Sinking? Condions 18 Extract rom the AC. Commitee Report 343 and the AASHTO Design Speciation 110 Reteences 724 Some of the UK. (OT) Department of “Transport Bridge Enisering Techical Memoranda oa Adltonal Bibography By CHAPTER 1 a ‘The Basic Principle of Practical Structural Analysis and Design 11 INTRODUCTION Alter dicing the ype of trie. san arangement ad ‘an lees, use suber cece of foundations and eck In comer wih the red of constuction, Hence. esabsh the luting seen, oe ‘2h lal i te sequence ste what at em or wh Spe or spans i ace snd une hat enone, From ns ind ou wha momen re items tvs ‘econ. ond which of hae a on uh eon pope at "oe sections an hee nue what ses The eu sess a vy fad stag teach secon mast tener hr pele ales hat ar tt inthe evar Code ff Pratie (he dein speienon, Thal the etree of suetral analysis and sign ‘A sond design can te prodiced oly if developed slong ‘ith scaled Sketches ind sings wih ony for racic det Inde cesin nade ty wings Image in pale. Fora regular ohare protal ‘Sigh. the desaner mast got lose sgh of the over "aement which to pode & saab ana patel strate nlite amount of ie te iinet ening in mind the recat sae af dhe senray ining specifications. Thre is 2 lage fap between 2 tes heretical approach and ounce competitive mating ptesonts spr, tore tl ey pesca esgn and produce » none aig ‘n'a eecton ang, jer tan fiance erly be ale to lecture on thd "atte sgh of 9 na fo hour One has fo appetite he siewnce betwern isk ‘ante grin. between the so-called cee ad the eal yer: Reoween the music ee sig onthe stn fd thesia petoring muxcian eben he else ‘om suche and the prcsing pean working fo 8 commerce and profit ovent see oat, A hs end Of the day Hs more spor To have {a8 soprinae selon 16 an exis pabem rte tan {0 fo enact ston to an orale) preem, ‘er fo thoeiians, lecturers, ante ns fee sev have ever produced compte paca sete Iams nde. it sboule note sping IT some of the fe to themes, may een Hd he exiting ‘srctes umf! In fct mately wring of opts and Souk, ied on ine patil expences wih 0 byte, fol ppb for 4 comptive pact fendprodec, fen ties ie = main of raed ‘cade an iso stati for inlined ar ‘iawn, cad conril pst expen renting fot Simin gains he caren coven the le gmt of ork fom eeomsance and esi tough mae Working designs a act eesactin and menace envy cannot be tap. I isan expect ne mest ive toagh ofeam wid co's own two in ia od fompetive pce. (For mae on thi sabe see the "Reflectons on Design Ect” Ch. 66 fh back) 12 SUMMARY OF THE TOOL-KIT APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A USUAL ‘TYPE OF BRIDGE Ganeal Steps Step 1 Koowing the requ rsd fomation_ lve ‘stbish the pemisible Seucwal eck depth (ater lowing for Gi) the minima versal learanc reed terveer the afd high fload level and ck sand) the wenn cot ices low he roid foation es Depenng up the dep cf foundations, the ig of eck above be level (i above awe ater ve. ovenge eepth of sacing Wate: ‘hing contraction Season, ethos of erseton toqutely sued oth sie tthe crsuton expense aval. decd: he ye of ie span Teng and araesemert the ype of foun tte se ad cosesecton of the dehy method of coniesion an the Ising seen the frie corsactan,(Conierstone dace hs. 7.18 and i hive der being hee) aly te opine type of tise yell have fo te ecied by waleingKeween relevant Beste, Deve the Greil crsesstine anf sees of vaio element of the sbtacae and ‘prc daw these 10 vce and etablch Step? Sep 3 2 Cone lige Pace Abt Des nt Ero the Preiminry Geert Amagsnen Dawing (GAD) of he bridge (Some ses a apres, when seen fo ene, will aust moaeatans nd wil be decided’ beer toogh sch ed ‘tawings. This is