TECHNICAL MPT Swapna

Microwave power transmission technology
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by microwave radio waves.
Although an experimental 40-mile (64 km) microwave telecommunication link across the
English Channel was demonstrated in 1931, the development of radar in World war2 provided
the technology for practical exploitation of microwave communication. In the 1950s, large
transcontinental microwave relay networks, consisting of chains of repeater stations linked by
line of sight beams of microwaves were built in Europe and America to relay long distance
telephone traffic and television programs between cities. Communication satellites which
transferred data between ground stations by microwaves took over much long distance traffic in
the 1960s. In recent years, there has been an explosive increase in use of the microwave
spectrum by new telecommunication technologies such as wireless networks and direct broad
cast satellites which broadcast television and radio directly into consumers' homes.
Microwaves are widely used for point –to-point communications because their
small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can
be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the
same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do.
Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very
large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the
rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of
sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves
can.
Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point to point communication on the

surface of the Earth, in satellite communication, and in deep space radio communication . Other
parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars,radio navigations systems, sensor systems,
and radio astronomy.
The next higher part of the radio electromagnetic spectrum, where the frequencies are above
30 GHz and below 100 GHz, are called "millimeter waves" because their wavelengths are
conveniently measured in millimeters, and their wavelengths range from 10 mm down to 3.0 mm
(Higher frequency waves are smaller in wavelength). Radio waves in this band are usually
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strongly attenuated by the earth’s atmosphere and particles contained in it, especially during wet
weather. Also, in a wide band of frequencies around 60 GHz, the radio waves are strongly
attenuated by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere. The electronic technologies needed in the
millimeter wave band are also much more difficult to utilize than those of the microwave band.
1.1 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
 One-way (e.g. television broad casting) and two-way telecommunication

using communication satellite.
 Terrestrial microwave relay links in telecommunications networks including backbone
or backhaul carriers in cellular network
1.2WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER
1.2.1 MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY

It is a technology widely used in the 1950s and 1960s for transmitting signals,
such as long-distance telephone calls and television programs between two terrestrial
points on a narrow beam of microwaves. In microwave radio relay, microwaves are
transmitted on a line of sight path between relay stations using directional antenna,
forming a fixed radio connection between the two points. The requirement of a line of
sight limits the separation between stations to the visual horizon, about 30 to 50 miles.
Before the widespread use of communication satellites, chains of microwave relay
stations were used to transmit telecommunication signals over transcontinental distances.
 Because the radio waves travel in narrow beams confined to a line-of-sight path from one
antenna to the other, they don't interfere with other microwave equipment, so nearby
microwave links can use the same frequencies (see frequency reuse). Antennas must be
highly directional (high gain); these antennas are installed in elevated locations such as
large radio towers in order to be able to transmit across long distances. Typical types of
antenna used in radio relay link installations are parabolic antennas, dielectric lens,
and horn reflector antennas, which have a diameter of up to 4 meters. Highly directive
antennas permit an economical use of the available frequency spectrum, despite long
transmission distances.
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 Because of the high frequencies used, a line of sight path between the stations is required.
Additionally, in order to avoid attenuation of the beam, an area around the beam called
the first Fresnel zone must be free from obstacles. Obstacles in the signal field cause
unwanted attenuation. High mountain peak or ridge positions are often ideal.
 Obstacles, the curvature of the Earth, the geography of the area and reception issues
arising from the use of nearby land are important issues to consider when planning radio
links. In the planning process, it is essential that "path profiles" are produced, which
provide information about theterrain and Fresnel zones affecting the transmission path.
The presence of a water surface, such as a lake or river, along the path also must be taken
into consideration since it can reflect the beam, and the direct and reflected beam can
interfere at the receiving antenna, causing multipath fading. Multipath fades are usually
deep only in a small spot and a narrow frequency band, so space and/or
frequency diversity schemes can be applied to mitigate these effects.
 The effects of atmospheric stratification cause the radio path to bend downward in a
typical situation so a major distance is possible as the earth equivalent curvature increases
from 6370 km to about 8500 km (a 4/3 equivalent radius effect). Rare events of
temperature, humidity and pressure profile versus height, may produce large deviations
and distortion of the propagation and affect transmission quality. High-intensity rain and
snow making rain fade must also be considered as an impairment factor, especially at
frequencies above 10 GHz. All previous factors, collectively known , make it necessary
to compute suitable power margins, in order to maintain the link operative for a high
percentage of time, like the standard 99.99% or 99.999% used in 'carrier class' services of
most telecommunication operators.
Long-distance microwave relay networks were built in many countries until the 1980s, when
the technology lost its share of fixed operation to newer technologies such as fiber optic
cable and communication satellites, which offer a lower cost per bit.
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Fig 1.2.1 microwave spying
At the turn of the century, microwave radio relay systems are being used increasingly in portable
radio applications. The technology is particularly suited to this application because of lower
operating costs, a more efficient infrastructure, and provision of direct hardware access to the
portable radio operator.
1.3 MICROWAVE LINK
A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the
microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or databetween two locations, which can be
from just a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers apart. Microwave links are
commonly used by television broadcasters to transmit programmes across a country, for instance,
or from an outside broad cast back to a studio.
1.4 PROPERTIES OF MICROWAVE LINK

Involve Line of sight (LOS) communication technology
 Affected greatly by environmental constraints, including rainfade

