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Modified OCC Based Single-Phase Grid Connected Hybrid PV/Battary System
Modified OCC Based Single-Phase Grid Connected Hybrid PV/Battary System
Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, India 30 Oct - 01 Nov, 2015
Abstract— Reformation of the electricity sector along with from the solar array by incorporating maximum power point
different renewable energy promotion policies has incremented tracking (MPPT) and also provides a boost in the dc-link
importance of small grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems voltage level. The output of this stage is inverted using single
utilizing single-stage single-phase inverters. This paper proposes or multiple stage DC–AC inverters before feeding to the grid
a single-stage inverter with maximum power point tracking
[2]. Unlike the two stage systems, inverter in a single-stage
(MPPT) and one cycle control (OCC) for grid connected (PV)
system. This control scheme predicated on the output current- system performs the following two functions: 1) extracts peak
adjusting feature of one cycle control. Schemes predicated on available power from the solar array by employing a proper
one-cycle control (OCC) which do not need the service of a phase MPPT algorithm and 2) dumps the power derived from the
locked loop for interfacing the inverter to the grid is increasingly solar array on the grid by maintaining the power quality
being employed for such applications. However, the OCC- discipline of the utility. Hence, the control configuration of
predicated schemes reported earlier required sensing of the grid single stage inverter based grid connected systems generally
voltage which scarcely offsets one of the intrinsic strengths consists of two current-control loops. A fast inner current
of OCC- predicated systems. In an effort to surmount the above controller regulates the current injected to the grid while
circumscription, OCC predicated grid connected single-stage PV
maintaining prescribed total harmonic distortion (THD) and
system is proposed and does not required sensing the grid
voltage. In this paper proposed scheme operated as a ‘power power factor, while a slow outer current control loop
system stabilization’ for achieving constant grid voltage at time incorporates the MPPT algorithm employed.
of transmutation in solar insolation. It will be analyse with When interfacing PV system to grid, it required phase
the FFT analysis. The proposed hybrid PV/Battery system
is interface with utility grid to mitigate the impact of utility
lock loop (PLL). Designing a PLL for interfacing with a weak
system operation. Viability of the proposed scheme is attest by grid is always a difficult proposition considering the
performing simulation and results validation. nonidealities like frequency variation and harmonic distortions
present in the line voltages [3]. In an effort to simplify the
Keywords—One cycle Control (OCC); Maximum power point control structure of grid connected inverters in a PV system,
Tracking (MPPT); PV array; Single phase inverter; Battery. schemes based on one cycle control (OCC) have been
proposed [4]. Systems based on OCC do not require the
I. INTRODUCTION
service of a PLL [3]. The one cycle controlled single-phase
Solar photovoltaic (PV) based systems are increasingly inverter is very suitable for realisation and controlling the
being used for electricity production in the context of global maximum power from the solar array is very sensitive to the
warming, climate change, and rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels. set of design parameters. One cycle controller requires less
A portion of the huge gap between the expected demand and number of sensors (two) as compared to that required (four) in
availability of the electricity to be met from renewable energy [4] for the implementation of the core controller comprising of
sources like solar PV. Further, the renewable energy OCC and MPPT blocks.
