Laboratory practice – Descriptive statistics, normality

test and data transformation

Objective : To carry out descriptive statistics, normality test and data transformation

Introdution

Descriptive statistics are used to explore the data collected and to summarise and
describe those data.Descriptive statisitics provides some general observation such as
mean, standard error, standard deviation. Normality test is a prerequisite for many
parameteric tests. A number of statistiscs are available to test normality, including
Kogorov-Smirnov (n>100), Shapiro-Wilk (n <100). Data transformation is carried out
when the collected data fail to fulfill the assumption tests like normality test,
homogeneity of variance test.

Methods (Descriptive statistics, normality test)

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on descriptive statistics and then explore to open the explore dialogue
box.
5. Select the variable you require (i.e fruit number) and click on the button to
move the variables into the dependent list: box
6. Select the independent variables (i.e tomato variety) and click on the button to
move the variables into the factorlist: box.
7. In the display box, ensure that both is activated.
8. Click on the plots command pushbutton to the explore: plots subdialogue box.
9. Click on the normality plots with tests check boxes and uncheck the stem-
and-leaf and histogram check box.
10. Click on continue.
Questions
1. State the mean and standard deviation value of each tomato variety.
2. Are the data normally distributed for each tomato variety.
3. Explain your results based on the statisical output.

Table 1. Number of tomato fruits produced by five varieties four months after
application of NPK (15:15:15).

Tomato variety Number of fruit

1 1.00
1 1.00
1 3.00
1 4.00
1 3.00
1 11.00
2 8.00
2 8.00
2 6.00
2 5.00
2 10.00
2 11.00
3 14.00
3 14.00
3 16.00
3 13.00
3 16.00
3 19.00
4 40.00
4 42.00
4 35.00
4 35.00
4 38.00
4 32.00
5 48.00
5 53.00
5 50.00
5 51.00
5 59.00
 Methods (Data transformation)

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the transform menu and
4. Click on the compute variable to openthe compute variable dialogue box.
5. In the target variable: box, type appropriate variable name (i.e sqrt).
6. Select sqrt in the functions and special variables dialogue box and click on the
pushbutton to move sqrt into numeric expression: box.
7. Select the scale item from the source variabel list (tomato variety) and click on
the pushbutton to move the scale item into numeric expression: box.
8. Click on OK.
9. Repeat the steps to carry out descriptive statistics normality test using the
transformed data.

Questions
1. State the mean and standard deviation value of each tomato variety.
2. Are the data normally distributed for each tomato variety.
3. Is the funtion of square root suitable to transform the data. Explain your results
based on the statisical output.
 Laboratory practice – T test

Objective : To carry out one sample t test, dependent t test and independent t using
SPSS.

Introdution

A t-test test is used to determine whether there is a siginificant difference between two
sets of data. There are three types of t test. One sample t-test is applied when we
compare with a known (standard) value. Independent t test is used when it involves
two different individuals while dependent t test is used when it involves the same
individual.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on compare means and then one-sample t test to open one sample t test
dialogue box.
5. Select the variable you require and click on the button to move the variable into
the test variable box.
6. In the test value: box type the mean score (15).
7. Click on OK.

Table 1. Total soluble solid (TSS) of mango fruit

Replicate TSS (brix o)

1 14
2 15
3 16
4 13
5 14
Question

1. Is there any significant difference between TSS value of fresh cut mango fruit at
index 5 (15 degree brix) with mango fruit harvested at index 5? Explain your
results based on the statisical output.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 2.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on compare means and then paired-sample t test to open paired-sample t
test dialogue box.
5. Select the variable you require and click on the button to move the variables into
the paired variables: box.
6. Click on OK.

Table 2. Total soluble solid (TSS) of fresh cut mango before and after added
with antioxidant agent

Replicate TSS (brix o)

Before After
1 14 15
2 15 16
3 16 14
4 13 15
5 14 14

1. Is there any significant difference between fresh cut mango fruits before added
with antioxidant agent and after added with antioxidant agent? Explain your
results based on the statisical output.
 Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 3.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on compare means and then independent t test to open independent
-sample t test dialogue box.
5. Select the variable you require and click on the button to move the variables
into the grouping variables: box
6. Click on Define Group to open Define Groups subdialogue box.
7. In Group 1: box type the lowest value for variety 1, then tab. Enter the second
value for variety B in Group 2: box.
8. Click on continue and then OK.

