8051 Chap4 Timer PDF

ĐH Bách Khoa TP.
HCM Lê Chí Thông
The 8051 Microcontroller

Chapter 4
Timer Operation
Lê Chí Thông
chithong@hcmut.edu.vn
sites.google.com/site/chithong
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Lê Chí Thông 1
Review of 3-bit Up Counter
000
001
…
111
000
Lê Chí Thông 2
Overflow
sites.google.com/site/chithong 1
ĐH Bách Khoa TP.HCM Lê Chí Thông
Timer/Counter
• 8051 has 2 timers
– Timer 0
– Timer 1
• Each Timer is a 16-bit up counter
– Counts from 0000H to FFFFH
– FFFFH-to-0000H overflow: overflow flag is set
Timer Clock
Lê Chí Thông 3
Timer/Counter
• 3 Functions
1. Timer is used as time delay generator (interval
timing)
– Internal clock source
2. An event counter (event counting)
– External clock source
– For example :
• number of people passing through an entrance
• number of wheel rotations
• any other event that can be converted to pulses
3. Baud rate generation for serial port
Lê Chí Thông 4
Clock Source
Internal clock fCLK = fCrystal / 12
to Timer
External clock
C/T Clock Function

0 Internal Timer (interval timing, delay)
1 External Counter (event counting)
Lê Chí Thông 5
Timer 1 mode 1 (16 bit)
Lê Chí Thông 6
Clock Enable/Disable
Clock Enable/Disable
Gate TRx INTx Function

0 X Clock Disable Timer Stops
0
1 X Clock Enable Timer Runs
1
1 1 Clock Enable Timer Runs
TRx: Bit TR0 or TR1; INTx: pin INT0 or pin INT1

Lê Chí Thông 7
Timer Run/Stop
Gate TRx INTx Function
0
1 X Clock Enable Timer Runs
1
1 1 Clock Enable Timer Runs
• When Gate is cleared (0)
• Timer runs when TRx = 1
• Timer stops when TRx = 0
• When Gate is set (1)
• Timer runs when TRx = 1 and signal at pin INTx goes high
• Timer stops when TRx = 0 or signal at pin INTx goes low
TRx: Bit TR0 or TR1; INTx: pin INT0 or pin INT1
Lê Chí Thông 8
GATE bit: More details

• GATE=0
• Internal control
• The start and stop of the timer are controlled by the software
Ex: SETB TR1 ; Run Timer 1
CLR TR1 ; Stop Timer 1
• GATE=1
• External control
• The hardware way of
starting and stopping
Timer Timer
the timer by software stops runs
and an external source.
• When GATE is set and TRx is set
(SETB TRx), Timer runs only while the INTx pin is high.
Lê Chí Thông 9
Applications of Timer
Gate C/T Application
0 Delay
0
1 Event counting; Frequency meter
1 0 Pulse width meter
Lê Chí Thông 10
Timer Registers
• TH0, TL0 registers
• TH1, TL1 registers
• TMOD register
• TCON register
Lê Chí Thông 11
Timer 0 and Timer 1 Registers
Timer 0
TH0 TL0
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Timer 1
TH1 TL1
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Lê Chí Thông 12
TMOD Register
(MSB) TMOD: Timer Mode Register (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
GATE 0: Timer/counter counts only while TRx bit is set.
1: Timer/counter counts only while TRx bit is set and
INTx pin is high
C/T 0: Timer operation (clock : Machine cycle)

1: Counter operation (clock : Tx input pin)
Lê Chí Thông 13
M1, M0: mode setting bits
M1 M0 Mode Operating mode
0 0 0 13-bit timer mode

8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1)
0 1 1 16-bit timer mode
8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx
1 0 2 8-bit auto-reload mode
8-bit auto reload timer/counter;
THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into
TLx each time it overflows.
1 1 3 Split timer mode
Lê Chí Thông 14
An Example
Timer 1 Timer 0
Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,
use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start
and stop the timer.
Solution:
TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used.
Timer 0, mode 2
C/T = 0 to use internal clock source (timer)
GATE = 0 to use internal (software) start and
stop method.
Lê Chí Thông 15
More Examples
Timer 1 Timer 0
Ex:
MOV TMOD,#00000001B ; Timer 0 mode 1, timer operation
MOV TMOD,#20H ; Timer 1 mode 2, timer operation
MOV TMOD,#12H ; Timer 1 mode 1, Timer 0 mode 2, both timer
; operation
MOV TMOD,#00000101B ; Timer 0 mode 1, counter operation
MOV TMOD,#00001001B ; Timer 0 mode 1, external control (GATE=1)
Lê Chí Thông 16
4 Timer Modes
Mode 0 : 13-bit counter Mode 1 : 16-bit counter