 Have very limited penetration capabilities through obstacles such as hills,
buildings and trees
 Sensitive to high pollen count
 Signals can be degraded during solar proton events
1.5 USES OF MICROWAVE LINKS
 In communications between satellites and base stations
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 As backbone carriers for cellular systems
 In short-range indoor communications
 Linking remote and regional telephone exchanges to larger (main) exchanges without the
need for copper/optical fibre lines
 Measuring the intensity of rain between two location
1.6 LITERATURE SURVEY
Over 115 years ago Tesla invented the concept of wireless power transfer . Many
industrial applications based on this technology have been developed ever since. This technology
is of interest especially where the interconnecting wires are inconvenient or even impossible.
This paper provide a survey that describes the history of wireless power technology .Specially
two types of wireless power transfer radiative and non radiative are studied. Finally the main
challenges and future prediction of this technology are presented too
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CHAPTER 2
MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
2.1 OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter contains an evaluation of the current work with respect to the existing
works. It is devoted to a critical review of the technical and academic literature on previous
works done on wireless power transfer
Approach adopted: The following approach is adopted for this chapter;
 History of Wireless Power Transfer
 Main concepts of wireless transmission of electric energy
 Health and safety considerations
 WPT Standards and Alliances
2.2 HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER
What exactly is wireless power transfer? This is the transmission of electrical energy
from a power source to an electrical load, such as an electrical power grid or a consuming
device, without the use of discrete manmade conductors.
The word wireless from a basic description means without wires.
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Wireless power transmission (WPT) is one of the fields of engineering that has in the past
few years received a lot of attention. A lot of companies are spending millions of dollars trying
to research and develop ways of transferring power wirelessly. However the concept of WPT has
been in existence for over a century.
th
This concept was first discussed in the late 19 century. Nikola Tesla was the brains
behind this concept. He together with Heinrich Hertz theorized the possibility of power being
transmittedwirelessly. Tesla’s main idea was to use the planet as the conductor to transmit power
to anypoint on the earth. In 1899 Tesla successfully managed to illustrate the concept by
powering fluorescent lamps 25 miles away from the source of power. In 1901 Tesla built the
Wardenclyffe Tower.
His intentions were to use it to transmit messages and also to incorporate his WPT ideas. This
however wasn’t fruitful as his financier refused to invest in the project. Tesla’s ideas were then
dismissed as being impractical and unsafe.
Later on William .C. Brown came up with the theory of microwaves. His ideas majored
on beaming electric power from one point to another without wires, to vacuum tubes and solar
power satellites using microwaves. Around 1960, he invented the rectenna which converts
microwave to dc power. This was a major breakthrough in WPT. This contributed much to the
modern development of microwave power transmission which forms a major basis of the
research and development of WPT currently.
The next step towards WPT was development of the RFID system. Transfer of power via
microwaves has long been the focus of study and experimentation. In the early 1900s, Nikola
Tesla experimented with transmission of power wirelessly, through microwaves. His work,
however, was largely left unimplemented, as his experiments were vastly ahead of their time and
the technology did not yet exist to make WPT via microwaves feasible . Advances in wireless
technologies since Tesla, however, have made possible that which was not in the early 20th
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century . Described in this section are the details of those technologies behind MPT as a
mechanism for WPT.
Because the radio waves travel in narrow beams confined to a line-of-sight path from one
antenna to the other, they don't interfere with other microwave equipment, so nearby microwave
links can use the same frequencies (see frequency reuse). Antennas must be highly directional
(high gain); these antennas are installed in elevated locations such as large radio towers in order
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2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM
As mentioned above, MPT as a mechanism for WPT is the central focus of this paper.
MPT is defined as the transfer of power through space by means of microwaves. In particular, a
MPT system converts direct current (DC) power to microwaves, transmits that microwave
radiation to a target, and the target converts the microwave radiation back to DC power . Figure 1
below depicts a block diagram of the MPT system. First the microwaves are generated by the
microwave generator. This radiation then passes through the Coax-Waveguide Adapted, which in
turn passes through the waveguide circulator, a device that reduces the radiation to exposure
from outside power. Finally the radiation passes through the tuner and directional coupler device,
which separates the signal according to signal propagation direction. The radiation is then
transmitted over the air through antennae, where it is received by the antenna at the rectenna, at
which the microwave radiation passes through a low pass filter, then a matching network, then a
rectifier as it is converted to DC power .
2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION
The details of the relevant steps are described in the sections to follow.
Figure 2.4 Block Diagram of MPT
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2.4.1 TRANSMISSION :MICROWAVE GENERATOR
Several devices, known as Microwave Vacuum Tubes, are used to transmit microwaves
through space; these devices include magnetron, klystron, and the Travelling Wave Tube among
others, with the magnetron being the device used the most often . The magnetron device
generates microwaves by passing electrons through a magnetic field . These microwaves are then
transmitted via antenna into space.
The exact frequency at which microwave radiation is transmitted through space to

achieve maximum efficiency has been an area of great deal of research. Frequencies often used
within the microwave range are 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 8.5 GHz, 10 GHz and 35 GHz
.Experimental results have demonstrated that 2.45 GHz is the most efficient frequency to
transmit microwaves, as the power capacitance achieved at that frequency is higher than the
frequencies listed above. Figure 2 below shows that the lowest measured loss (solid line) occurs
when transmitting at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Table 1 shows efficiency percentages achieved
using different frequencies.
Fig 2.4.1 Graph of power loss based on frequency .
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Frequency (GHz) Measured Efficiency (%) Calculated Efficienct (%)
Table 2.45 92.5 90.5 2.4.1

