Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

1.9 Design of slender reinforced concrete unbraced columns

 For compression member not braced against sidesway effects of

slenderness may be neglected when
𝑘𝑙
< 22
𝑟
 The moment 𝑀 and 𝑀 at the ends of an individual compression
member shall be taken as
𝑀 =𝑀 +𝛿 𝑀 … … . . (10 − 16)
𝑀 =𝑀 +𝛿 𝑀 … … . . (10 − 17)
where
𝑀 &𝑀 : factored end moments on the compression member
obtained from the nonsway condition,
𝑀 & 𝑀 : factored end moments on the compression member
obtained from the sway condition,
𝛿 : moment magnification factor for sway frames, to reflect lateral
drift results from lateral and gravity loads.

Gravity load
Lateral load

Non-sway Magnified
Sway
moment moment
𝑴𝒏𝒔 moment
𝜹𝒔 𝑴𝒔
𝑴𝒔

𝑴𝟏

Combined 𝑴𝟏 = 𝑴𝟏𝒏𝒔 + 𝜹𝒔 𝑴𝟏𝒔

moment 𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟐𝒏𝒔 + 𝜹𝒔 𝑴𝟐𝒔

𝑴𝟐

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

 The moment magnifier factor 𝛿 can be calculated using either Eq.

(10 − 18) or Eq. (10 − 19) as below:
1
𝛿 = ≥ 1.0 … … . . (10 − 18)
1−𝑄
The above equation should only be used if 𝛿 ≤ 1.5

1
𝛿 = ≥ 1.0 … … . . (10 − 19)
∑𝑃
1−
0.75 ∑ 𝑃
Eq. (10 − 19) applies when 𝛿 ≤ 2.5. IF 𝛿 > 2.5, the frame must be
stiffened to reduce 𝛿 .

where
∑ 𝑃 : the summation for all vertical loads in a story
∑ 𝑃 : the summation for all sway resisting columns in story
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝑃 = … … . . (10 − 11)
(𝑘𝑙 )

 𝑘 for sway frames (1.0 ≤ 𝑘 < ∞)

 𝐸𝐼 in Eq. (10 − 11) is computed using either Eq. (10 − 12) or Eq.
(10 − 13)
0.2 𝐸 𝐼 + 𝐸 𝐼
𝐸𝐼 = … … . . (10 − 12)
1+𝐵
0.4 𝐸 𝐼
𝐸𝐼 = … … . . (10 − 13)
1+𝐵
 In the above equations, 𝐵 is the ratio of the maximum factored
sustained shear within a story to the total factored shear in
that story.
 𝐵 will normally be zero because the total loads are generally of
short duration (wind load, earthquake ....)
 In the unusual case where the lateral loads are sustained, 𝐵 will
not be zero ( the building on sloping site and is subjected to
earth pressure on one side but not on the other).

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Maximum moment between the ends of the column

In most columns in sway frames, the maximum moment will occur at

one end of the column and will have the value given by 𝑀 and 𝑀 . For
very slender, highly loaded columns, the deflections of the column can
cause the maximum column moment to exceed the moment at one or
both ends of the column.

ACI Code used the following equation to identify columns that may
have moments between the ends of the column that exceed the
moments at the ends:

𝑙 35
> … … . . (10 − 20)
𝑟
𝑃
𝑓𝐴

If 𝑙 /𝑟 > 35/ 𝑃 /(𝑓 𝐴 ) the maximum moment on the column will

exceed the larger end moment 𝑀 . This would occur if 𝑀 was larger
than the end moments 𝑀 and 𝑀 .

It shall be design for factored axial load 𝑃 and the moment 𝑀

using Eq. (10 − 9) with 𝑀 and 𝑀 as defined per Eq. (10 − 16) and Eq.
(10 − 17).
𝑴𝒄 = 𝜹𝒏𝒔 𝑴𝟐 … … . . (10 − 9)
𝑀 =𝑀 +𝛿 𝑀
𝐶
𝛿 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃
1−
0.75𝑃

( . )
where 𝐵 = and ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1.0 (non-sway frame)
( )

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 1.4

Design a typical exterior column (col. D-4) of the third story of a

multistory building. The stability index for this story 𝑄 = 0.36 .
Building layout is 7 × 3 bays , 𝑓 = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . All
columns are 500 × 500𝑚𝑚, c/c distance between floors = 5.8𝑚 . All
beams are 300 × 600𝑚𝑚.
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟕@𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟑@𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝟒𝒕𝒉 floor
𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝒓𝒅 floor
𝟓𝟎𝟎 axis of bending
𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎
Section a-a
Loading Ext. columns Int. columns
 Factored axial load 2600 𝑘𝑁 3500 𝑘𝑁 Assume factored
 Factored nonsway dead load = 50% of
moment (𝑀 ) total factored load
Top 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 60 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Bott. 170 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Factored sway moment
(𝑀 )
Top 70 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 Assume all lateral
Bott. 80 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 loads are live loads
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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Solution: -

