2.) Select the "Ingredients" tab at the bottom of the Excel workbook window.

There are two sections, the

Active Ingredients Box with the Possible Ingredients List below it. Choose the ingredients you wish to
from the Possible Ingredients List, taking care to block the complete record, Copy them and Paste into the
Active Ingredients Box (up to 16 ingredients in this box). A suitable Premix should always occupy the
bottom row of the box. Clear any unwanted or unavailable ingredients from the box before proceeding.

Formulation
Click on the UNEForm tab. Block the "Amounts" cells of the Feed Formulation Box and Clear them. En
for your formulation in the box provided.
A. Simple (Stochastic) Method

Enter your "best guess" amounts for each ingredient in the amounts column af the Feed Formulation Box.
make sure that the Total is 100. Inspect the Feed Composition Table. Note that a number of the nutrients s
be in bold red font. This indicates that they are outside a predetermined range from the Requirement list.
amounts and again inspect the Feed Composition Table. Repeat until a suitable diet is generated. You mig
to further modify the diet to reduce the cost/tonne while maintaining the nutritional quality of the diet. The
may also be useful as a visual aid in determining the adequacy of the diet: the lowest % is likely to be the f
nutritional limitation on the performance of your stock.

B. Least-Cost Formulation
Excel has an excellent linear programming capability. Before you begin you need to check that the Solver
Select "Tools" on the Menu bar and look for the Solver option. If it is not present, select Add-Ins in the sam
check the Solver box. The source disks for Excel/Office may be required to install this option. Unprotect th
("Tools", 'Protection'). Once Solver has been installed continue as follows:

Click on the Cost/tonne cell. Select "Tools" from the Menu bar then 'Solver' from the drop-down menu. F
'Solver Parameters' Wizard as follows: Select the 'Options' button, and select the 'Assume Linear Model' o
the sub-menu. Set the target cell (F25) to achieve a minimum by changing cells (select the 'Amount' cells f
ingredients displayed in the Ingredient column of the Feed Formulation Box). Then set up the Constraint
The cells in the 'Amount' column must all be set >=0; the Total must =100; Premix =0.2 or whatever its spe
inclusion rate is; and exact, minimum and/or maximum values for various Supplied Nutrients. eg. Lysine m
specified $J$9>=$I$9, Calcium set $J$18>=$I$18 AND $J$18<=$I$18+0.05. Setting a range prevents exc
inclusion of cheap ingredients. Additionally, materials such a cottonseed meal with undesirable antinutritio
may be capped as to maximum inclusion rates. When the constraints have been set, select the 'Solve' butto
Solver has run it will (hopefully) declare the successful solving of the problem. At this point the Answer, S
and
Limits Reports may be activated. If no solution has been reached, investigate the constraints to locate the p
Sensitivity Report as particularly useful, as it gives the change in price necessary to include or exclude the
ingredients (Opportunity costs etc.). NOTE: when using the Solver, reset the values in the 'Amount' column
Formulation Box to 0 before beginning. Delete the extra Report sheets before saving, or use the Save As o
rename the modified workbook.

Results

The formulated diet is well described in the Feed Composition Table. A new feature are the two graphs se
the 'Page Down' key. They represent the nutrient content of the diet as formulated as a percentage of the R
The "Output" sheet is a summary of the "UNEform" sheet, including the two graphs, formatted for a single
printout. You may also add details such as name, date etc next to the "Formulated for:" prompt on this shee

Fine-tuning Display

Set the 'Zoom' for each window to obtain the optimum view. For example, I always set the view for "UNE
to show 26 rows, "Nutrients" to show 30 rows and "Ingredients" to display the full width of the Active Ingr
The optimum setting will vary with the size of the monitor etc. The colours are great on a 32-bit setting, bu
computer is capable of displaying only 256 colours or less the results are dismal! Either reset the colours i
spreadsheet or update your colour display - the first is cheaper but the latter more aesthetically pleasing.