Table 5.8 82 78.3 of
8.51 62.5 66.2

measured and calculated efficiencies of different frequencies
Some studies have demonstrated efficiency values, defined as the amount of power retained after
being converted from microwaves, of upwards of 85 - 90% have been achieved using a 2.45 GHz
frequency . More details of efficiency of transfer are described in the section to follow.
The transmission of microwaves is vital to the wireless power system, however the
efficiency is dictated to a large degree by the reception of those microwaves, and conversion
back to DC at the receiving end of the system. The reception and conversion is described in the
next section.
2.4.2 RECEPTION : THE RECTENNA:
Once DC is converted to microwaves and transmitted into space, a system that requires
power needs to receive and convert microwaves back to DC. The device used for this reception
and conversion is called a rectenna. The rectenna device was created by W.C. Brown in his
groundbreaking work in WPT in the 1960s . The term is derived from the fact that a rectenna is
comprised of an antenna coupled with a rectifying circuit [Huang13]. It has been determined
through experimentation that the 2.45 GHz frequency, as mentioned above, achieves the greatest
efficiency for the rectenna .
In particular, microwave radiation is received by the antenna component of the rectenna,

passes through a low pass filter as well as a matching filter (devices which are in place to ensure
that the impedence of the incident signal matches that of the rectifer to follow), through diodes
that only allow electrons to flow in one direction, and is then converted to DC by means of a
rectifying circuit . While the finer details of the mechanisms of the individual components are
outside the scope of this paper, it is important to note that the materials used to create the
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rectenna have large implications with respect to the efficiency achieved by the rectenna, as
shown in Table 2.
Operating Frequency Measured Peak

Type of Rectenna
(GHz) Conversion Efficiency (%)
Printed Diplomo 2.45 85
Circular Patch 2.45 81
Printed dual rhombic 5.6 78
Square Patch 8.51 66
Table 2.4.2: Efficiency of rectenna using different materials.
As shown, the dipole antenna system achieves the maximum efficiency for conversion to DC
from received microwave radiation [Huang13, Reddy13]. Efficiency is quantified by the ratio of
DC output power after conversion to the received frequency power of the antenna as shown
below in Equation 1.
Equation 1: Rectenna Total Efficiency Equation
In sum, the rectenna at the target captures microwave radiation from the generator
through the antenna, the microwaves pass through filters and diodes, and then to the rectifying
circuit which transfers DC power to the target system
2.4.3 PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER
MPT depends on the system of a microwave generator and rectenna to transmit power
from source to target. Systems attempting to wield MPT to transfer power wirelessly can thus
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use the described configuration. Importantly, the system is quite scalable. Large microwave
generators can be constructed to transmit a greater amount of microwaves over space, and, as
shown in Figure 3 below, rectenna units can be arranged in an array to capture as much of the
transmitted microwave radiation as possible to be converted to DC.
Figure 2.4.3: Front and back picture of array of rectenna
MPT has several exciting applications, both for existing technologies and for theoretical systems
still being researched.
2.5 MAIN CONCEPTS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
As a result of the extensive research in WPT, various categories have arisen. WPT can be
categorized in terms of efficiency, distance of transmission, power level and size. Classification
based on distance of transmission however is more relevant.
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For any electromagnetic source both electric (Efields) and magnetic (Hfields) fields are
generated around it. These fields are characterized by the radiative and nonradiative
components. Depending on the distance from the source they can either be near field, transition
zone or far field. The transition zone possesses characteristics of both the near and far field
transfers.
The near field region can be said to be the found within the radius of a wavelength while
far field region is the area outside a radius of two wavelengths. This however is for transmitters
and receivers that have diameters shorter than the wavelength being used. The near field
transfers have all the polarization types i.e. vertical, horizontal, elliptical and circular while the
far field transfer only has one type.
This far in research the near field transfer has been found to have a higher efficiency
during transfer of power. This can be attributed to the decrease in both electric and magnetic
fields proportionally to the distance from the source. In addition, the nearfield region allows
higher diffraction of the wave, resulting in stronger penetrability and weak directivity on a short
range. In light of all these, more research is being focused on development of the near field
transfers as compared to far field transfer.
Both near field transfer and far field are further categorized based on the method of
operation of the transfer. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric

charges in an antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance Drange from
the antenna. The boundary between the regions is somewhat vaguely defined. The fields have
different characteristics in these regions, and different technologies are used for transferring
power:
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2.6 FIELD REGIONS:
Electric and magnetic fields are created by charged particles in matter such as electrons.
A stationary charge creates an electronic field in the space around it. A steady current of charges
(direct current, DC) creates a static magnetic field around it. The above fields contain energy, but
cannot carry power because they are static. However time-varying fields can carry
power. Accelerating electric charges, such as are found in an alternating current (AC) of
electrons in a wire, create time-varying electric and magnetic fields in the space around them.
These fields can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in a receiving "antenna", causing them
to move back and forth. These represent alternating current which can be used to power a load.
The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in an
antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance Drange from the antenna.
The boundary between the regions is somewhat vaguely defined. The fields have different
characteristics in these regions, and different technologies are used for transferring power:
2.6.1 NEARFIELD OR NONRADIATIVE REGION –

This means the area within about wavelength (λ) of the antenna. In this region the
oscillating electric and magnetic fields are separate and power can be transferred via electric
fields by capacitive coupling between metal electrodes, or via magnetic inductive coupling
between coils of wire. These fields are not radiative meaning the energy stays within a short
distance of the transmitter. If there is no receiving device or absorbing material within their
limited range to "couple" to, no power leaves the transmitter. The range of these fields is short,
and depends on the size and shape of the "antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The
fields, and thus the power transmitted, decrease exponentially with distance, so if the distance
between the two "antennas" Drange is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas" Dant very
little power will be received. Therefore, these techniques cannot be used for long range power
transmission.
resonance, such as resonant inductive coupling, can increase the coupling between the
antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances, although the
fields still decrease exponentially. Therefore the range of near-field devices is conventionally
divided into two categories:
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short range – up to about one antenna diameter: Drange ≤ Dant. This is the range over which
ordinary nonresonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
Mid range – up to 10 times the antenna diameter: Drange ≤ 10 Dant. This is the range over which
resonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
2.6.2 FARFIELD OR RADIATIVE REGION–

