Advanced

Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

Advanced Mathematics periodic functions

Fourier series of a
Fourier Series periodic function

Half-range
expansions

Diego Medoza, PhD.1

1 Programof Master in Mechanical Engineering

Universidad Autnoma del Caribe

March 10, 2017

 Advanced
Outline Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions
Introduction
Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
Even, odd and periodic functions

Fourier series of a periodic function

Half-range expansions
 Advanced
Introduction Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function
Fourier series are series of triginometric functions. Fourier Half-range
expansions
used these fruitfully to solve heat conduction equation in
solids.
∂T
= α2 ∇2 T
∂T
 Advanced
Even and odd functions Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Let f be defined on an interval x, finite or infinite, that is Introduction

centered at x = 0, we say that f is even function if Even, odd and
periodic functions

Fourier series of a
f (−x ) = f (x ) periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
and odd function if PhD.

f (−x ) = −f (x ) Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions

for all x in the interval. So, the graph is symmetric about

x = 0 if f even and antisymmetric about x = 0 if f is odd.
 Advanced
Examples of even functions: 5, x 2 , 3x 4 , cos x, sin |x | and Mathematics
2 Diego Medoza,
e −x . PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.
Examples of odd functions: x, 3x 3 , 2x 5 , sin x and x cos x
Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Mathematics

Useful algebraic properties of even and odd function: Diego Medoza,

PhD.

even + even = even Introduction

Even, odd and

even x even = even periodic functions

odd + odd = odd Fourier series of a

periodic function
odd x odd = even Half-range
expansions
even x odd = odd

In addition we have, for f even

Z A Z A
f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx
−A 0

and if f is odd Z A
f (x )dx = 0
−A
 Advanced
Even functions algebraic properties Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Odd functions algebraic properties Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Even-Odd functions algebraic properties Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

A given function is not necessarily even or odd; it may be periodic functions
both even and odd, or may be neither. What is true is that Fourier series of a
periodic function
every function can be decomposed into the sum of an
Half-range
even function, fe , and an odd function, fo , since expansions

f (x ) + f (−x ) f (x ) − f (−x )
f (x ) = + = fe (x ) + fo (x )
2 2
f (x ) = e x is neither even nor odd, nonetheless it can be Advanced
Mathematics
represented as an even and odd contribution. Diego Medoza,
PhD.
ex + e −x ex − e −x
fe ( x ) = and fo (x ) = Introduction

| 2
{z } | 2
{z } Even, odd and
periodic functions
cosh(x ) sinh(x )
Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions

e x = sinh(x ) + cosh(x )
 Advanced
Periodic function Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions
Suppose that for a given function f exist a positive constant Fourier series of a
T such that periodic function

f (x + T ) = f (x ) Half-range
expansions

for every x in the domain of f . Then f is a periodic function

of x with period T .
For example sin x is periodic with period 2π because

sin(x + 2π ) = sin(x ) cos(2π ) + sin(2π ) cos(x ) = sin(x )

 Advanced
Fourier series Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.
Fourier series is a trigonometric series of the form
Introduction
∞  nπx  ∞  nπx  Even, odd and
F (x ) = a0 + ∑ an cos l
+ ∑ bn sin l
periodic functions
n =1 n =1 Fourier series of a
periodic function
The Fourier coefficients of F (x ), are given by the Euler formulas Half-range
expansions

1 l
Z
a0 = f (x )dx
2l −l
1 l  nπx 
Z
an = f (x ) cos dx, n = 1, 2, . . .
l −l l
1 l  nπx 
Z
bn = f (x ) sin dx, n = 1, 2, . . .
l −l l

The Fourier series of f (x ) is denoted as F (x ). Fourier series are

useful for representing periodic functions. This series has a
fundamental period of 2l (from −l to l).
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
For F (x ) to represent f (x ) we need: PhD.

Introduction
1. The series to converge.
Even, odd and
2. The sum of the series F (x ) to be equal to f (x ). periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function
Theorem
Half-range
Let f (x ) be 2l-periodic, and let f (x ) and f 0 (x ) be piecewise expansions

continuous on [−l, l ], then the Fourier series

∞  nπx  ∞  nπx 
F ( x ) = a0 + ∑ an cos l
+ ∑ bn sin l
n =1 n =1

converges to f (x ) at every point x at wich f (x ) is

continuous, and to the mean value [f (x + ) − f (x − )]/2 at
every point x at which f is discontinuous.
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
Here PhD.