Ψ values (Ext. column)

500 × 500
𝐼 12
= = 900 × 10 𝑚𝑚
𝑙 5800
300 × 600
𝐼 12
= = 1200 × 10 𝑚𝑚
𝑙 4500
(900 + 900) 0.7
Ψ =Ψ . = =3
(1200) 0.35
Since 𝑄 = 0.36 > 0.05 , the story is not 𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐

braced against sidesway

𝑘 = 1.45
𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓

Ψ values (Int. column)

(900 + 900) 0.7
Ψ =Ψ . = = 1.5
(1200 + 1200) 0.35
𝑘 = 1.82

Check slenderness (column D-4)

𝑘𝑙 1.82 × 5200
= = 63 > 22 →→ ∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑟 0.3 × 500
Moment magnification
𝑘𝑙
= 63 < 100 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑟
500 × 500
0.4 𝐸 𝐼 0.4 × 4700√27.6 × 12
𝐸𝐼 = = × 10 = 51441 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1+𝐵 1+0
all lateral loads are live For calculation of 𝛿
loads, 𝐵 = 0
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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 51441
𝑃( . ) = = = 5668 𝑘𝑁
(𝑘𝑙 ) (1.82 × 5.2)
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 51441
𝑃( . ) = = = 8930 𝑘𝑁
(𝑘𝑙 ) (1.45 × 5.2)

Calculation of 𝛿 using Eq. (10 − 18)

1 1
𝛿 = = = 1.563 > 1.5 →→ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑞 (10 − 19).
1 − 𝑄 1 − 0.36
Calculation of 𝛿 using Eq. (10 − 19)
1
𝛿 = ≥ 1.0
∑𝑃
1−
0.75 × ∑ 𝑃

𝑃 = 16 × 2600 + 16 × 3500 = 97600 𝑘𝑁

𝑃 = 16 × 5668 + 16 × 8930 = 233568 𝑘𝑁

1
𝛿 = = 2.26 →→ 1 < 𝛿 < 2.5 →→ 𝑜𝑘
97600
1−
0.75 × 233568

𝑀 =𝑀 +𝛿 𝑀 = 100 + 2.26 × 70 = 258.2 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝑀 =𝑀 +𝛿 𝑀 = 170 + 2.26 × 80 = 351 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

Check maximum moment between the ends of the column

𝑙 35
>
𝑟
𝑃
𝑓𝐴

𝑙 5200
= = 34.67
𝑟 0.3 × 500
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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

35 35
= = 57
𝑃 2600 × 1000
𝑓𝐴 27.6 × 500 × 500

𝑙 35
= 34 < = 57 →→ 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑀 = 𝛿 𝑀
𝑟
𝑃
𝑓𝐴

Design values

𝑃 = 2600 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑀 = 351 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝑀 351 × 1000
𝑒= = = 135𝑚𝑚
𝑃 2600
𝑒 135
= = 0.27
ℎ 500
𝑃 2600 × 1000
𝐾 = = = 0.58
∅𝑓 𝐴 0.65 × 27.6 × 500 × 500

Assume 25𝑚𝑚 bars and 10𝑚𝑚 ties (bars on all sides)

25
500 − 2 40 + 10 +
𝛾= 2 = 0.75
500

By using the interaction diagram with bars all four sides

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.70 →→ 𝜌 = 0.022
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.80 →→ 𝜌 = 0.02
0.02 − 0.022
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.75 →→ 𝜌 = 0.022 + (0.75 − 0.7) = 0.021
0.8 − 0.7

𝐴 ( ) = 0.021 × 500 × 500 = 5250 𝑚𝑚

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Use even number

5250
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 10.7 ≈ 11 →→ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 12 − 25𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
491
12 × 491
𝜌 = = 0.0236 0.01 < 𝜌 < 0.08 → 𝑜𝑘
500 × 500

Selection of tie bars

Use ties ∅10 with spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of:

 48 times the tie diameter, 48 × 10 = 480𝑚𝑚

 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter, 16 × 25 = 400𝑚𝑚
 the least dimension of the column, 500𝑚𝑚

∴ Use ∅10@400mm

500 − 2(40 + 10) − 4 × 25

𝑠 = = 100𝑚𝑚
3
Clear spacing shall be not less than 40𝑚𝑚 nor 1.5 𝑏 (ACI Code 7.6.3)
𝑠 = 100𝑚𝑚 > 40𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 > 1.5 × 25 = 37.5𝑚𝑚 →→ 𝑜𝑘

𝑠 = 100𝑚𝑚 < 150𝑚𝑚

500𝑚𝑚
500𝑚𝑚

12 − 25𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

(2𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠) (3𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠)

𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 ∅10@400𝑚𝑚 (2𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠)

(3𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠)

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 1.5

The rectangular tied column shown below support an axial compressive

factored load 𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑁. Factored moment at top and bottom ends
are: -

- At top end 𝑀 = 222 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀 = 88 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 Single

- At bott. end 𝑀 = 190 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 curvature

Find if column is safe. axis of bending

70
Use

- 𝑓 = 27.6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 , 𝑓 = 414𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑏 = 500
- 𝑙 = 10𝑚 , 𝑄 = 0.38
- 𝑘( ) = 1.1 , 𝑘( ) = 0.77
- 𝐵 = 0 (for sway loading)
- 𝐵 = 0.56 (for nonsway loading)
ℎ = 700
- Long bars 10 − 35𝑚𝑚 bars
- Assume that all story columns top 𝑀
end 𝑀
have identical 𝑃 and 𝑃 .

bott. 𝑀
end 𝑀

Solution: -
𝑄 = 0.38 > 0.05 →→ ∴ 𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑘𝑙 1.1 × 10,000
= = 52.4 > 22 →→ ∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑟 0.3 × 700
1 1
𝛿 = = = 1.61 > 1.5 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘,
1 − 𝑄 1 − 0.38
1
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛿 =
∑𝑃
1−
𝑜. 75 ∑ 𝑃

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

𝜋𝑑
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 × +𝐴 𝑎 ≈ 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 × [𝐴 𝑎 ]
64 70
35 × 𝜋
𝐼 = 10 × × 280
4
= 0.75421 × 10 𝑚𝑚

500
0.2 𝐸 𝐼 + 𝐸 𝐼
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑎 𝑎
1+𝐵
500 × 700
0.2 × 4700√27.6 × + 200,000 × 0.75421 × 10
𝐸𝐼 = 12 × 10
1+0
= 221419 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 221419
𝑃 = = = 18060.5 𝑘𝑁
(𝑘𝑙 ) (1.1 × 10)

𝑃 = 𝑛 × 6000, 𝑃 = 𝑛 × 18060.5

1
𝛿 = = 1.795 →→ 1 < 𝛿 < 2.5 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑛 × 6000
1−
0.75 × 𝑛 × 18060.5

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑒𝑛𝑑 ∶ 𝑀 + 𝛿 𝑀 = 222 + 1.795 × 88 = 380 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚 = 𝑀

𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡. 𝑒𝑛𝑑: 𝑀 + 𝛿 𝑀 = 190 + 1.795 × 140 = 441.3 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚 = 𝑀

𝑀 = 380 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

Single curvature

𝑀 = 441.3 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Check maximum moment between the ends of the column

𝑙 35
>
𝑟
𝑃
𝑓𝐴

𝑙 10000 35 35
= = 47.6 , = = 44.4
𝑟 0.3 × 700 6000 × 10
𝑃
𝑓𝐴 27.6 × 500 × 700

𝑙 35
= 47.6 > = 44.4 →→ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑀 = 𝛿 𝑀
𝑟
𝑃
𝑓𝐴

∴ Check slenderness as braced column

𝑘𝑙 0.77 × 10,000 380
= = 36.67 > 34 − 12 = 23.67
𝑟 0.3 × 700 441.3
∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

500 × 700
0.2 × 4700√27.6 × + 200,000 × 0.75421 × 10
𝐸𝐼 = 12 × 10
1 + 0.56
221419
= = 141935.3 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1 + 0.56

𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 141935.3
𝑃 = = = 23627 𝑘𝑁
(𝑘𝑙 ) (0.77 × 10)
380
𝐶 = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.9444 > 0.4 →→ 𝑜𝑘
441.3

𝐶 0.9444
𝛿 = = = 1.4279 > 1 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑃 6000
1− 1−
0.75𝑃 0.75 × 23627

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Check 𝑀 ( .)

(15 + 0.03 × 700)

𝑀 ( .) = 𝑃 (15 + 0.03ℎ) = 6000 × = 216 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1000
𝑀 ( .) < 𝑀 (441.3 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚) →→ 𝑜𝑘

𝑀 =𝛿 𝑀 = 1.9 × 441.3 = 630 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

Design values

𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑀 = 630 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝑀 630
𝑒= = × 1000 = 105 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 6000
𝑒 105
= = 0.15
ℎ 700
𝑃 6000 × 10
𝐾 = = = 0.96
∅𝑓 𝐴 0.65 × 27.6 × 500 × 700
700 − (2 × 70)
𝛾= = 0.8
700

By using the interaction diagram

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.80 →→ 𝜌 = 0.036

𝐴 ( ) = 0.036 × 500 × 700 = 12600 𝑚𝑚

35 × 𝜋
𝐴 ( ) = 10 × = 9621 𝑚𝑚 < 12600 𝑚𝑚
4

∴ The column is unsafe

38