Beyond about 1 wavelength (λ) of the antenna, the electric and magnetic fields are
perpendicular to each other and propagate as an electromagnetic wave; examples are radio
waves, microwaves, or light waves. This part of the energy is radiative, meaning it leaves the
antenna whether or not there is a receiver to absorb it. The portion of energy which does not
strike the receiving antenna is dissipated and lost to the system. The amount of power emitted as
electromagnetic waves by an antenna depends on the ratio of the antenna's size Dant to the
wavelength of the waves λ, which is determined by the frequency: λ = c/f. At low
frequencies fwhere the antenna is much smaller than the size of the waves, Dant << λ, very little
power is radiated. Therefore the near-field devices above, which use lower frequencies, radiate
almost none of their energy as electromagnetic radiation. Antennas about the same size as the
wavelength Dant ≈ λ such as monopole or dipole antennas, radiate power efficiently, but the
electromagnetic waves are radiated in all directions (omni directionally), so if the receiving
antenna is far away, only a small amount of the radiation will hit it. Therefore, these can be used
for short range, inefficient power transmission but not for long range transmission.
However, unlike fields, electromagnetic radiation can be focused by reflection
or refraction into beams. By using a high gain antenna or optical system which concentrates the
radiation into a narrow beam aimed at the receiver, it can be used for long range power
transmission. From the Rayleigh criterion, to produce the narrow beams necessary to focus a
significant amount of the energy on a distant receiver, an antenna must be much larger than the
wavelength of the waves used: Dant >> λ = c/f.]Practically beam power devices require
wavelengths in the centimeter region or below, corresponding to frequencies above 1 GHz, in
the microwaverange or above
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2.7 NEAR FIELD (NON RADIATIVE) TECHNIQUES
2.7.1 INDUCTIVE COUPLING
Fig 2.7.1 block diagram of inductive wireless power system
In inductive coupling (electromagnetic induction) , power is transferred between coils of

wire by a magnetic field The transmitter and receiver coils together form a transformer.
An alternating current (AC) through the transmitter coil creates an oscillating magnetic field
by amperes law. The magnetic field passes through the receiving coil (L2), where it induces an
alternating EMF voltage by faraday law of rotation, which creates an alternating current in the
receiver. The induced alternating current may either drive the load directly, or
be rectified to direct current (DC) by a rectifier in the receiver, which drives the load. A few
systems, such as electric toothbrush charging stands, work at 50/60 Hz so AC mains current is
applied directly to the transmitter coil, but in most systems an electronic oscillator generates a
higher frequency AC current which drives the coil, because transmission efficiency improves
with frequency.
2.7.2 CAPACITIVE COUPLING
Capacitive coupling also referred to as electric coupling, makes use of electric fields for
the transmission of power between two electrodes (an anode and cathode) forming
a capacitance for the transfer of power. In capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction), the
conjugate of inductive coupling, energy is transmitted by electric fields between electrodes such
as metal plates. The transmitter and receiver electrodes form a capacitor, with the intervening
space as the dielectric. An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to the
transmitting plate, and the oscillating electric field induces an alternating potential on the
receiver plate by electrostatic induction, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load
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circuit. The amount of power transferred increases with the frequency the square of the voltage,
and the capacitance between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller plate and
(for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.
Capacitive wireless power systems
Fig 2.7.2.a Transverse coupling
Fig 2.7.2.b Longitudinal coupling

Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications, because the
very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power can be hazardous, and
can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious ozone production. In addition, in contrast to
magnetic fields, electric fields interact strongly with most materials, including the human body,
due to dielectric polarization Intervening materials between or near the electrodes can absorb the
energy, in the case of humans possibly causing excessive electromagnetic field
exposure. However capacitive coupling has a few advantages over inductive coupling. The field
is largely confined between the capacitor plates, reducing interference, which in inductive
coupling requires heavy ferrite "flux confinement" cores. Also, alignment requirements between
the transmitter and receiver are less critical. Capacitive coupling has recently been applied to
charging battery powered portable devicesas well as charging or continuous wireless power
transfer in biomedical implants, and is being considered as a means of transferring power
between substrate layers in integrated circuits.
Two types of circuit have been used:
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Transverse design:
In this type of circuit, there are two transmitter plates and two receiver plates. Each
transmitter plate is coupled to a receiver plate. The transmitter oscillator drives the transmitter
plates in opposite phase (180° phase difference) by a high alternating voltage, and the load is
connected between the two receiver plates. The alternating electric fields induce opposite phase
alternating potentials in the receiver plates, and this "push-pull" action causes current to flow
back and forth between the plates through the load. A disadvantage of this configuration for
wireless charging is that the two plates in the receiving device must be aligned face to face with
the charger plates for the device to work.
Longitudinal design:
In this type of circuit, the transmitter and receiver have only one active electrode, and
either the ground or a large passive electrode serves as the return path for the current. The
transmitter oscillator is connected between an active and a passive electrode. The load is also
connected between an active and a passive electrode. The electric field produced by the
transmitter induces alternating charge displacement in the load dipole through electrostatic
induction.
2.7.3 Magnetodynamic coupling