Additional Information

This spreadsheet has been developed primarily as a teaching tool, so the list of nutrients and ingredient tab
means comprehensive. They can however be modified and added to. Users are encouraged to use up to da
to modify the ingredient tables and the nutrient requirement lists with more accurate information. The spre
usually presented with the sheets protected to prevent accidental modification of formulae and information
however protected by password, and more advanced users of spreadsheets should feel free to explore chan
improvements. PLEASE, contact me with any comments, suggestions and, especially, any errors you find!

Acknowledgements
The following are sources of data used in this spreadsheet:

1. Evans, M. (1985) Nutrient Composition of Feedstuffs for Pigs and Poultry. Queensland Department of P
Industries Information Series QI85001. ISBN 0-7242 2440 8. Queensland Department of Primary Industri
(Most of the feed composition data).
2. McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A. & Greenhalgh, J.F.D. 'Animal Nutrition', (for some nutrient requirements

Contact
Evan Thomson
Senior Technical Officer
Animal Science
School of Rural Science and Natural Resource
University of New England
 There are two sections, the
the ingredients you wish to use
Copy them and Paste into the
hould always occupy the
e box before proceeding.

on Box and Clear them. Enter a name

the Feed Formulation Box. You must

t a number of the nutrients supplied will
from the Requirement list. Modify your
e diet is generated. You might now wish
onal quality of the diet. The Graphs
owest % is likely to be the first

eed to check that the Solver is installed.

ent, select Add-Ins in the same menu and
all this option. Unprotect the sheet

om the drop-down menu. Fill in the

he 'Assume Linear Model' option from
s (select the 'Amount' cells for the
Then set up the Constraints as follows:
mix =0.2 or whatever its specified
plied Nutrients. eg. Lysine may be
Setting a range prevents excessive
with undesirable antinutritional factors
n set, select the 'Solve' button. After the
At this point the Answer, Sensitivity
he constraints to locate the problem. The
ry to include or exclude the different
alues in the 'Amount' column of the Feed
saving, or use the Save As option and

feature are the two graphs seen by using

ted as a percentage of the Requirement.
raphs, formatted for a single A4 page
ted for:" prompt on this sheet.

ways set the view for "UNEform" sheet

full width of the Active Ingredient Box.
e great on a 32-bit setting, but if your
l! Either reset the colours in the
re aesthetically pleasing.

nutrients and ingredient tables are by no

e encouraged to use up to date prices and
urate information. The spreadsheet is
of formulae and information. This is not
uld feel free to explore changes and
pecially, any errors you find!

Queensland Department of Primary

artment of Primary Industries, Brisbane.

some nutrient requirements).

 UNEForm
Feed formulation
spreadsheet
Current Requirements Box
Nutrient Parameter Chick Starter Units
ME/DE 11.5 MJ/kg
Crude Protein 21 %
Crude Fat 2 %
Fibre 3 %
Linoleic acid 1.2 %
Lysine 1.1 %
Methionine 0.39 %
Met+Cys 0.72 %
Arginine 1.1 %
Cystine 0.25 %
IsoLeucine 0.9 %
Tryptophane 0.2 %
Tyrosine 0.55 %
Valine 0.9 %
Calcium 1.2 %
Phosphorus(total) 0.55 %
P. Available 0.5 %
Sodium 0.15 %
Mn 100 mg/kg
Zn 50 mg/kg
Ca:Avail.P 2.4
ME:CP 550
 by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science and Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 N

Nutrient Requirement Lists

Broilers Layers
Broiler Starter Broiler Grower Chick Starter Pullet Grower Prelayer
12.5 12.5 11.5 10.9 10.9
21.5 19 21 14.5 12
2 3 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1
1.25 1 1.1 0.74 0.66
0.6 0.5 0.39 0.3 0.34
0.92 0.8 0.72 0.58 0.6
1.25 0.95 1.1 0.71 0.67
0.3 0.3 0.25 0.28 0.26
0.9 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5
0.23 0.19 0.2 0.14 0.12
0.6 0.5 0.55 0.4 0.3
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.66 0.53
1.2 1 1.2 1 1.5
0.7 0.6 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.17 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16
100 100 100 100 100
50 50 50 50 50
2.4 2 2.4
565 565 550
y of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia

Pigs
Layer Pig Weaner Pig Grower Pig Finisher Special
11.2 15.00 14.20 14.20
16 22.00 17.50 14.00
3 5.00
3
1.1 0.76 0.70
0.75 1.28 0.80 0.60
0.36 0.40 0.30 0.25
0.6 0.76 0.50 0.40
0.7 0.33 0.23 0.19
0.25
0.53 0.85 0.55 0.45
0.14 0.20 0.13 0.11
0.4
0.53 0.85 0.55 0.45
3.6 0.90 0.65 0.55
0.55 0.70 0.55 0.50
0.5 0.60 0.50 0.45
0.16 0.14 0.10 0.10
100 4 4 4
50 100 100 100
6.8
680
 UNEForm by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science and Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW,
Australia.

Feed formulation
spreadsheet

Active Ingredient Box All data as % unless otherwise specified

Ingredient Crude ME Crude Crude Linoleic Ca Total Av. Na Mn Zn Arg Cys Ile
protein MJ/kg Fat fibre Acid P P mg/kg mg/kg
Wheat 12 12 1.4 3 1.05 0.06 0.41 0.13 0.06 20 14 0.6 0.22 0.6
Barley 11 11.4 1.8 6 0.85 0.07 0.36 0.12 0.02 16 15 0.53 0.18 0.53
Maize 9 14.4 3.6 2 1.9 0.01 0.3 0.1 0.01 5 10 0.5 0.18 0.4
Sorghum 11 13.8 2.8 2 1.1 0.02 0.3 0.1 0.01 13 17 0.36 0.15 0.46
Fishmeal 66 12.4 12.2 1 0.15 5 2.8 2.8 0.5 14 18 3.5 0.9 3.1
Duckweed 28% 28 10 5 2 0.8 1.551 1.212 0.33 0.317 744.6 162.1 1.922 0.33 0.878
Premix 0 0 0 0 0 0 22400 24300

Possible Ingredient List

Ingredient Crude ME Crude Crude Linoleic Ca Total Av. Na Mn Zn Arg Cys Ile
protein MJ/kg Fat fibre Acid P P mg/kg mg/kg
Wheat 12 12 1.4 3 1.05 0.06 0.41 0.13 0.06 20 14 0.6 0.22 0.6
Barley 11 11.4 1.8 6 0.85 0.07 0.36 0.12 0.02 16 15 0.53 0.18 0.53
Maize 9 14.4 3.6 2 1.9 0.01 0.3 0.1 0.01 5 10 0.5 0.18 0.4
Sorghum 11 13.8 2.8 2 1.1 0.02 0.3 0.1 0.01 13 17 0.36 0.15 0.46
Oats 11 10.6 6.5 11 1.4 0.08 0.3 0.1 0.06 38 23 0.51 0.18 0.24
Wheat starch 0 13.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wheat bran 15 4.7 4.2 10 1.7 0.14 1.2 0.32 0.06 115 100 0.8 0.2 0.6
Safflower oil 0 35.6 99.5 0 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tallow 0 29.3 99.5 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Meat meal 50 8.3 10 2 0.35 9 5.1 5 0.7 19 98 3.5 0.6 1.7
Blood meal 80 12.9 1 1 0 0.28 0.22 0.22 0.32 5 300 3.5 1.4 1
Fishmeal 66 12.4 12.2 1 0.15 5 2.8 2.8 0.5 14 18 3.5 0.9 3.1
Linseed meal 34 8.6 2.9 10 1 0.33 0.86 0.4 0.05 37 55 3.17 0.31 1.56
Soybean meal 45 10.6 3.4 3 0.4 0.26 0.81 0.21 0.01 40 45 3.8 0.8 2.6
Peanut meal 46 12 5.3 6 3.4 0.17 0.54 0.17 0.08 28 20 4.6 0.7 1.8
Lupin meal 30 9.8 5.4 45 4 0.9 2 0.66 0.7 60 60 3.57 0.75 1.34
Duckweed 28% 28 10 5 2 0.8 1.551 1.212 0.33 0.317 744.6 162.1 1.922 0.33 0.878
CottonCoat 23 15 18 20 8 2 1
Sunflower meal 38 7.4 6.7 10 1.6 0.35 1 0.3 0.02 60 120 3.5 0.7 2.1
Cottonseed meal 38 7.8 1.3 12 0.8 0.15 1.2 0.4 0.04 20 82 4.4 1 1.6
Calcium H phosphate 0 0 0 0 0 21 18 18 0.6 0 0
Limestone 0.5 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0
NaCl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0
Lysine 90 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Methionine 90 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Premix 0 0 0 0 0 0 22400 24300
Lys Met Try Tyr Val Cost
$/kg
0.4 0.17 0.1 0.5 0.5 $ 0.15
0.4 0.18 0.18 0.36 0.62 $ 0.19
0.2 0.18 0.1 0.44 0.4 $ 0.20
0.2 0.13 0.12 0.7 0.53 $ 0.17
4.9 1.7 0.7 2 3.2 $ 0.85
1.086 0.377 0.5 0.78 1.187 $ 0.11
$ 2.50

