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Lecture23 PDF
Lecture23 PDF
Flowmeter Design.
Contents of lecture
Design of flowmeter
Principles of flow measurement; i) Venturi and ii) Orifice meter and nozzle
Relationship between flow rate and pressure drop
Relation between pressure drop and mass flow rate
Key Words: Fluid flow, Macroscopic Balance, Frictional Losses, Turbulent Flow, Venturimeter, Orifice
Meter, Pitot Tube
Design of flowmeters
Efficient handling, utilization and disposal of fluids in engineering processes require knowledge of
quantities of fluids flowing. Indirectly, this information can be obtained by stoichiometric calculations.
However, precise and accurate measurements of flow quantities become essential to efficient
operation. Most of the flow measuring devices for engineering purposes can be designed by using
mechanical energy balance for the device.
Principles of flow measurement
It is known that pressure energy can be converted into kinetic energy and vice versa. Thus, if a
restriction is placed in the flow passage, the fluid would be accelerated with the corresponding decrease
in pressure head. There are three different ways in which this can be practiced.
Venturi
In the venturi, the cross sectional area of a flow passage decreases gradually in the direction of flow and
attains a minimum cross section area at the throat and thereafter gradually increases further in the
direction of flow. Figure shows a venturi‐meter.
Figure1: Design of a venturi‐meter
Pressure taps are installed upstream the throat and at the throat, and the difference in pressure at
these two locations is used to calculate velocity and the total rate of fluid flowing through a venturi.
Due to the gradual decrease and increase in the cross section of the flow passage, the effect of frictional
forces on decelerating the fluid velocity can be considered to be negligibly small.
ii) Orifice meter and nozzle
An orifice meter is of simple construction. A thin plate with a centrally located hole is inserted into the
flow passage. The main path of flow through the orifice is same as that of venturi, but the flow contacts
suddenly as fluid passes through the hole. The flow continues to contract a short distance downstream
the hole as shown in the figure. Figure also shows the flow lines. It can be seen that the region of
smallest cross section, known as vena contracta, is developed downstream the orifice. In the vena
contracta the kinetic energy is maximum. Note that the minimum cross section in the orifice meter is
not orifice diameter, but it is cross section at vena‐ contracta. Accordingly pressure tap is to be installed
at vena contracta as shown in the figure.
Nozzles are similar to orifices in general but the decrease in cross section area in the direction of flow is
gradual when compared with an orifice in which it is abrupt. So that the losses due to friction are lower
in nozzle than in the orifice.
Relationship between flow rate and pressure drop
We can consider flow of an incompressible fluid and apply mechanical energy balance at plane 1 and 2
and neglecting frictional losses. We get
P P
0 (1)
Equation of continuity for incompressible fluid, gives
V V (2)
By 1 and 2 we get,
/
P P
V (3)
Note that velocity V according to eq. 3 corresponds to maximum velocity when effect of friction on
flow is ignored. Pressure difference corresponding to V in eq.3 is the one which one would read at
plane 2 in venturi and in orifice at vena‐ contracta. It must be noted that the equation 3 is not specific
to any flow measuring device; it is applicable to orifice, venturi‐meter, nozzle or any other. The equation
relates velocity of the fluid to the pressure difference and diameter ratio.
Now the cross section area at vena contracta is not known and hence d2 at vena contracta is not known.
Vena‐contracta is created due to the abrupt contraction as the fluid passes through an orifice. The cross
sectional area at vena‐contracta would depend, among other factors, on shape of the orifice (circular,
rectangular or square, etc.) and fluid dynamics. It can be determined experimentally. However, diameter
d of the orifice is known. We introduce coefficient of discharge CD and replace d in eq. 3 by do we get.
P P / /
V CD , V K P P (4)
.
Here λ and K flow coefficient CD 1 λ
Relation between pressure drop and mass flow rate
For incompressible fluid, the mass flow rate is
.
m K A. 2ρ P P , (5)
where A is the minimum cross section area of the flow passage. A A in case of orifice meter and
A A in case of venturi.
For flow of gases one has to take into account the compressibility factor or expansion factor Y so that
.
m K Y A 2ρ P P (6)
/
P
P
where Y P P / (7)
P P
Orifice plates are simplest and cheapest types of flow meters but they cause permanent pressure drop
in the systems. The permanent pressure drop can be calculated from
ΔP 1 λ P P
In the venturi the flow passage is designed so that the friction is minimum. Permanent pressure drop
can be taken to be equal to 10% of the measured pressure differential.