promotion policies across different parts of the globe, like feed
in tariff, renewable portfolio standard, net metering, etc. [1], PV systems generate energy with minimal environmental
are providing considerable incentives even to individual single impact. However, a simple PV system without storage
phase customers to install solar PV panels and sell the excess provides power only when the sun shines. It does not produce
power generated to the utility. power in the evening when loads can be high, and the power
output from a PV system can increase or decrease rapidly due
A reliable and low cost single-phase grid connected to cloud passages. While the markets for grid-connected
inverter which requires little maintenance has become the residential and commercial PV systems are growing rapidly,
order of the day for interfacing such low capacity systems to the total contribution of PV systems to the nation’s power
grid. These grid connected inverters convert the available supply is small and currently has no significant effect on the
direct current supplied by the PV panels and feed it into the operation of the nation’s power systems. The proposed system
utility grid. Typically grid connected photovoltaic system has has battery backup to fulfil the requirement of additional
more than one power processing stages [2]. The first stage is power is shown in Fig. 1. However, as the quantity of energy
usually a DC-DC converter which draws peak available power generated by solar and other distributed energy systems
PRGXODWLRQVWUDWHJ\WKHSRZHUÀRZIURPWKHVRODUDUUD\WRWKH If _
grid can be controlled while maintaining a high power factor Is X
and low harmonic distortion. SUM Rs +
+ S Q
_ S2 S4
Is jLw P
OCC R Q S1 S3
Vs 0 CONVERTER Vdc Vdc*+ PI Vm +
SUM SUM Z^&>/W-&>KW
Vi1 ɷ CONTROLLER
_ _
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harmonic spectrum of saturator output has: 1) A fundamental
frequency component (50 Hz); 2) A dc component; and 3) CLOCK
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the voltage of the dc bus can be stable and thus the ripple in 4) Rp: 1.5 ȍ5s: 0.16 ȍ
the capacitor voltage is much less. 5) Quality factor of BPF (Q):2;
6) Control frequency of BPF: 49.8 Hz.
A. Buck-Boost converter 7) Battery voltage: 220 V;
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter 8) RL load: 300 watt.
that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than 7KH VSHFL¿FDWLRQV IRU WKH VRODU DUUD\ XVHG LQ WKH VLPXODWLRQ
or less than the input voltage magnitude. Two different study are provided in Table I, corresponding to 1000W/m2 and
topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can 800W/m2 insolation levels. According to change in insolation
produce a range of output voltages, from an output voltage level, Simulation can be studied in two case. Case one is in
much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, steady state condition and other second case is in change in
down to almost zero [12]. The output voltage is of the insolation level of PV array.
opposite polarity than the input. This is a switched-mode
power supply with a similar circuit topology to the boost TABLE I PV ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS
converter and the buck converter. The output voltage is
adjustable based on the duty cycle of the switching transistor. Peak power (Pp) 2 kw 1.5 kw
One possible drawback of this converter is that the switch Peak power voltage (Vmp) 220 V 188 V
does not have a terminal at ground; this complicates the
driving circuitry. Neither drawback is of any consequence if Current at peak power (Imp) 8.8A 6A
the power supply is isolated from the load circuit (if, for
Open circuit Voltage (Voc) 230 V 195 V
example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode
polarity can simply be reversed. The switch can be on either Solar Isolation 1000W/m 2
800W/m2
the ground side or the supply side. A buck (step-down)
converter followed by a boost (step-up) converter. The output A. Steady Operation
voltage is of the same polarity of the input, and can be lower
When the system is in steady state, solar insolation is 1000
or higher than the input. Such a non-inverting buck-boost
W/m2. The output voltage of PV array is constant at constant
converter may use a single inductor which is used for both the
insolation. The DC link voltage is maintain in constant voltage
buck inductor and the boost inductor. It shows in Fig. 5.
220 volts. Also output of OCC inverter is in constant profile. It
L S1 DC LINK
shows in Fig. 6. In this case Battery backup is not needed for
constant dc link voltage profile.
DC link Voltage
250
S2 200
ATTARY
voltage (volts)
150
100
BOOST BUCK
50
Fig. 5 Buck- Boost Converter for Proposed Scheme
0
When charging, switch S2 is activated and the converter 0 0.1 0.2
Time (sec)
0.3 0.4 0.5
100
0
V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
-100
In order to predict the performance of the proposed one
cycle-controlled voltage-sensorless grid-connected system, -200
768
B. Changes of Solar Insolation (case 1). When single phase load and solar inverter connected
to load is (case 2). This can be clearly shown in Table II.
Assuming solar irradiance changes: during 0 to 0.2s, solar
irradiance is 1000 W/m2; during 0.2s to 0.4s, solar irradiance TABLE II VOLTAGE COMPANSATION
is 800 W/m2; during 0.4s to 0.5s, solar irradiance returns back
to 1000 W/m2. According to insolation level DC link voltage Inverter output
Condition Grid Voltage Load voltage
voltage
is changed. This is shown in Fig. 7. Due to a change in the
voltage of the photovoltaic generator, the battery will charge Case I 230 V Not connected 223.5 V
or discharge to maintain the power balance.