Table 3. Total soluble solid (TSS) of variety 1 and variety 2 fresh cut mango at index 5

TSS (brix o)
Mango variety
1 14
1 15
1 16
1 13
1 14
2 15
2 16
2 14
2 15
2 14

Question

2. Is there any significant difference between fresh cut mango fruit of variety 1 and
variety 2 in TSS value at index 5? Explain your results based on the statisical
output.
 Laboratory Practice- Mann-Whitney U test

Objective: to carry out Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS

Introduction

The Mann-Whitney U test tests the hypothesis that two independent samples come
from populations having the same distribution. This non parametric test is equivalent to
the independent t test.

Method

1. Arrange the data in excel worksheet based on Table 1

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select analysed menu
4. Click on Nonparametric Tests and then on 2 Independent Samples.. to open the
two-Independent-Samples Tests dialogue box.
5. Select the dependent variables (i.e. number of fruits) and click on the arrow
button to move the variable into the test variable List: box.
6. Select the independent variable (i.e. fertilizers) and click on the arrow button to
move the variable into the Grouping Variable: box.
7. Click on the Define groups…. command pushbutton to open the Two
Independent Samples: Define Groups…sub-dialogue box.
8. In the Group 1: box, enter the first value for the independent variable (number)
(i.e. 1), then tab. Enter the second value for the independent variable (i.e. 2) in
the group 2: box.
9. Click on Continue.
10. Ensure the Mann-Whitney U check box has been selected.
11. Click on OK.
Table 1: Number of fruit produced from tomato plants treated with two types of fertilizers

Fertilizer type Number of fruit

1 14
1 16
1 17
1 13
1 10
1 8
1 14
1 19
2 17
2 11
2 12
2 14
2 15
2 13
2 14
2 11

Question

1. Is there any significant difference between fertilizer 1 and fertilizer 2 in tomato

fruit production ?
2. Explain your results based on the statisical output.
 Laboratory Practice- Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Objective: to carry out Wilcoxon signed-rank test using SPSS

Introduction

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, also known as the Wilcoxon t-test, a non-parametric test
which is equivalent to paired t-test.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excel worksheet based on Table 1

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select analyze menu
4. Click on nonparametric test, legacy dialogs and then two related samples... to
open two-related-samples tests dialogue box.
5. Select the variables you require and click on the button to move the variables into
the test pair(s) list: box
6. Ensure the Wilcoxon check box has been checked.
7. Click on options...command pushbutton to open the two-related-samples: Option
subdialogue box.
8. Ensure that the descriptive check box has been checked.
9. Click on continue and then OK.
Table 1. White flies on Roselle plants before and after sprayed with insecticides

Before After
14 2
16 4
17 1
13 1
10 3
8 2
14 4
19 5
17 1
11 1
12 2
14 3
15 2
13 2
14 3
11 4

1. Is there any significant difference between the occurance of white flies before
and insecticide treatment?
2. Explain your results based on the statisical output.
 Laboratory practice – One way ANOVA

Objective : To carry out one way ANOVA, followed by post hoc test using SPSS.

Introdution

One way analysis of varian (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there is a

siginificant difference among three or more sets of data but focused on one factor of
interest. The measurment is made based on different individuals. When there is a
significant difference in ANOVA, post hoc test need to be conducted.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on compare means and then one way ANOVA to open one way
ANOVA dialogue box.
5. Select the dependent variable and click on the button to move the variables
into thedependent list: box
6. Select the independent variables and click on the button to move the
variables into the factor box.
7. Click on the options command pushbutton to open one way ANOVA: options
subdialogue box.
8. Click on the check boxes for descriptive and homogeneity of variance test.
9. Click on continue.
10. Click on the post hoc command pushbutton to open one way ANOVA: post
hoc multiple comparisons subdialogue box. You will notice that a number of
multiple comparison options are available. In this example, you will use
Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison test.
11. Click on the check box for tukey.
12. Click on continue and then OK
Table 1. Yields of five varieties of tomato four months after application of NPK
(15:15:15).