necenny 10 0810 fee ‘ore inthe esmsion of faces and moments fd the flow of sues Uajeriee al ae 12 te serounded ty elegant emp poprtions by practi! detaing Vario ts nd to 3 Sus Fr with optimum peer ie a mais Relaveproprsonr ant approxi et ‘of ceain members well rb hp wil be best decided only through te sed sachs, wovided they are dwn by an expeenced occa designer nathan eye ford Dele the typeof tering ote arden th ons (ed. fee a) sais he preliminary umber ions ad shes of varus ster element er gu (elimina analyse and desig, Ti reese te here deed ay ad eg ‘Substructure Design Steps Step $ sabi deck dnd toad acon and he ‘natimun and mina ive lod reaction o he Petter under corsdereon. Alo ese the co-stng moments du othes lon set te tansvese and fngadnl ses of he ge (eo the manu pone ccm waster ‘of tes dea and te load reson. a te beaking ar mere foe, ‘Step 5 stim veil oad to foun a Soli of pl xp ease of pl) ender matin, ‘imu ard no lve load conde: ing no count te upward buoyancy fe aw 100 for S0% weigh of wae i volume eq ht of he merged mas (100% fae feud ‘oil and Fisued er weak teh, $7 cae ogo rook ‘Stop 6 Esimat ta moment abo hetig's nga nal nnd arizona foc ine nse i ‘ot sous eels a te of he fon dion. die wo possise exec veal ead loud ad wae lace and af 9 (ely Sr 7 Esimae al momen bout te ies ase tiv and Rorzonl fre Ia epi Secon varios levee a at he ba of he foun et possible ezeaey of ean dead oa Seakng"andwemperaue foes ae fod wat fore (or alemavey in cue of a9 were egy tbe cae curet fect of 25cm aati ad iferee ars pier tikes, is seen than the od water effec () la case of simpy spate spans on racks beings, twang force mb ve ladon one conten may ‘esd go os rocer benign that ‘he foun oder i wil ake eber aking tempera or lf of ring tera, ‘he ste sul applying oan bunt Fle poring nea sas.) In ease sie ps wih Went neprete bering unr each nd ofan indie fan the foam il fake the sum of half of taking tom te Ue Toads on each of te two spine sported by Wand the Bozo tanger foe ei (Spy ~ Sqm), she 5 i be shear ‘alg of he nope ares spring he ee See spa, Sq Ua of thre supporting te ght Se spa, and my abd mg the deck movement ‘ove thm respetely i) Refer Ch 8 aod Ofer the wend of ating te extra ‘poles wellar eset ndce rel oct {anon sos edge spp with leet pes of tering aking Ito secure bah he shear ‘ing of each sport aswell ste Heston of ‘he zeoenovement pinto the dk the deck ‘ing comune orturved andr skewed pty ‘Spore’ or continous) respective. Sep Estate he wind force ine sve dton lta can esac he expo sare ae of the tide who wou the ne load on dec, ‘enw is enough to conde wind va the feck suse te beeen tli nd po he ‘ole parapet or opto mi eight of grape nce (fan ogee parapet, ad that oe the Body of lve ond atte ate o 30 gin eg of ie had ‘ndr mani sd mini ve ono ‘Wind pres ov deck surface re depends on the gh oF the centri of is exposed saree ‘seu (died shave) above the neon reading soc, 1. above te high Naot leet we he Be Teel ah cae maybe With ve oon tig, 2 wind force of 50 kn length of dk lone (gern tt ox lve lea) i also conser ‘ernie 0nd onthe dense sen th th bay of ee la: Unde oe fa” ondton: ec the effet of 2 wind presse of 20 Sa onthe exposed aes he deck Tepe il ogo Vee ao te kee ahg nn n V e ag igi Sip Pri Srna Aland Dain 3 $$ Pret Sra i ant nen 3 ordered. suming no vee woul ly ender sacha wind. dn atl ane spc se, ihe win pss (eneray 100% ex or at einen have ote cose) ‘Since vind can also the bide obey, therefore, an aerate fhe above mentoned purely tnsvese wind conn, eamnon (Of stones wind fowes in anon and longindial dictions, i mage epeively ‘ult 67 ad 338 of he sad prety