(4048 mode)
Mode 2 : 8-bit auto reload counter

Mode 3 : two 8-bit counter
the other counter will not
Lê Chí Thông output overflow (interrupt)
17
TCON Register (1)

• Timer control register: TCON
– Upper nibble : timer/counter
– Lower nibble : interrupts
• TR (run control bit)
– TR0 : Timer/counter 0
– TR1: Timer/counter 1.
– Turn timer/counter on/off.
• TR=0: off (stop)
• TR=1: on (start)
(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt
Lê Chí Thông 18
TCON Register (2)

• TF (timer overflow flag)
– TF0 : for Timer/counter 0
– TF1 : for Timer/counter 1.
– Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from
FFFFH (overflow), the TF is set to 1.
• If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR.
(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt
Lê Chí Thông 19
Delay 100 µs using Timer 1 (12 MHz crystal)

12 MHz Crystal fCLK = 12MHz/12 = 1MHz
1 MC = 1/1MHz = 1 μs TMOD  10H
tDelay = 100 μs = 100 MC
TH1:TL1  -100
Use Timer 1 to count from -100 to 0
• Timer 1 mode 1, timer operation Run Timer 1
TMOD = 00010000B or 10H
• Initial count TH1:TL1 = -100 N
Overflow?
-100 = FF9CH (TF1=1?)
TH1 = FFH and TL1 = 9CH
Y
Clear overflow flag
Stop Timer 1
Lê Chí Thông 20

MOV TMOD, #00010000B; Timer 1, mode1
MOV TL1, #9CH ; Initial count
TMOD  10H
MOV TH1,#0FFH ; -100 = FF9CH
SETB TR1 ; start Timer 1 TH1:TL1  -100
WAIT: JNB TF1, WAIT ; wait for overflow
CLR TF1 ; clear overflow flag Run Timer 1
CLR TR1 ; stop Timer 1
Note: N
Overflow?
MOV TL1,#9CH = MOV TL1,#LOW(-100) (TF1=1?)
MOV TH1,0FFH = MOV TH1,#HIGH(-100)

Y
WAIT: JNB TF1, WAIT = JNB TF1,$ Clear overflow flag
Lê Chí Thông Stop Timer 121

Your Turn!
Lê Chí Thông 22

MOV TMOD, #01H ; Timer 0, mode 1: 16 bit
MOV TH0,#HIGH -50 ; Load high byte
MOV TL0, #LOW -50 ; Load low byte
SETB TR0 ; start Timer 0
JNB TF0, $ ; wait for overflow
CLR TF0 ; clear Timer 0 overflow flag
Lê Chí Thông 23
10-Hz Square Wave

Write a program using Timer 0
Timer 0 mode 1
to create a 10 Hz square wave on P1.0
Initial count = -50,000
f = 10 Hz
T = 100,000 μs Start Timer 1
tH tL
tH = tL = 50,000 μs
T
N
Overflow?
(TF1=1?)
Delay 50,000 μs Y
Clear overflow flag
P1.0  NOT (P1.0)

Stop Timer 1
(schematic) P1.0  NOT (P1.0)

Lê Chí Thông 24
10-Hz Square Wave

Write a program using Timer 0 to create a 10 Hz square wave on P1.0
MOV TMOD, #01H ; Timer 0, mode 1 (16-bit timer mode)
LOOP: MOV TH0, #HIGH(-50000); high byte of -50,000
MOV TL0, #LOW(-50000) ; low byte of -50,000
SETB TR0 ; start timer
CLR TR0 ; stop timer
CLR TF0 ; clear timer overflow flag
CPL P1.0 ; toggle port bit
SJMP LOOP ; repeat
Delay 50,000 μs
(source)
P1.0  NOT (P1.0)
Lê Chí Thông 25
10-kHz Square Wave

Write a program using Timer 0 to create a 10 kHz square wave on P1.0
Lê Chí Thông 26
10-kHz Square Wave

MOV TMOD, #01H ; Timer 0, mode 1 (16-bit timer mode)
LOOP: MOV TH0, #HIGH(-50); high byte of -50
MOV TL0, #LOW(-50); low byte of -50
CLR TR0 ; stop timer
SJMP LOOP ; repeat
Delay 50 μs
Mode 1: 16-bit timer
P1.0  NOT (P1.0)
Lê Chí Thông 27
10-kHz Square Wave using Mode 2

Write a program using Timer 0
to create a 10 kHz square wave on P1.0
Timer 0 mode 2
Reload value = -50
Start Timer 1
Mode 2: 8-bit auto-reload timer
N
Overflow?
(TF1=1?)
Delay 50 μs
Y
P1.0  NOT (P1.0) Clear overflow flag
P1.0  NOT (P1.0)