Tomato variety Yield (kg/ha)

1 160
1 176
1 176
1 192
1 208
1 144
2 80
2 64
2 64
2 48
2 96
2 112
3 144
3 144
3 160
3 128
3 160
3 192
4 400
4 416
4 352
4 352
4 384
4 320
5 480
5 528
5 496
5 512
5 592

Questions

1. What is the factor of interest?

2. Is there any significant difference among yields of different tomato varieties?
3. Which variety produces the highest yield? Explain your results based on the
statisical output.
4. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory Practice- Kruskal-Wallis test

Objective: to carry out Kruskal Wallis test using SPSS

Introduction

The Kruskal Wallis test, a non-parametric test which is equivalent to the one-way
ANOVA.

Method:

1. Arrange the data in excel worksheet based on Table 1

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select independent samples
4. In the Objective tab, select Customize analysis
5. In the Field tab, move the independent variable (i.e. fertilizers) into the test fields:
box and dependent variable (i.e. number of fruit) into the Groups: box.
6. In the setting tab, select customize tests and ensure the Kruskal-Wallis 1-way
ANOVA (k samples) check box has been selected.
7. Then click run.

Table 1: Number of fruit produced from tomato plants treated with different fertilizers

Type of fertilizer Number of fruit

1 14
1 16
1 17
1 13
1 10
1 8
1 14
1 19
2 17
2 11
 2 12
2 14
2 15
2 13
2 14
2 11
3 33
3 22
3 32
3 32
3 21
3 21
3 16
3 24

Questions

1. What is the factor of interest?

2. Is there any significant difference among number of fruit produced by tomato
plants treated with different types of fertilizers?
3. Which type of fertilizer produces the highest number of tomato fruit? Explain your
results based on the statisical output.
4. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory practice – One way repeated measure
ANOVA

Objective : To carry out one way repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS.

Introdution

One way repeated measure ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a siginificant
difference among three or more sets of data but focused on one factor of interest. The
measurement is made based on the same individual repeately.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on general linear model and then repeated measures to open repeated
measure define factor dialogue box.
5. In the within subjest factor name: box type the name for the within-subject
factor.
6. In the number of level box, type the number of level of particular factor.
7. Click on add to move the information into the dialogue box.
8. Click on the define command pushbutton to open the repeated measures
subdialogue box.
9. Select the three within-subject variables and click on the button to move the
variables into the within-subject variable box.
10. Click on the options command pushbutton to open the repeated measures:
options subdialogue box.
11. In the display box, click on the descriptive statistic, estimates of the effect
size and observed power check boxes.
12. Click on continue and then OK.
Table 1. Weight loss (mg) of mango fruits after coated with aloe vera gel throguhout 3
weeks of storage at room temperature.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

65 75 85
60 70 80
68 72 85
75 85 110
65 67 68
80 90 90
68 82 71
65 75 100

Questions

1. What is the factor of interest?

2. Is there any significant difference in weight loss of mango fruit within 3 weeks of
storage? Explain your results based on the statisical output.
3. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory practice –Friedman test

Objective : To carry out Friedman test using SPSS.

Introdution

Friedman test is a nonparametric test used to determine whether there is a

siginificant difference among three or more sets of data but focused on one factor of
interest. The measurement is made based on the same individual repeatedly.
Friedman test is equivalent to one way repeated measure ANOVA.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select Related samples
4. In the Objective tab, select Customize analysis
5. In the Field tab, move all the variable (i.e. month) into the test fields: box.
6. In the setting tab, select customize tests and ensure Friedman’s 2-way
ANOVA (k samples) check box has been selected.
7. Then click run.

Table 1. Number of leaf produced by leafty vegetable after treated with NPK green
throguhout 3 months of the treatment.

1st month 2nd month 3rd month

45 75 95
40 70 80
58 72 85
55 85 110
65 67 93
60 90 90
68 82 100
65 75 100
Questions

1. What is the factor of interest?

2. Is there any significant difference in leaf production within 3 months after NPK
treatment? Explain your results based on the statisical output.
3. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory practice – Two way-ANOVA

Objective : To carry out two way ANOVA using SPSS.