In this method, power is transmitted between two rotating armatures, one in the
transmitter and one in the receiver, which rotate synchronously, coupled together by a magnetic
field generated by permanent magnets on the armatures. The transmitter armature is turned either
by or as the rotor of an electric motor, and its magnetic field exerts torque on the receiver
armature, turning it. The magnetic field acts like a mechanical coupling between the
armatures. The receiver armature produces power to drive the load, either by turning a
separate electric generator or by using the receiver armature itself as the rotor in a generator.
This device has been proposed as an alternative to inductive power transfer for noncontact
charging of electric vehicles. A rotating armature embedded in a garage floor or curb would turn
a receiver armature in the underside of the vehicle to charge its batteries. It is claimed that this
technique can transfer power over distances of 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) with high efficiency,
over 90%. Also, the low frequency stray magnetic fields produced by the rotating magnets
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produce less electromagnetic interference to nearby electronic devices than the high frequency
magnetic fields produced by inductive coupling systems. A prototype system charging electric
vehicles has been in operation at University of British Coombia since 2012. Other researchers,
however, claim that the two energy conversions (electrical to mechanical to electrical again)
make the system less efficient than electrical systems like inductive coupling
2.8 FAR FIELD (RADIATIVE) TECHNIQUE

Long-distance Wireless Power.Far-field methods are used for achieving WPT for distances
longer than one wavelength by the use of propagating electromagnetic fields.Far-field or
radiative region also called power beaming.In general, visible light (from lasers) and microwaves
(from purpose-designed antennas) are the forms of electromagnetic radiation best suited to
energy transfer.Electromagnetic radiation experiences less diffraction at shorter wavelengths .
2.8.1 MICROWAVE POWER
Microwave power transmission technology transfers high power from the base station to
the receiving station or mobile devices with two places being in line of sight via radio waves
whose wavelength are conveniently measure in small number of centimeter . This part of radio
spectrum range across frequencies of roughly 1 .0 Ghz to 30 Ghz..The most common
transmitters used for microwaves is magnetron. Magnetron is used because they are
cheap,efficient& power transmission ismore lenient to frequency fluctuations than
communication systems are.AC needs to be converted to Direct Current (DC) first and then DC
is converted to microwaves by using magnetron. Transmitted waves are received at rectenna and
then rectify microwaves into electricity with more efficiently. It will give DC as the output. In
the final step, DC will be converted back to AC . Lack of strong coupling leads to much lower
efficiencies. This technique demands commitment of line of sight and beam approaches focusing
At present an efficiency of 76% is possible using current technology for microwave power
transmission .
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Fig.2.8.1 Microwave system

MPT provides the efficiency in energy conversion but it is slightly difficult to focus the beam in
a small region. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of
energy from orbiting solar power satellites(SPS) to Earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft
leaving orbit has been considered. Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that,for most
space applications, the required aperture sizes are very large due to diffraction limiting antenna
directionality.
2.8.2 LASER POWER TRANSMISSION:
This technology the power concentrated in a small area by utilizing the mirror. This technology
also produces high powers that are coherent and not dispersed for very long But gets attenuated
when it propgates through atmosphere. . In addition, this technology has been used to apply to a
rover to explore the presence of ice in the bottom of craters of the moon where no sunlight is
available. On the other hand, the solar energy generated by the radiation is converted into the
electric energy. This energy next will be converted to the laser light and then transmitted to the
rover working at the bottom of the crater
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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
The Primary components of WirelessPower Transmission are Microwave Generator,
Transmitting antenna and Receiving antenna (Rectenna). The components are described
asfollows.
3.1 MICROWAVE GENERATOR:
Microwave generator systems are designed to provide stable and controllable microwave
power required by many heating processes and industrial applications. Complete microwave
generator systems are available as an integrated unit or with a remote magnetron head. The
integrated microwave generator houses all of the generator subcomponents in a single cabinet,
while the remote head separates the power supply and magnetron head by a cable assembly.
All complete microwave generator systems are supplied with a power supply, magnetron head,
cable assembly, and isolator. Richardson Electronics offers design and production services to
build complete custom turn-key microwave generators for both low- and high-power
applications in the standard ISM frequencies of 915MHz, 2450 MHz, and 5.8GHz. Our
engineering staff can assist you in configuring a new system or upgrading an existing system to
your specifications
3.1.1 MAGNETRON:
The magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that works as self-excited microwave
oscillator. Crossed electron and magnetic fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-
power output required in radar equipment. These multi-cavity devices may be used in radar
transmitters as either pulsed or cw oscillators at frequencies ranging from approximately 600 to
30,000 megahertz. The relatively simple construction has the disadvantage that the Magnetron
usually can work only on a constructively fixed frequency
Page | 22
3.1.2 AMPLIFIER.
An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can

increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is a twoport electronic
circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a signal applied
to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output. The
amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its gain : the ratio of output
voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is a circuit that has a power gain greater than
one.
An amplifier can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit

contained within another device. Amplification is fundamental to modern electronics, and
amplifiers are widely used in almost all electronic equipment. Amplifiers can be categorized in
different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being amplified. For
example, audio amplifiers amplify signals in the audio (sound) range of less than 20 kHz, RF
amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio frequency range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz, and
servo amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers may work with very low frequencies down to
direct current. Amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain;
a preamplifier may precede other signal processing stages, for example. The first practical
electrical device which could amplify was the vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest,
which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Today most amplifiers use transistors.
Slotted antenna arrays used with waveguides are a popular antenna in navigation, radar
and other high-frequency systems. They are simple to fabricate, have low-loss (high antenna
efficiency) and radiate linear polarization with low cross-polarization. These antennas are often
used in aircraft applications because they can be made to conform to the surface on which they
are mounted. The slots are typically thin (less than 0.1 of a wavelength) and 0.5 wavelengths
long (at the center frequency of operation).
3.2 SLOTTED WAVEGUIDE ANTENNA:
The slots on the waveguide will assumed to have a narrow width. Increasing the width
increases the Bandwidth (recall that a fatter antenna often has an increased bandwidth); the
expense of a larger width is a higher degree of cross-polarization. The Fractional Bandwidth for
Page | 23
thin slots can be as low as 3-5%; wide slots can have a FBW on the order of 75%. An example of
a slotted waveguide array is shown in Figure 1 (dimensions given by length a and width b)
Figure 3.2 Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna.