Lys Met Try Tyr Val Cost

$/kg
0.4 0.17 0.1 0.5 0.5 $ 0.15
0.4 0.18 0.18 0.36 0.62 $ 0.19
0.2 0.18 0.1 0.44 0.4 $ 0.20
0.2 0.13 0.12 0.7 0.53 $ 0.17
0.29 0.1 0.18 0.23 0.36 $ 0.18
0 0 0 0 0 $ 1.00
0.5 0.17 0.27 0.4 0.7 $ 0.25
 0 0 0 0 0 $ 1.00
0 0 0 0 0 $ 1.20
3.5 0.65 0.3 0.8 2.5 $ 0.49
6.9 0.9 1.1 1.8 6.5 $ 1.05
4.9 1.7 0.7 2 3.2 $ 0.85
1.23 0.57 0.6 0.75 1.9 $ 0.41
3.2 0.73 0.65 2 2 $ 0.54
1.6 0.42 0.46 1.7 2 $ 0.25
1.6 0.21 0.55 1.26 1.22 $ 0.25
1.086 0.377 0.5 0.78 1.187 $ 0.11
$ 0.20
1.7 1.5 0.5 1.2 2.3 $ 0.26
1.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 2 $ 0.36
$ 0.67
$ 0.08
$ 0.26
100 0 0 0 0 $ 3.30
0 80 0 0 0 $ 5.38
$ 2.50
 Feed Composition Table

UNEForm by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science & Natural Resources,
Gizi Kebutuhan Supplied Units Calculation Table Click on any cell to see the formula used in its calculation
in the formula bar
Feed formulation University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia. ME 11.50 17.04 MJ/kg Ingredient Crude ME Crude Crude Linoleic Ca Total Avail. Sodium Mn Zn Arginine Cystine Iso-leucine Lysine Methionine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine Cost
spreadsheet Crude Protein 21.00 23.86 % protein % MJ/kg Fat % fibre Acid P P SEK/kg
Kotak Formulasi Crude Fat 2.00 4.87 % Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
Bahan Jumlah Fibre 3.00 4.68 % Barley 4.95 5.13 0.81 2.7 0.3825 0.0315 0.162 0.054 0.009 7.2 6.75 0.2385 0.081 0.2385 0.18 0.081 0.081 0.162 0.279 8.51 kr
kg/100kg Linoleic acid 1.20 1.51 % Maize 2.16 3.456 0.864 0.48 0.456 0.0024 0.072 0.024 0.0024 1.2 2.4 0.12 0.0432 0.096 0.048 0.0432 0.024 0.1056 0.096 4.80 kr
Wheat 0.00 Lysine 1.10 0.82 % Sorghum 2.75 3.45 0.7 0.5 0.275 0.005 0.075 0.025 0.0025 3.25 4.25 0.09 0.0375 0.115 0.05 0.0325 0.03 0.175 0.1325 4.25 kr
Barley 45.00 Methionine 0.39 0.35 % Fishmeal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
Maize 24.00 This formulation: Met+Cys 0.72 0.67 % Duckweed 28% 14 5 2.5 1 0.4 0.7755 0.606 0.165 0.1585 372.3 81.05 0.961 0.165 0.439 0.543 0.1885 0.25 0.39 0.5935 5.50 kr
Sorghum 25.00 Chick Starter Arginine 1.10 1.41 % Premix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
Fishmeal 0.00 Cystine 0.25 0.33 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
Duckweed 28% 50.00 IsoLeucine 0.90 0.89 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
Premix 0.00 Tryptophane 0.20 0.39 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
yyyy 0.00 Tyrosine 0.55 0.83 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
0 0.00 Valine 0.90 1.10 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
0 0.00 Scroll right Calcium 1.2 0.81 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
0 0.00 to view Phosphorus(total) 0.55 0.92 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
0 0.00 Calculation Table P. Available 0.5 0.27 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
0 0.00 Sodium 0.15 0.17 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 kr
0 0.00 PageDown untuk melihat grafik Mn 100 384 mg/kg CP ME Fibre Ca TotP Av.P Na Mn Zn Arg Cys Ile Lys Met Trp Tyr Val Cost
0 0.00 Zn 50 94 mg/kg Total 23.86 17.036 4.874 4.68 1.5135 0.8144 0.915 0.268 0.1724 383.95 94.45 1.4095 0.3267 0.8885 0.821 0.3452 0.385 0.8326 1.101 23.06 kr
0 0.00 Ca:Avail.P 2.40 3.04 ME:CP = 713.9983235541 Ca:AvP= 3.0388059701 TSAA= 0.6719 SEK/tonne = 230.55 kr
TOTAL 144.00 COST/tonne 230.55 kr ME:CP 550 714.00
(% o f re q u ire m e n t)
p ro v is io n
N u tr ie n t