rsvee ‘wind fre shoul aso be comer Ai Eximate he sae equal ofthe bozo seismic forces can be ated by te mes ofthe sete above the embeds Tee (maxima scour lve! it ese of hye ‘widgs). Eambquate eres based one fl eet, even of te stars porns f th Sracue (5 log a thy ae abate the embed eel, i) Wszomsl seme fore on a mass my be taken as a cerain fatian of ae weight, sting rough is cen. hi fin vary betwen 0.10 for severe Seine 1405 for mceraescsmi nes oro fr non schnie zones, depesing onthe simi othe S48 In aion vert sine foe, upvand aca equal to le alrenenones havin secon abo ees ant sould be ete Yor— parca when timo ii tse pene ar il Gib the eared wonterse dion th 3 the etn ef lv oo one ck das na ia ener the aforementioned faction may apple o he Imagnatde of hie eto oh pp det wtsiferaion, acing respectively 12 ish hove rod stefice e tthe deck evel ee (The tines of eas ns dete effectively ‘Season fixed eng) Honever. if the eorhyane is in nse lonciain dein the, he cobain foe Youd to it can te pore since braking Fre b lesa consider and any taker lngtdal orizomal freon hee lad wil ony ease Migdeg of ibs whee. Tor the lng! Seismic farce coming om te founiaon fon the weigh of the ek and Toma Hud, | il depend en wheter te heags ae rosker an olercker (sing) peo teang {elstomee) ype nthe font cse te sean tation may be apples onthe eve weight me san deo he reker ied aig and "he Fxpth ve fad on and tise sme 1 ovotherocker ern nd the foundation unde I escheat only hese epee fore) However inthe se ste Ye cto ay be applied on he sm ft deck dent Tad foyath five lead econ Hom te feo ingle spars siting on he fount de corto. Inca eae th po ston wl be the ering NOTE tht for dation of extemal apes longa! horzn foes (eg sic wind ndbraking) insnighy, enpl oreotimous sacks in caved an seed (spe or catimi4s) eke reference maybe made t Ch a 938 Indeed eater ‘Sip 10 Estnte the “ctv cath preci force and moment (at vanows levels ani at the be of fountain) on account of the rnd il sve ‘he woe Tel of faingileeap. Pasnew rom te tom Fils genera ob fnare, at {C08 well preted depend then» ttn of i may be len ss dependable (hat scouting forte epsive surcharge ape tet pig wads This dpends othe london fin i case by ease the action aye ah 3 1 limi the mage of pte coin sal {0 he aetv coef, {i pun oF the foun tas ben ten down well to peomanene and unearned oi 8 {eison ar below ths maxima scout veh ‘timate acai the net pase fess Secve ean pres fet (ere nt monet) ‘om sch aig sol np. For Ii purpose, ‘een may be mae o Stor H() Samoan the net veri kd, the ne orzo foes i Be two onboeoal ection: nd tenet moments abou tee fo ston, at the te of te Furst (asl pe cap in ‘no pls) ude enh ical an canton. In her than itd Tomantons, eb the tse pressures and th safety fat or say agin oveting ard sing a ener th he ‘urements are sshd ane mcr design sith revised simensons. (Guanes on sabtta Searieg ena. fom Ch 121 Ale ease of pile founsions exile the ‘rainue an mina sat lead inthe ps by the adel ve roup approach aking ct ofa if piles ere) Ensure hat ro ple i Ft ip tod rt ea anny end Gao ren rr ag Fe eos Camere ie Prac: si ese nd Ean in tension nes ein pes ae provided. Ese the srt slg of he leseton forthe ‘scum’ loa and moment combos et (Ce the moment resuling fom the mulled fre-asion of he ple pp under he acon of "he onan orion foes, wah he wp oviom fy pin in ile fied ‘Check forthe adequacy sa resiace sound 4 lade ile te Boek fread pup Seton a he ple poup (Rete may be se "OCH 11 Formate dens nti at) Gi) Having thea enmzet the siy of the onan, mek out ver aa ad mame at ‘ariows intoeie cel eons Ushio a "emai beadrg moment etn