Introdution

Two way-ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a siginificant difference among

four or more sets of data but focused on two factors of interest. The measurement is
made based on the different individuals.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on general linear model and then univariate dialogue box.
5. Select the dependent variables and click on the button to move the variables
into the dependent variables box.
6. Click on the options command pushbutton to open the univariate: options
subdialogue box.
7. In the display box, click on the descriptive statistics, estimates of the effect
size, observedd power and homogeinety tests check boxes.
8. Click on continue and then OK.
9. Repeat the same procedure based on data in Table 2
Table 1. Emergence of weed seedlings one month after applied with herbicide-treated
crop residue under two different soil types.

herbicide-treated
crop residue Emergence
Soil type application rate (%)
(t/ha)
1 1.0 65.99
1 1.0 59.99
1 1.0
1 1.5 56.25
1 1.5 43.75
1 1.5
1 2.0 27.28
1 2.0 27.28
1 2.0
2 1.0 50.93
2 1.0 45.27
2 1.0 56.59
2 1.5 33.96
2 1.5 45.27
2 1.5 45.27
2 2.0 16.98
2 2.0 11.32
2 2.0 11.32

Questions (Table 1)

1. What is/are the factor(s) of interest?

2. Is emergence of goosegrass seedlings influened by soil factor and application
rate of herbicide-treated crop residue? Explain your results based on the
statisical output.
3. Is there any interaction between soil type and application rate of herbicide-
treated crop residue?
4. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
Table 2. Emergence of weed seedlings one month after applied with herbicide-treated
crop residue under two different soil types.

herbicide-treated
crop residue Emergence
Soil type application rate (%)
(t/ha)
1 1.0 69.11
1 1.0 74.37
1 1.0 60.92
1 1.5 61.99
1 1.5 69.69
1 1.5 55.09
1 2.0 71.55
1 2.0 66.41
1 2.0 54.32
2 1.0 67.78
2 1.0 67.78
2 1.0 67.78
2 1.5 40.89
2 1.5 27.57
2 1.5 27.57
2 2.0 27.57
2 2.0 27.57
2 2.0 27.57

Questions (Table 2)

1. Is emergence of goosegrass seedlings influened by soil factor and application

rate of herbicide-treated crop residue? Explain your results based on the
statisical output.
2. Is there any interaction between soil type and application rate of herbicide-
treated crop residue?
3. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory practice – SPANOVA

Objective : To carry out SPANOVA using SPSS.

Introdution

SPANOVA, commonly known as split plot, is used to determine whether there is a

siginificant difference among four or more sets of data but focused on two factors of
interest where one of the factors involved repeated measurement. Normaly the first
factor is called main plot while the second factor is called sub plot.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select t Click on general linear model and then repeated measure define
factor dialogue box.
4. In the within subject factor name: box, type a name for the within-subject
factor, then tab. In the number of level; box, type the number of levels of this
factor.
5. Click on add to move the information into the dialogue box.
6. Click on define command pushbutton to open the repeated measures
subdialogue box.
7. Select the variables representing the within-subjects factor and click on the
button to move these variables into the within-subjects variables: box
8. Select the between-subject variables and click on the button to move this
variables into the between-subjects factor: box
9. Click on the options command pushbutton to open the repeated measures:
options subdialogue box.
10. In the dislay box, click on the descriptive statistics, estimates of the effect
size, observed power and homogeneity tests check boxes.
Table 1. Weight loss (mg) of mango fruits with or withoot coating of aloe vera gel
throguhout 3 weeks of storage at room temperature.

Fruit condition Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

1 27 31 39
1 24 35 36
1 22 33 40
1 25 27 33
2 25 26 34
2 22 33 34
2 30 31 34
2 25 25 27

Note : 1-uncoated; 2-coated.

Questions

1. What is/are the factor(s) of interest?

2. Is the weight loss is influenced by coating and time storage? Explain your results
based on the statisical output.
3. Is ther any interaction between the two factors?
4. Is the coating effective to retain the weight of mango fruits?
 Laboratory practice – Two way repeated measure
ANOVA

Objective : To carry out two way repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS.

