2.

2 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Code division multiple access (CDMA) technique is based on spreading the spectra of the

relatively narrow information signal Sn by a code c, generated by much higher clock (chip)

rate. Different users are separated using different uncorrelared codes. As an example, the
Figure 2.2 ADC slot and frame structure for down- and uplink with 324 bits/time
slot

(6.67 ms) and 3(6) time slots/TDMA frame for full-rate (half-rate) (G = guard
time, R = ramp-up time, RSVD = reserved bits).narrowband signal in this case can
be a PSK signal of the form

Sn = b(t, Tm) cos ωt (2.1)

where 1/Tm is the bit rate and b = ±1 is the information. The baseband equivalent
of Equation (1.1) is

Sbn= b(t, Tm) (2.1a)

The spreading operation, presented symbolically by operator ε( ), is obtained if we

multiply narrowband signal by a pseudo noise (PN) sequence (code) c(t, Tc) = ±1.

The bits of thesequence are called chips and the chip rate 1/Tc _ 1/Tm. The
wideband signal can be represented as

Sw = ε(Sn) = cSn = c(t, Tc)b(t, Tm) cos ωt (2.2)

The baseband equivalent of Equation (2.2) is

Sbw= c(t, Tc)b(t, Tm) (2.2a)

2.3 ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

In wireless communications, the channel imposes the limit on data rates in the
system. One way to increase the overall data rate is to split the data stream into a
number of