ton) in the foundation stare ihe eles Whee Ferhouimen srctre aad then cally sign these sections Alo design vows eet Sractialelerensof te andi ates (os hey en kg descent ef tei ld ‘oiations neartent forthe ‘Stn 2 Estimate he vera ands on each beaing wnder ‘tus lod combinations, ingther wi he eo xistingothagoa rz ces and sions, Design the tetas forthe eft Use may Se mie of he saad maficties cabs for ensin ander beings, Fr deals veut Dating refer to Oh 17 wih sl gies sigh [Pocedire for elsomerc aeopiee Besings an {ott hing earings, Supersracture Design Steps Nove tat for batety (Le. double canives) deck, ‘onside in fe cate ana fer eros ‘ater design consierions, retr to Ch 18 and 37 and ‘op. Ser 15 Alyse and eign the tanvene deck sb and Is canitever wings, unis the spears 4 putely logit veined vi i with no cantleveing wings. Ths csy nhs eis the op Mane tick es ofthe deck selon hic i essential to win oe woth ut "he deck sect propre fr te seen Tong! deen werk ‘Stop 4G) Work out dee Tod acd ve land bending ‘omens at each eal scion fe. aad "ts spn sections snp sipped oan pte stow 50 m—anecemh pen secon for lnger ans pariclly in connor ad. bleed ‘lever decks, inthe ong fhe ders). (8 nore now te sy aed minum lve fae that «prota can sei amy oat he tans fad dart fer Tie lel placed in varios lanes (ani, ‘ism and most eccenticpacenet),Thi may be deme by he simple el pcing method {ven in he 1983 AASHTO speictons or by Dr Coutn'smetod (essay span to wis ‘ieee 2 an) y Lil an Ma's ‘tho which tsi Is th Gayon Musso ‘tod, (A sonewin sina method suse ty Mendy and Seger romebow has ot te Somos) wed) Alemsvely ee may be male ofthe Play-Grid metod which invoves ng fe ofthe many sandr compar programs SSTRUDL program which xtenely powefs ‘he Pla Gd method basal fae element ‘th. Tough tine consumieg f itng te Input ds, tis everdcee very pont can ‘elk acount ay skew ele apd even be ‘fect of ure in plan. (The care woken do ino sees joined susie chord members) ‘eavely mow bo section deck wh fll deh nd res re and if ter epcing ences ‘out 4m, then medics ie wel) the emir Toefl maybe stud tobe taken by alms all scion evens. owing 10 st mpl mauron a he seston, ignoring ay ve te the dea slab cavers feyend 2 sane equal 1 skies he svete deck sb [ches fem the or face ofthe bos seo) fee 1 sharp ete. For wide 0 acl tones the taste Ive lod stbtion may be sii byte fine eent metodo ee consumes email. be Tne fad ees fn ther may be sluly laisse (gerry by S215 depending a with and manera el) nd ken acing the medied box ssn ropeies mesic above. Te 1983 AASHTO. ‘peciaons are much simpler i apply even ee id Design gaat tenting te sremensiones il seo in einfred orn preset once a the at uy be Ines of rife! toner —fst 2 uck approximate dsige an (raing maybe made and then the sess fd craks cocked scaly andthe the inte moment capucier ene, mode ‘he detangappopatly. In cae of presteed oncree tose the velevat sep indted in Ch 18 and App. 6 may be flowed Alon Practica Sra Ana nd Design § incade the ft of temper sees, es the rmining src lemon fhe deck (2. lcs in Ch 30 20s aides, backs, parapets font Sip 15) Workout deal dive tad shee forces rab, ec). Design the exposion pn for at each citesl secon [eg a fice af toe tte spropie deck movement (or soa deta ook (which in into este deck may Ye see Ch 32) Cone af aang gil tesve depth fom! Sup 17 Ene he vito ciceriscs of be dct ‘eae of tering at Yah th pa setone (anu frequency sed apie of rio) std sections nen armed soppy ne So that pefenby fale below the sonsy longus of te deck rnin te ond Deyn i Lemans tera, Rfer Ch 38

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