Lê Chí Thông 28
10-kHz Square Wave using Mode 2

MOV TMOD, #02H ; Timer 0, mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload)
MOV TH0, #-50 ; reload value
SJMP WAIT ; repeat
Mode 2: 8-bit auto-reload timer
Lê Chí Thông 29
Buzzer Interface
A buzzer is connected to P1.7 and a debounced switch is connected
to P1.6. Write a program that reads the logic level provided by the
switch and sounds the buzzer for 1 second for each 1-to-0 transition
detected.
Lê Chí Thông 30
Buzzer Interface
HUNDRED EQU 100 DELAY: MOV R7,#HUNDRED
COUNT EQU -10000 AGAIN: MOV TH0,#HIGH COUNT
MOV TL0,#LOW COUNT
ORG 0000H SETB TR0
MOV TMOD, #01H JNB TF0,$
LOOP: JNB P1.6, LOOP ;wait for high level CLR TF0
WAIT: JB P1.6, WAIT ;wait for low level CLR TR0
SETB P1.7 DJNZ R7,AGAIN
CALL DELAY RET
CLR P1.7 END
SJMP LOOP
Lê Chí Thông 31
Reading a timer “On the Fly”

• When reading the content of counter, is the data correct?
• 16-bit timer/counter, but 8-bit reading (MOV instruction)
2 read operations
A “phase error” may occur.
• Solution
AGAIN:MOV A, TH1
MOV R6, TL1
CJNE A, TH1, AGAIN
MOV R7, A
Lê Chí Thông 32
Techniques for Programming Timed Intervals

• 12 MHz operation
Maximum Technique
interval [μs]
≈10 Software tuning
256 8-bit timer with auto-reload
65536 16-bit timer
No limit 16-bit timer plus software loops
Lê Chí Thông 33
Very Short Intervals

Very short intervals (i.e. high frequencies) can be
programmed without using timers.
LOOP: SETB P1.0
CLR P1.0
SJMP LOOP
Lê Chí Thông 34
Delay 1 s using Timer 1 (12 MHz crystal)

• 1 s delay subroutine: 1 s = 20 x 50 ms
MOV TMOD, #00010000B ; Timer 1, mode1
…
DELAY1S:
PUSH 07 ; Push R7 to stack
MOV R7,#20 ; 20 loops
LOOP: MOV TL1, #LOW(-50000) ; Initial count = -50000
MOV TH1,#HIGH(-50000) ;
SETB TR1 ; start Timer 1
JNB TF1, $ ; wait for overflow
CLR TF1 ; clear overflow flag
DJNZ R7,LOOP
POP 07 ; Pop R7 from stack
RET
Lê Chí Thông 35
Counter Operation
Internal clock fCLK = fCrystal / 12
to Timer
External clock
C/T Clock Function

0 Internal Timer (interval timing, delay)
1 External Counter (event counting)
Lê Chí Thông 36
Counter 0 Mode 1
• C/T = 1
• 16-bit counter (TH0 and TL0)
• TH0-TL0 is incremented when TR0 is set to 1 and an external
pulse (in T0) occurs.
Timer 0 Overflow
external clock flag
input
(P3.4/T0) TH0 TL0 TF0
TF0 goes high