Introduction
f (x + ) = lim f (x + h ) and f (x − ) = lim f (x − h )
h →0 h →0 Even, odd and
periodic functions

If f (x + ) = f (x − ) = f (x ), then f is continuous at x, Fourier series of a

periodic function
otherwise it is discontinuous at x. Half-range
expansions
Piecewise continuous function
A function is called piecewise continuous on an interval, if
the interval can be broken into a number of subintervals on
which the function is continuous.

−x, if x < 0
|x | =
x, if x ≥ 0
 Advanced
Example Mathematics

Square wave Diego Medoza,

PhD.

Introduction
Sketch the Fourier series for the ”square wave” function Even, odd and
between −π and π. periodic functions

Fourier series of a
 periodic function
0 −π ≤ x < 0
f (x ) = Half-range
4 0≤x <π expansions
 Advanced
Mathematics

The coefficients values are calculated from the Euler’s Diego Medoza,
PhD.
formulas:
Introduction
1 l 1 π
Z Z
Even, odd and
a0 = f (x )dx = f (x )dx periodic functions
2l −l 2π −π
Z 0  Fourier series of a
1
Z π
periodic function
= 0dx + 4dx = 2
2π −π 0 Half-range
expansions

1 l  nπx  1 π
Z Z
an = f (x ) cos dx = f (x ) cos(nx )dx
l −l l π −π
Z 0 
1
Z π
= 0 cos(nx )dx + 4 cos(nx )dx
π −π 0
4 sin(nx ) π

= =0
nπ 0
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

1 l  nπx  1 π
Z Z
Introduction
bn = f (x ) sin dx = f (x ) sin(nx )dx
l −l l π −π Even, odd and
Z 0  periodic functions
1
Z π
= 0 sin(nx )dx + 4 sin(nx )dx Fourier series of a
periodic function
π −π 0
Half-range
4 expansions
= [1 − cos(nπ )]
nπ
The Fourier series for the ”square wave” is
∞
F (x ) = 2 + ∑ bn sin(nx )
n =1

where
4
bn = [1 − cos(nπ )]
nπ
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Example Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

Workout the Fourier series of the following function, using periodic functions

first 20 terms Fourier series of a

periodic function

Half-range
expansions

The period of the function is 16, therefore l = 8.

 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

 0 if −8 ≤ x < −6 Fourier series of a
 periodic function



 − x −6 if −6 ≤ x < −4 Half-range
x +2 if −4 ≤ x < 0
 expansions
f (x ) =

 2 −x if 0≤x <4
 x −6 if 4≤x <6



6≤x <8

0 if
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions
 Advanced
Euler’s formulas Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Euler’s formulas can be derived using the following integral Introduction

formulas: Even, odd and
periodic functions

Fourier series of a
 periodic function
Z l  mπx   nπx  0 m 6= n
Half-range
cos cos dx = l m = n 6= 0 expansions
−l l l
2l m=n=0


Z l 
 mπx   nπx  0 m 6= n
sin sin dx =
−l l l l m = n 6= 0

Z l  mπx   nπx 
cos sin dx = 0 ∀ m, n
−l l l
 Advanced
Mathematics
Suppose that the periodic function f (x ) can be represented Diego Medoza,
by a Fourier series PhD.

∞  nπx  ∞  nπx  Introduction

f (x ) = a0 + ∑ an cos l
+ ∑ bn sin l
Even, odd and
periodic functions
n =1 n =1
Fourier series of a
2πx periodic function


Now, multiply f (x ) by cos l and integrate it over a
Half-range
period expansions

Z l   Z l 
2πx 2πx
f (x ) cos dx =
a0 cos dx +
−l l −l l
∞ Z l  nπx   
2πx
∑ an cos l cos l dx +
n =1 −l
∞ Z l  nπx   
2πx
∑ bn sin
l
cos
l
dx = a2 l
n =1 −l
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

so, periodic functions

Z l   Fourier series of a
1 2πx periodic function
a2 = f (x ) cos dx Half-range
l −l l expansions

in general
Z l
1  nπx 
an = f (x ) cos dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l −l l
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

2πx


Now, multiply f (x ) by sin l and integrate it over a Introduction

period Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function
Z l   Z l  
2πx 2πx Half-range
f (x ) sin dx =
a0 sin dx + expansions
−l l l−l
∞ Z l  nπx   2πx 
∑ an cos l sin l dx +
n =1 −l
∞ Z l  nπx   2πx 
∑ bn sin l sin l dx = b2 l
n =1 −l
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

so, periodic functions

Z l   Fourier series of a
1 2πx periodic function
b2 = f (x ) sin dx Half-range
l −l l expansions

in general
Z l
1  nπx 
bn = f (x ) sin dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l −l l
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