As in the cavity-backed slot antenna, each slot could be independently fed with a voltage
source across the slot. However, (especially for large arrays) this would be very difficult to
construct, and I've never seen this done in practice. Instead, the waveguide is used as the
transmission line to feed the elements.
The position, shape and orientation of the slots will determine how (or if) they radiate. In
addition, the shape of the waveguide and frequency of operation will play a major role. To
understand what is going on, we'll need to understand the fields within the waveguide first. For a
primer on waveguides, see here:waveguide primer.
3.3 RECTENNA:
A rectenna is a rectifying antenna — a special type of receiving antenna that is used for
converting electromagnetic energy into direct current (DC) electricity. They are used in wireless
power transmission systems that transmit power by radio waves. A simple rectenna element
consists of a dipole antenna with an RF diode connected across the dipole elements. The
diode rectifies the AC induced in the antenna by the microwaves, to produce DC power, which
powers a load connected across the diode. Schottky diodes are usually used because they have
Page | 24
the lowest voltage drop and highest speed and therefore have the lowest power losses due to
conduction and switching. Large rectennas consist of an array of many such dipole elements.
The invention of the rectenna in the 1960s made long distance wireless poweR
transmission feasible. The rectenna was invented in 1964 and patented in 1969 by US electrical
engineer William C. Brown,who demonstrated it with a model helicopter powered by
microwaves transmitted from the ground, received by an attached rectenna. Since the 1970s, one
of the major motivations for rectenna research has been to develop a receiving antenna for
proposed solar power satellites, which would harvest energy from sunlight in space with solar
cells and beam it down to Earth as microwaves to huge rectenna arrays. A proposed military
application is to power drone reconnaissance aircraft with microwaves beamed from the ground,
allowing them to stay aloft for long periods. In recent years, interest has turned to using
rectennas as power sources for small wireless microelectronic devices. The largest current use of
rectennas is in RFID tags, proximity cards and contactless smart cards, which contain an
integrated circuit (IC) which is powered by a small rectenna element. When the device is brought
near an electronic reader unit, radio waves from the reader are received by the rectenna,
Fig 3.3 schematic rectenna system
Page | 25
CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
4.1ADVANTAGES:
As the wireless power space continues to rapidly expand, everyone is getting increasingly
anxious to never again have to plug in their phone, laptop or headset. Simply placing devices on
the furniture, work surface, auto console, or walls without any cords is becoming a long-awaited
reality.
However, few people are aware of the benefits of wireless power. Here are five of hidden
benefits of wireless power, based on our experience at NuCurrent:
Safety
Consumer: You know those times when you are driving (and definitely not texting at the same
time) and your battery indicator light starts flashing? Maybe you have a charging cord plugged
into your cigarette lighter or USB outlet, so you fumble with the cord to find the connection -- all
while hopefully keeping both eyes on the road and two hands on the wheel. With a wireless
charger embedded in your center arm rest, all you have to do is put your phone on the armrest
and it charges. What could be safer or simpler than that?
Industrial: Safety also applies when you need to power a device that is in a hazardous or
controlled area (i.e. radioactive, pressurized pipes, etc.). Powering sensors or other electronic
devices without having to enter the controlled area provides safety advantages.
Waterproof
Consumer: The power cord that charges your phone is the last cord that is keeping your phone
tethered to the wall. You can already stream audio and video over WiFi and speak via Bluetooth
headsets. However, the power cord needs to plug into a Micro-USB/Lightning port that is very
Page | 26
difficult to waterproof. Wireless power eliminates the need for that final physical connector so
phones can be completely hermetically sealed. No more concerns about dropping you phone in
the toilet – except that you still need to retrieve it…
Industrial: Machinery that has moving and rotating parts often requires brushless motors or slip
rings to power the moving pieces. When it comes time to clean the machines (which in a food
processing plant, for example, can be daily or more), the electric connectors need to be removed
before the machines can be cleaned in order to preserve the motors/slip rings. With wireless
power connections, the power transfer mechanism can be hermetically sealed and washed in a
similar fashion as the rest of the machine. It simplifies the process, leaves less room for human
error, reduces wear-and-tear on equipment and creates more efficient use of time.
Industrial design (battery doors)
Consumer and Industrial: For decades, industrial designers have been hampered by the need to
design trap doors and convenient locations for replacing worn out batteries. With wireless power,
the need to replace a battery can be eliminated. Further, batteries can be placed in hard-to-reach
parts of the device because they never need to be accessed. This provides flexibility to designers
that will allow them to create more useful, practical and beautiful devices.
Durability
Consumer and Industrial: Charging cables like Micro-USB are notoriously fragile and breakable.
Matching a male and female port one or more times per day every day wears down even the best
designed cables -- friction can’t be overcome. Thankfully, wireless power does not rely on
physical connection so devices never need to come in contact or be forced to fit in a tight spot.
Aesthetics/clutter
Consumer: Take a look under your desk. Take a look at your kitchen counter. Wouldn’t it be nice
if all of those wires just disappeared? That’s what the future looks like. Work stations without
wires that are powered by the desk, kitchens where you don’t need to unplug the toaster every
time after use because the power is wirelessly received from the counter. Sometimes aesthetics
Page | 27
can be overlooked as vein or impractical, but people gravitate towards beautiful devices and
clutter-free environments. Wireless power helps make that more of a reality.
Industrial: Clutter causes accidents, heat, and disorganization in industrial settings. By removing
cabling and replacing it with wireless power, hazardous and unsightly cabling can be removed
from industrial environments.
 It has been shown to be up to 95% efficient for many applications, depending upon the
distance.
 Electricity can be transferred through common building materials, humans, and even
around metals that might block the magnetic fields
 It is completely safe to animals and humans
 It can be scalable from milliwatts to kilowatts
 It eliminates the need for all those darned power cords!
 The power sources only transfer electricity when a device or appliance calls for it. No
wasted energy!
 The power sources can be placed in almost any OEM application
4.2 APPLICATIONS:
Several applications of wireless power transfer are apparent and obvious. Firstly, WPT
could eliminate traditional charging systems in place today. Instead of plugging in a mobile
phone or laptop via power cord to charge the battery, wireless power can be harnessed and
implemented in a home such that a laptop and phone charge continuously and wirelessly without
the need for plugging anything in. Higher level applications include charging of electric vehicles
(EVs). As EVs become more and more prevalent on the roads, the feasibility of driving such a
vehicle can be maximized via stationary, and even mobile, WPT systems. Future and theoretical
applications include a potential solution to renewable energy for the planet, by means of satellites
Page | 28
collecting sunlight and sending power back to earth through MPT. Applications of WPT are
described in this section.
4.2.1 Electronic portable devices
Cell phones, laptops, tablets, even smart watches are found all over the globe and are
owned and used by billions of people. What these devices all have in common is the need to
recharge their internal battery so that the device can be used while mobile. Such is the paradox of
portable devices: they provide convenience by running off internal power so they can be used
anywhere, but always must return to be tethered to a power cord in order to charge.
WPT has the potential to disrupt and revolutionize the traditional portable device, not
only by making mobile devices more convenient by eliminating the need for a physical power
supply, but also safer (power cords carry risk of shock and can cause fires) , as well as a reduced
cost for consumers . Research has even been done into multi-hop WPT systems, wherein a
generator transmits power wirelessly to targets, which can then in turn become sources for other
targets, and transfer power wirelessly to those targets. Thus, a network of WPT can be created to
support several devices .
4.2.2 Electric Vehicles
As concern over global warming and greenhouse gas emissions grows across the globe,
the prevalence of electric vehicles has also increased. One of the drawbacks of electric vehicles
is their battery. Electric vehicles currently need to be plugged in to recharge their internal
batteries, and take many hours to do so . However, many envision that in the near future, one
need only park her car in a pre-determined spot in her driveway and the car will charge
wirelessly and automatically . Thus a great deal of research has been done into WPT, specifically
through the MPT mechanism, and how it can be used for the charging of electric vehicles.
The case study we will use for MPT charging of electric vehicles, specifically a system
for charging electric trucks. As shown in Figure 4 an electric truck has a rectenna on its roof, and
an MPT system can be created such that when an electric truck parks beneath the microwave
Page | 29
transmitter, the rectenna converts the microwave radiation to DC to charge the vehicle
Figure 4.2.2: MPT charging of electric vehicle
In particular, the transmitter emits 10kW power through microwaves at 2.45 GHz, and the
rectenna converts those microwaves with an efficiency of greater than 80%, yielding more than
7kW to the electric vehicle. Accounting for other losses through the charging of the system, the
battery is able to receive more than 5kW power. The figure depicts a practical application of
MPT. Importantly, the MPT system depicted has a high density with respect to the forming of the
beam, and since the beam is highly focused, thus it does not create a large area of microwave
radiation which could potentially be unsafe for human exposure .
4,2.3 Theoretical applications: Aerial Vehicles and Solar Power Satellites
While portable device and vehicle charging are applications that could be implemented in the
near future, some other theoretical applications have been posited for further research and
development.
One such application is the Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP) . The SHARP
system consists of an unmanned airplane that flies at an altitude of approximately 13 miles above
Page | 30
the earth, constantly circling the earth in a 2 kilometer diameter. The SHARP airplane would
then be used as a communications relay. Here, the SHARP airplane has a large rectenna behind
the wings, allowing for power to be transmitted to it from the earth, and thus is able to stay in the
air for long periods of time, potentially months.
Fig 4.2.3: SHARP airplan
Another exciting and future