C/T = 1 when FFFF 0
TR0
Lê Chí Thông 37
Counter_BarLED
A push button is connected to P3.4 (T0). Assume that there is no
contact bounce. Write a program that counts the pulses created by
push button and display on the LED-Bargraph connected to Port 1.
(schematic)
Lê Chí Thông 38
Counter_BarLED
ORG 0000H
MAIN:
MOV TMOD,#00000101B;Timer 0, 16 bit, external clock
;(counter operation)
;Gate=0, C/T=1, M1 M0 = 01
MOV TH0,#0
MOV TL0,#0
SETB TR0 ;Start Timer
LOOP: MOV A,TL0 ;Read Timer
MOV P1,A ;Display on Bar-LED
SJMP LOOP
END
(source)
Lê Chí Thông 39
Counter_7segLED
A push button is connected to P3.4 (T0). Assume that there is no
contact bounce. Write a program that counts the pulses created by
push button and display on the common-anode 7-segment LED
connected to Port 1. (schematic)
Lê Chí Thông 40
Counter_7segLED
ORG 0000H
MAIN: MOV TMOD,#00000101B BCDTO7SEG:
MOV TH0,#0 MOV DPTR,#TABLE
MOV TL0,#0 MOVC A,@A+DPTR
SETB TR0 RET
LOOP: MOV A,TL0
CJNE A,#10,NEXT TABLE: DB 40h,79h,24h,30h,19h
CLR A DB 12h,02h,78h,00h,10h
MOV TL0,#0
NEXT: ACALL DISPLAY DONE: NOP
SJMP LOOP END
DISPLAY:
ACALL BCDTO7SEG
MOV P1,A
RET
(source)
Lê Chí Thông 41
Frequency Meter_7segLED
A clock source is connected to P3.4 (T0). Write a program that
displays the frequency in KHz on the common-anode 7-segment
LED connected to Port 1. (schematic)
Lê Chí Thông 42
Frequency Meter_7segLED
ORG 0000H
MAIN: MOV TMOD,#00010101B DISPLAY:
SETB P3.4 ;make T0 as input ACALL BCDTO7SEG
AGAIN: MOV TL0,#0 MOV P1,A
MOV TL1,#LOW(-1000) RET
MOV TH1,#HIGH(-1000)
SETB TR0 BCDTO7SEG:
SETB TR1 MOV DPTR,#TABLE
JNB TF1,$ MOVC A,@A+DPTR
CLR TF1 RET
CLR TR1
CLR TR0 TABLE: DB 40h,79h,24h,30h,19h
MOV A,TL0 DB 12h,02h,78h,00h,10h
ACALL DISPLAY
SJMP AGAIN DONE: NOP
END
(source)
Lê Chí Thông 43
GATE=1
• GATE=0
• Internal control
• The start and stop of the timer are controlled by the software
Ex: SETB TR1 ; Run Timer 1
CLR TR1 ; Stop Timer 1
• GATE=1
• External control
• The hardware way of
starting and stopping
Timer Timer
the timer by software stops runs
and an external source.
• When GATE is set and TRx is set
(SETB TRx), Timer runs only while the INTx pin is high.
Lê Chí Thông 44
Pulse_width_7segLED
A pulse source is connected to P3.2 (/INT0). Write a program that
displays the pulse width in ms (approximate) on the common-
anode 7-segment LED connected to Port 1. (schematic)
Lê Chí Thông 45
Pulse_width_7segLED
ORG 0000H
MOV TMOD,#00001001B DISPLAY:
;Timer 0,16 bit,internal clock,GATE=1 ACALL BCDTO7SEG
MOV TH0,#0 MOV P1,A
MOV TL0,#0 RET
SETB TR0
AGAIN: MOV A,TH0 BCDTO7SEG:
CJNE A,TH0,AGAIN MOV DPTR,#TABLE
MOV B,#4 MOVC A,@A+DPTR
DIV AB RET
;A=Pulse width in us/256/4
;approximate /1000 TABLE: DB 40h,79h,24h,30h,19h
ACALL DISPLAY DB 12h,02h,78h,00h,10h
SJMP AGAIN
DONE: NOP
(source) END
Lê Chí Thông 46
References
• I. Scott MacKenzie , The 8051 Microcontroller, 2nd

Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1995
• Kenneth J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller:
Architecture, Programming, and Applications, West
Publishing Company
• hsabaghianb@kashanu.ac.jr , Lecture notes
Lê Chí Thông 47

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ĐH Bách Khoa TP.

HCM Lê Chí Thông

The 8051 Microcontroller

Review of 3-bit Up Counter

C/T Clock Function

Timer 1 mode 1 (16 bit)

Gate TRx INTx Function

TRx: Bit TR0 or TR1; INTx: pin INT0 or pin INT1

GATE bit: More details

Gate C/T Application

1 0 Pulse width meter

• TH0, TL0 registers

• TH1, TL1 registers

Timer 0 and Timer 1 Registers

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

C/T 0: Timer operation (clock : Machine cycle)

M1, M0: mode setting bits

M1 M0 Mode Operating mode

0 0 0 13-bit timer mode

Mode 0 : 13-bit counter Mode 1 : 16-bit counter

Mode 2 : 8-bit auto reload counter

TCON Register (1)

TCON Register (2)

Delay 100 µs using Timer 1 (12 MHz crystal)

Delay 100 µs using Timer 1 (12 MHz crystal)

MOV TH1,0FFH = MOV TH1,#HIGH(-100)

Lê Chí Thông Stop Timer 121

Delay 25 µs using Timer 0 (24 MHz crystal)

Delay 25 µs using Timer 0 (24 MHz crystal)

10-Hz Square Wave

P1.0  NOT (P1.0)

(schematic) P1.0  NOT (P1.0)

10-Hz Square Wave

10-kHz Square Wave

10-kHz Square Wave

10-kHz Square Wave using Mode 2

Reload value = -50

P1.0  NOT (P1.0)

10-kHz Square Wave using Mode 2

Mode 2: 8-bit auto-reload timer

Reading a timer “On the Fly”

Techniques for Programming Timed Intervals

256 8-bit timer with auto-reload

65536 16-bit timer

No limit 16-bit timer plus software loops

Very Short Intervals

Delay 1 s using Timer 1 (12 MHz crystal)

C/T Clock Function

TF0 goes high

• I. Scott MacKenzie , The 8051 Microcontroller, 2nd

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