The coefficient a0 is obtained from Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions
Z l Z l ∞ Z l  nπx  Fourier series of a

−l
f (x )dx =
−l
a0 dx + ∑ an
−l
cos
l
dx + periodic function

n =1 Half-range
∞ Z l  nπx  expansions

∑ bn −l
sin
l
dx = a0 2l
n =1

therefore
Z l
1
a0 = f (x )dx
2l −l
 Advanced
Fourier series of odd functions Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction
The Euler formula for an odd function are
Even, odd and
Z l periodic functions
1
a0 = f (x )dx = 0 Fourier series of a
2l −l periodic function

Half-range
Z l expansions
1  nπx 
an = f (x ) cos dx = 0 n = 1, 2, . . .
l −l l

Z l
1  nπx 
bn = f (x ) sin dx =
l −l l
Z l
2  nπx 
f (x ) sin dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l 0 l
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

In this case the Fourier series is represented by sines: periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function
∞  nπx 
F (x ) = ∑ bn sin l
Half-range
expansions
n =1
Z l
2  nπx 
bn = f (x ) sin dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l 0 l
 Advanced
Fourier series of even functions Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction
The Euler formulas for an even function are
Even, odd and
periodic functions
1 l 1 l
Z Z
a0 = f (x )dx = f (x )dx Fourier series of a
2L −l L 0
periodic function

Half-range
expansions

Z l
1  nπx 
an = f (x ) cos dx =
l −l l
Z l
2  nπx 
f (x ) cos dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l 0 l
Z l
1  nπx 
bn = f (x ) sin dx = 0 n = 1, 2, . . .
l −l l
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction
In this case the Fourier series is represented by cosines: Even, odd and
periodic functions

Fourier series of a
∞  nπx  periodic function

F (x ) = ∑ an cos l
Half-range
expansions
n =0
1 l
Z
a0 = f (x )dx
L 0
2 l  nπx 
Z
an = f (x ) cos dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l 0 l
 Advanced
Half-range expansions Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.
There are cases when f (x ) is not periodic and is defined only
in a finite interval (0 ≤ x ≤ L). In these cases it is possible to Introduction

represent f (x ) using Fourier series defining an extended function Even, odd and
periodic functions
of f(x) (−∞ < x < ∞) with a 2L period. Fourier series of a
periodic function

Half-range
expansions

The extension may be symmetric (even function) or

antisimmetric (odd function).
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.
The symmetric extension (even function) about x = 0
Introduction
generates a Fourier series only cosines Even, odd and
periodic functions
∞  nπx  Fourier series of a
F (x ) = ∑ an cos
l
periodic function

n =0 Half-range
expansions
where Z l
1
a0 = f (x )dx
L 0

Z l
2  nπx 
an = f (x ) cos dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l 0 l
 Advanced
Find the cosine Fourier series of Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.
f (x ) = x 0≤x ≤1
Introduction

in this case we assume a symmetric extension of the Even, odd and

periodic functions
nonperiodic function. In this case 2l = 2 or l = 1. Fourier series of a
periodic function
∞  nπx  ∞
∑ an cos ∑ an cos(nπx )
Half-range
F (x ) = = expansions
n =0 l n =0

1 l
Z 1
1
Z
a0 = f (x )dx = xdx =
L 0 0 2

2 l
Z  nπx  Z 1
an = f (x ) cos dx = 2 x cos(nπx )dx =
l 0 l 0
sin(nπx ) 1

cos(nπx ) cos(nπ )
2 2
+ 2x =2 n = 1, 2, . . .
(nπ ) nπ 
0 (nπ )2
 Advanced
Mathematics

The antisymmetric extension (odd function) generates a Diego Medoza,

PhD.
Fourier series using only sines
Introduction
∞  nπx  Even, odd and
F (x ) = ∑ bn sin l
periodic functions

Fourier series of a
n =1
periodic function
where Half-range
expansions
Z l
2  nπx 
bn = f (x ) sin dx n = 1, 2, . . .
l 0 l

The sine Fourier series of

f (x ) = x 0≤x ≤1

in this case we assume a symmetric extension of the

nonperiodic function. In this case 2l = 2 or l = 1.
 Advanced
Mathematics

Diego Medoza,
PhD.

Introduction

Even, odd and

periodic functions

Fourier series of a
periodic function
2 l
Z  nπx  Z l  nπx 
Half-range
bn = f (x ) sin dx = 2 x sin dx = expansions
l 0 l 0 l
1
sin(nπx ) cos(nπx )  cos(nπ )
2 − 2x  = −2 nπ n = 1, 2, . . .
(nπ )2 nπ 0