Introdution

Two way repeated measure ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a siginificant
difference among four or more sets of data but focused on two factors of interest where
each factor involved repeated measurement.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on general linear model and then repeated measure define factor
dialogue box.
5. In the within subject factor name: box type the name for the first within-
subject factor.
6. In the number of level box, type the number of level of particular factor.
7. Click on add to move the information into the dialogue box.
8. In the within-subject factor name box, type the name for the second within-
subject factor.
9. In the number of levels; box type number of levels of that particular factor.
10. Click on add to move this information into the box below.
11. Click on the options command pushbutton to open the repeated measures:
options subdialogue box.
12. Select the six within-subjects variables and click on the button to move the
variables into their appropriate places within the within-subject variables.
13. Click on the options command pushbutton to open the repeated measures:
options subdialogue box.
 14. In the display box, click on the descriptive statistive, estimates of effect
size and observed power check boxes.
15. Click on continue and then OK.

Table 1. Sensory score of trained panelist at different universities and cube boxes after
coated with aloe vera gel throguhout 3 weeks of storage at room temperature.

UMT, A UMT, B UMT, C UPM, A UPM, B UPM, C

1 13 9 15 6 14
4 5 16 6 18 7
0 7 18 10 9 6
7 15 13 13 15 13

Questions

1. What is/are the factor(s) of interest?

2. Is the sensory score is influenced by different locations and cube boxes?
Explain your results based on the statisical output.
3. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory Practice- Correlation Test

Objective: to carry out correlation test using SPSS

Introduction

Correlation test is carried out to determine relationship between two variables. There
are two types of correlation test. The Pearson correlation test is parametric test whereas
the Spearman correlation test is a non-parametric test.

Method

To obtain a scatter dot

1. Arrange the data in excel worksheet based on Table 1 and 2 separately

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet separately.
3. Select from the graph menu
4. Select the legacy dialog option
5. Click on scatter/dot.. to open the scatter/dot dialogue box.
6. Ensure that the simple scatter option is selected.
7. Click on the define command pushbutton to open the simple scatter sub dialogue
box.
8. Select the first variable (i.e no) and click on the button to move the variable into Y
Axis box.
9. Select the second variable (i.e mm) and click on the button to move the variable
into X Axis box.
10. Click on OK
Table 1 Number of weed emergence at different rainfall amounts

Monthly rainfall (mm) Weed emergence (no/m2)

20.00 280.00

95.00 434.00

100.00 500.00

143.00 900.00

250.00 1300.00

350.00 1600.00

33.00 395.00

98.00 510.00

101.00 555.00

150.00 1000.00

273.00 1543.00

400.00 1789.00

15.00 250.00

80.00 448.00

99.00 655.00

138.00 893.00

200.00 1234.00

350.00 1543.00
 Table 2 Number of weed emergence at different rainfall amounts

Monthly rainfall (mm) Weed emergence (no/m2)

52.00 412.00

83.00 621.00

102.00 803.00

151.00 1851.00

303.00 4032.00

410.00 5532.00

59.00 413.00

83.00 628.00

115.00 854.00

159.00 2023.00

309.00 4523.00

403.00 6121.00

54.00 454.00

86.00 653.00

121.00 905.00

155.00 2203.00

323.00 5020.00

400.00 6500.00

To conduct Pearson/Spearmen correlation test

1. Select from the analyze menu

2. Click on correlate and then bivariate.. to open the bivariate correlations dialogue
box.
 3. Select the variables you require (i.e no and mm) and click on the button to move
the variable into variables box.
4. Ensure that the pearson/spearman correlation option is selected.
5. Click on OK.

Questions

1. What is the relationship between weed emergence and rainfall amount?

2. Explain your results based on the statistical output.
 Laboratory practice – Linear regression

Objective : To carry out linear regression analysis using SPSS.

Introdution

Linear regression analysis is carried out to determine the relationship between two
variables using an equation. One variable is dependent while the other variable is
indepenent and fixed by the reseacher.