application of MPT is that of the
Solar Power Satellites (SPS)
system. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions from burning fossil fuels
have become a point of great concern
with respect to global warming.
Additionally, fossil fuels are a
nonrenewable energy source, and by some estimates fossil fuels could be completely consumed
in 100 to 150 years . Thus the need for clean, safe, and abundant renewable energy has been a
topic of much debate and recent study. Current renewable energy systems have many drawbacks;
solar cells are constrained by the weather, most significantly by cloud cover and lack of sunlight
during the night. Wind turbines are contingent upon weather as well, and do not function when
no wind is present. Nuclear power plants produce toxic waste and have the potential to cause
great disasters in the event of a nuclear meltdown.
The SPS, on the other hand is a different system entirely, with the collection of solar
power unconstrained by environmental factors. In the SPS system, a satellite is fixed in a
geostationary orbit above the earth. This satellite collects solar energy and, using the MPT
mechanism, beams the energy back down to the earth via microwaves where it is received and
converted to power at a rectenna of a size of approximately 2 km2 and then transfers that energy
to existing power grids. A satellite above the earth is superior to ground based solar power
harvesting because it is unaffected by the weather and is unconstrained by lack of sunlight during
night hours, and thus can collect solar energy continuously. Even after accounting for loss during
conversion of power to and from microwaves, the SPS system is still able to deliver more power
Page | 31
than ground based solar panels. For example, solar radiation has been measured on the ground in
Tokyo, Japan as approximately 140 W/m2, whereas a satellite in space can collect solar energy
that is measured as 1400 W/m2 .
The SHARP and SPS systems are both practical implementations of WPT via the MPT
mechanism. Indeed, both systems are simply MPT systems, just scaled to a larger size. They
consist of a microwave generator that converts power to microwaves and sends those
microwaves to a target rectenna that converts the microwaves back to DC power to be used by
the target system.
As exciting and potentially beneficial as MPT can be, there are many potential drawbacks that
need to be mentioned and considered
Page | 32
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
WPT is most wide area of research area .Wireless power transmission offers greater
possibilities for transmitting power with negligible losses. WPT is certainly a promising solution
to the problems aroused by the existing technology There recent technological applications that
make the human life more beneficial in the present world have been discussed. Despite this the
technology has not been publicly accepted due to limitation of range and safety considerations.
The focus of this paper has been an overview of various methods, application that are under
research, biological impacts etc.of WPT systems as well as put focus on Solar power
satellites,the future of supplying non conventional energy. The brief detail of several aspects
relating to history of wireless power transmission systems &recenttechnology as well as its
future trends are also mentioned.
Future scope of wireless

power transfer technology
In future we can use electric
appliances by using electricity
without