Graph Table
% of Requirement
ME 148.14
Crude Protein 113.62
100
Crude Fat 243.70
Fibre 156.00
Linoleic 126.13
Lys 74.64
0 Met 88.51
ME Crude Protein Crude Fat Fibre Linoleic Calcium Available P. Sodium Mn Zn
(% o f re q u ire m e n t)

Met+Cys 93.32
Arg 128.14
Cys 130.68
p ro v is io n
N u tr ie n t

Ile 98.72
Trp 192.50
Tyr 151.38
Val 122.33
Calcium 67.87
100 P(total) 166.36
Available P. 53.60
Sodium 114.93
Mn 383.95
0
Zn 188.90
Lys Met Met+Cys Arg Cys Ile Trp Ty r Val Ca:Avail.P 126.62
ME:CP 129.82
 Formulated for:
This formulation: Chick Starter

UNEForm Feed Composition Table

Nutrient Required Supplied Units
Feed formulation
spreadsheet ME 11.50 17.04 MJ/kg
Feed Formulation Box Crude Protein 21.00 23.86 %
Ingredient Amount Cost Crude Fat 2.00 4.87 %
kg/100kg $/tonne Fibre 3.00 4.68 %
Wheat 0.00 $ - Linoleic acid 1.20 1.51 %
Barley 45.00 $ 85.05 Lysine 1.10 0.82 %
Maize 24.00 $ 48.00 Methionine 0.39 0.35 %
Sorghum 0.00 $ 42.50 Met+Cys 0.72 0.67 %
Fishmeal 0.00 $ - Arginine 1.10 1.41 %
Duckweed 28% 50.00 $ 55.00 Cystine 0.25 0.33 %
Premix 0.00 $ - IsoLeucine 0.90 0.89 %
yyyy 0.00 $ - Tryptophane 0.20 0.39 %
0 0.00 $ - Tyrosine 0.55 0.83 %
0 0.00 $ - Valine 0.90 1.10 %
0 0.00 $ - Calcium 1.20 0.81 %
0 0.00 $ - Phosphorus(total) 0.55 0.92 %
0 0.00 $ - P. Available 0.50 0.27 %
0 0.00 $ - Sodium 0.15 0.17 %
0 0.00 $ - Mn 100.00 383.95 mg/kg
0 0.00 $ - Zn 50.00 94.45 mg/kg
TOTAL 144.00 $ 230.55 Ca:Avail.P 2.40 3.04
ME:CP 550.00 714.00
(% of req u irem en t)
N u trien t p rovision

500

400

300

200

100

0
(% of req u irem en t)
N u trien t p rovision

300

200

100