Case II 230 V 235 V 232.2 V
DC link Voltage
250
200 Case I,
Voltage (volts)
100
50
0
Load Voltage
-50 300
-100
200
-150
Voltage (volts)
-200
100
-250
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Time (sec)
-100
Fig. 7 The effect of battery on DC voltage and its Charge when irradiance
changes: (a) DC link voltage, (b) inverter output voltage -200
769
Requirement of Additional power for supplying local load can [3] Dezso Sera,, Laszlo Mathe,, Tamas Kerekes, Sergiu Viorel Spataru, and
Remus Teodorescu, “On the Perturb-and-Observe and Incremental
be achieve by OCC based PV generator. The PV generator put
Conductance MPPT Methods for PV Systems” IEEE JOURNAL OF
the power into the single phase utility grid. This can be detail PHOTOVOLTAICS, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2013.
studied in this project. But PV generator put the additional [4] M. Fortunato, A. Giustiniani, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli,
power to utility grid, harmonics and other unwanted “Maximum power point tracking in a one cycle controlled single stage
photovoltaic inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7,pp.
components are also present in this power.
2684–2693, Jul. 2008.
[5] Sreeraj E. S., Kishore Chatterjee, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay, “One-
Cycle-Controlled Single-Stage Single-Phase Voltage-Sensorless Grid-
Connected PV System,” IEEE transactions on industrial electronics,
VOL. 60, NO. 3, MARCH 2013.
[6] '9*KRGNH.&KDWWHUMHHDQG%*)HUQDQGHV³0RGL¿HGRQHF\FOH
controlled bi-directional high power factor AC to DC converter,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2459–2472, Jun. 2008.
[7] S. V. Araujo, P. Zacharias, and R. Mallwitz, “Highly efficient single-phase
transformerless inverters for grid-connected photovoltaic systems,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3118–3128, Sep. 2010.
[8] Y. Chen and K. M. Smedley, “A cost-effective single-stage inverter with
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observe maximum power point tracking technique applied to a single-
stage photovoltaic inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1,
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“Dynamic model of a grid-connected photovoltaic inverter with OCC,”
Fig.9 FFT analysis of load side utility grid. in Proc. 35th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron., pp. 4561–4565. Nov.
2009.
The total harmonic distortion THD in current and voltage [12] M. Mokhlouf F. Messai, H. Benalla, “Modeling and Simulation of Grid-
connected Hybrid Photovoltaic/Battery distribution system”, Canadian
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load side utility grid. It shows that output current THD is [13] Jaysing A. Kshirsagar, Dr. K. Vadirajacharya, “Performance evaluation
4.01% at current value 1.33A and output voltage THD is of five level inverter for solar grid connected system,” International
4.08%. This THD values are suitable according to IEEE Journal of “Current Engineering and Technology” [IJCET], ISSN 2277
– 4106, special Issue- 3(April 2014), pp. 222-225, April 2014.
standards.
VI. CONCLUSION
An M-OCC based Single phase grid connected Hybrid
PV/battery system has proposed. Limitation of the
existing OCC based inverters, such as requirement of sensing
the grid voltage to tackle the instability problem. This
is circumvented in the proposed scheme. The proposed
scheme based on a single stage of power conversion and
realize by utilizing a considerably less number of sensors
compared to that of conventional schemes. For achieving the
voltage stabilization, grid connected PV system connected in
between utility grid and nonlinear load. This grid connected
PV system is act as voltage stabilization. In order to predict
that proposed scheme is successfully boost the voltage at
‘under voltage condition’. All the aforementioned features of
the scheme make it an ideal candidate for small and
distributed single-phase grid connected PV systems. Viability
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simulation studies. PV systems. The viability of the scheme
KDVEHHQFRQ¿UPHGE\SHUIRUPLQJGHWDLOHd simulation studies.
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