Methods

1. Arrange the data in excell worksheet based on Table 1.

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the analyze menu.
4. Click on regresion and then on linear regresion dialogue box.
5. Select the dependent variables and click on the button to move the variables
into the dependent: box
6. Select the independent variables and clic on the button to move the variables
into the independent.
7. In the method: drop-down list, ensure that enter is selected.
8. Click on statistic command pushbutton to open the linear regression:
statistics subdialogue box and ensure the estimate and model fit check
boxes are selected in the regression coefficient box. In the residuals box,
select the casewise diagnostic check box. Ensure the outliers outside radio
button has been selected. The default value of three standard deviations is
most frequently used. Click on continue
9. Click on plots command pushbutton to open the linear regression: plot
dialogue box.
10. Select ZRESID and click on the button to move the item into the Y: box
11. Select ZRESID and click on the button to move the item into the X: box
12. In the standardized residual plot box, select the normal probability plot check
box.
 13. Click on continue
14. Click on the save command pushbutton to open the linear regression: Save
dialogue box.
15. In the distance box select the Mahalanobis check box.
16. Click on continue and OK.

Table 1. Yields of paddy planted in diiffferent plot sizes five months after different
application rates of NPK.

Paddy yield Rate of NPK Plot size

(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (ha)

1.5 60 1
1.5 60 2
2.1 60 3
2.8 120 1
3 120 2
3.5 120 3
5.5 180 1
6 180 2
5 180 3

Questions

1. Do plot size and application rate of NPK affect paddy yield?

2. Give the equation that shows the relationship among paddy yield, plot size and
application rate of NPK.
3. Based on the equation, how much paddy yield would you predict if you apply
150 kg/ha NPK.
4. Chose a suitble type of chart to present your data.
 Laboratory Practice- Chi Square Test

Objective: to carry out Chi-square test using SPSS

Introduction

A Chi-square test is one of the non-parametric tests. There are two main types of chi-
square test. The chi square test for goodness of fit applies to the analysis of a single
categorical variable, and the chi-square test for independence or relatedness applies to
the analysis of the relationship between two categorical variables.

Method - Chi square test for goodness of fit

1. Arrange the data in excel worksheet based on Table 1

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select the Data menu
4. Click Weight Cases… to open the Weight Cases dialogue box
5. Click on the Weight Cases by radio button
6. Select the variable you require (i.e. freq) and click on the arrow button to move
the variable into the Frequency Variable: box
7. Click OK. The message Weight on should appear on the status bar at the bottom
right of the application window.
8. Select analyse menu
9. Click on Non-parametric tests and then Chi-square…to open the Chi-square Test
dialogue box.
10. Select the variable you require (i.e. response) and click on the arrow button to
move the variable into the Test Variable List: box
11. Click on OK
 Table 1 Response towards the taste of Roselle juice

Response towards the taste of Frequency of

Roselle juice response

In favour 40

Against 5

Undecided 25

Questions

1. Is there any significant difference between responses against new Roselle juice
product?
2. Explain your results based on the statistical output.

Method - Chi square test for relatedness or independence

1. Arrange the data in excel worksheet based on Table 2

2. Transfer the data to SPSS worksheet.
3. Select analyse Menu
4. Click Descriptive statistics and then Crosstabs…to open the Crosstabs dialogue
box
5. Select a row variable (i.e. pref) and click on the arrow button to move the variable
into the Rows (s): box
6. Select a column variable (i.e. location) and click on the arrow button to move the
variable into the Column(s): box
7. Click on the statistics..command pushbutton to open the Crosstabs: Statistics
sub-dialogue box.
8. Click on the Chi-square check box
9. Click on Continue.
10. Click on the Cells.. command pushbutton to open the Crosstabs: Cell Display
sub-Dialogue box.
 11. In the Count box, Click on the Observed and Expected check boxes.
12. In the Percentages box, click on the Row, Column and Total check boxes.
13. Click on Continue and then OK.

Table 2: Response towards the preference for spicy level from two locations.

Location Preference Frequency of response

1 1 32

1 2 28

2 1 24

2 2 4

Questions

1. Is there any significant difference between responses on the preference spicy

level from two locations
2. Explain your results based on the statistical output.