Page | 33

without

without
wire. In the below, discussing

some potential scope of using
wireless
power transfer technology.
wire. In the below, discussing
some potential scope of using
wireless
power transfer technology.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
In future we can use electrical appliances by using electricity without wires.In the below
discussing some potential scope of wireless power transfer technology
Page | 34
 Solar power satellite

 Wireless charging of electric vehicle on the way
 Wirelessely powered home appliances
 Wirelessley power supply to home from power station
 Wireless power supply to medical devices
CHAPTER 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, Ben Johnston, Ed., Austin, Hart Brothers, p. 91,1982.
Nikola Tesla, “The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for Furthering
Peace,” Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, p. 21, 1905.
The Electrician (London), 1904).
W.C. Brown, J.R. Mims and N.I. Heenan, “An Experimental Microwave-Powered
Helicopter”，965 IEEE International Convention Record, Vol. 13, Part 5, pp.225-235.
Brown., W. C. (September 1984).

"The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves". Microwave Theory and Techniques,
IEEE Transactions on (Volume: 32, Issue: 9 On page(s):1230- 1242 + ISSN: 0018-9480).
POINT-TO-POINT WIRELESS POWER TRANSPORTATION IN REUNION ISLAND 48th
International Astronautical Congress, Turin, Italy, 6-10 October 1997 - IAF-97- R.4.08 J. D. Lan
Sun Luk, A. Celeste, P. Romanacce, L. ChaneKuang Sang, J. C. Gatina- University of La
Reunion - Faculty of Science and Technology.
Matsumoto, H.N. Kaya, I. Kimura, S. Miyatake, M. Nagatomo, and T. Obayashi, MINIX Project
Page | 35
toward the Solar Power Satellites - -- Rocket experiment of microwave energy transmission and
associated plasma physics in the ionosphere, ISAS space energy symposium, pp 69-76, 1986.
J.J. Schelesak, A. Alden and T. Ohno, A microwave powered high altitude platform, IEEE MTT-
S Int. Symp. Digest, pp - 283- 286, 1988.
"CES Best of 2007"
Page | 36

TECHNICAL MPT Swapna

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TECHNICAL MPT Swapna

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Microwave power transmission technology

Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point to point communication on the

1.1 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION

 One-way (e.g. television broad casting) and two-way telecommunication

1.2WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER

1.2.1 MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY

Fig 1.2.1 microwave spying

1.3 MICROWAVE LINK

1.4 PROPERTIES OF MICROWAVE LINK

 Affected greatly by environmental constraints, including rainfade

 Sensitive to high pollen count

 Signals can be degraded during solar proton events

1.5 USES OF MICROWAVE LINKS

 In communications between satellites and base stations

 As backbone carriers for cellular systems

 In short-range indoor communications

 Measuring the intensity of rain between two location

1.6 LITERATURE SURVEY

MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

2.1 OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER

What exactly is wireless power transfer? This is the transmission of electrical energy

from a power source to an electrical load, such as an electrical power grid or a consuming

2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM

2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION

Figure 2.4 Block Diagram of MPT

2.4.1 TRANSMISSION :MICROWAVE GENERATOR

The exact frequency at which microwave radiation is transmitted through space to

Fig 2.4.1 Graph of power loss based on frequency .

Frequency (GHz) Measured Efficiency (%) Calculated Efficienct (%)

Table 2.45 92.5 90.5 2.4.1

8.51 62.5 66.2

2.4.2 RECEPTION : THE RECTENNA:

In particular, microwave radiation is received by the antenna component of the rectenna,

Operating Frequency Measured Peak

Equation 1: Rectenna Total Efficiency Equation

2.4.3 PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER

Figure 2.4.3: Front and back picture of array of rectenna

Both near field transfer and far field are further categorized based on the method of

operation of the transfer. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric

2.6 FIELD REGIONS:

2.6.1 NEARFIELD OR NONRADIATIVE REGION –

2.6.2 FARFIELD OR RADIATIVE REGION–

2.7 NEAR FIELD (NON RADIATIVE) TECHNIQUES

2.7.1 INDUCTIVE COUPLING

Fig 2.7.1 block diagram of inductive wireless power system

In inductive coupling (electromagnetic induction) , power is transferred between coils of

2.7.2 CAPACITIVE COUPLING

Capacitive wireless power systems

Fig 2.7.2.a Transverse coupling

Fig 2.7.2.b Longitudinal coupling

Two types of circuit have been used:

2.7.3 Magnetodynamic coupling

2.8 FAR FIELD (RADIATIVE) TECHNIQUE

2.8.1 MICROWAVE POWER

INCLUDEPICTURE "../../nitesh/Downloads/media/image10.jpeg" \* MERGEFORMAT

Fig.2.8.1 Microwave system

2.8.2 LASER POWER TRANSMISSION:

An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can

An amplifier can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit

3.2 SLOTTED WAVEGUIDE ANTENNA:

Figure 3.2 Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna.

Fig 3.3 schematic rectenna system

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS