LECTURE I: BACTI INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY o 87%- non-pathogenic

o improve sanitary practices

MICROBIOLOGY: o discovery and use of antimicrobial agents
 Summaries or reports written at the time of discharge 2. Agriculture
or transfer of the client to another's health care facility o Nitrogen fixation (for plant growth)
serve as needed source of information for others o Digestive process of ruminant animals
health care providers about the patient needs for o Cycling of nutrients ( C, N, S)
reinforcement and continued learning. o Plant and animal diseases
3. Food and Industry
MICROORGANISMS/SCOPE: o Fermentation
 Bacteria (Bacteriology) o Food additive
 Archaea (Crenarcheota, Eurearcheota, o Food preservation (Bacteriocin)
Korarcheota, Nanoarcheota) o Food products (cheese, yogurt, milk, etc.)
 Algae (Phycology) 4. Energy and Environment
 Protozoans (Protozoology) o Biofuels/Natural gas (e.g. Methane by
 Fungi (Mycology) methanogenic m.o.)
 Viruses (Virology) o Bioremediation/Biodegradation (removal of toxic
pollutants, xenobiotics)
MICROORGANISMS AS CELLS: o Mineralization
5. Biotechnology
 an open and dynamic entity
o Genetic engineering
 communicate and exchange materials with their
o GMO
environment
o Pharmaceutical products
 highly organized structure consisting
o Gene therapy/Therapeutic measures
primarily of proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and
polysaccharide
SPECIFIC AREAS OF MICROBIOLOGY:
 possess characteristics of living system (domain
 General microbiology
of life)
 Medical microbiology
 Veterinary microbiology
DOMAIN OF LIFE:
 Agricultural microbiology
 reproduction (growth)
o Food microbiologist
 metabolism (uptake, transport, elimination)
o Dairy microbiologist
 differentiation (e.g. Spore formation)
 Industrial microbiology
 communication (chemical signal)
o Industrial microbiologist
 movement o Applied microbiologist
 evolution  Sanitary microbiology
 Environmental microbiology
TWO BASIC THEMES OF MICROBIOLOGY:
 Space microbiology/Exobiology
A. Basic Biological Science
 Microbial physiology
o provides tools for probing the processes of life
(the understanding of the chemical and  Microbial genetics
physical basis of life)  Microbial ecology
B. Applied Biological Science
o deals with practical problems in medicine, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
o agriculture and industry  Observation of microorganisms
 Microorganisms as living entities
IMPACT/IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS TO  Role of microorganisms
HUMANS:
A. Goal of Microbiologist OBSERVATION OF MICROORGANISM:
o understand how the microorganisms 1. Robert Hooke (1665)
o works and devise ways in which the  Simple Compound Microscope (30x)
o benefits of microorganisms can be o “cells”
o increased and its harmful effects will o “elongated stalks” – fungi
o be curtailed. 2. Janssen (1600)
1. Medicine  Invented the microscope
o infectious disease agents
o 3% - pathogenic
o 10%- opportunistic

3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
 Single biconvex lens microscope
o “wee animalcules” – protozoa
 First to see bacteria
 Also describe algae, yeast and fungi
MICROORGANISMS AS LIVING ENTITIES:
1. Louis Pasteur (1857)
 Published a refutation of spontaneous generation
 Microscopic examination
o Wine contained yeast cells
o “sick” (sour) wine contained bacteria and yeast
 Pasteur recommended the use of heat to control
bacterial contamination
 Pasteurization
Other Contributions of Pasteur:
 Fermentation process by bacteria
 Introduce the aerobe and anaerobes
 Significant contribution to the germ theory of the
disease (specific agent to a disease)
 Changes hospital practices to minimize nosocomial
infection
 Vaccines: cholera, anthrax and rabies

Other Contributions of Leeuwenhoek:

 made the first recorded functional microscope (based
on Janseen’s idea)
 first describe bacteria, blood cells, spermatozoa
 described bacteria into three forms: cocci, bacilli and
spiral-shaped microorganisms 2. John Tyndall (1877)
 Father of Microbiology  Final blow to spontaneous generation theory
4. Ernst Karl Abbe (1878) o Dust carries germs
 Introduced the oil immersion objective  Evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of
 Invented the system of lenses and mirrors which bacteria
concentrates light on objects being viewed o Tyndallization
o Abbe Condenser 3. Ferdinand Cohn (1876)
5. Paul Ehrlich (1890)  Discovered endospores
 Improved visualization of bacteria through the use of
stains
o Methylene blue

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS:
Causing Diseases
 Indirect evidence that microorganisms were agents of
human disease
1. Ignaz Semmelweis (1861)
6. Hans Christian Gram (1884)  Childbed fever was transmitted by physicians
 Developed staining technique which divided the  Introduced the use of antiseptics
bacteria into two groups
o Gram Staining
2.Joseph Lister (1867)
 Instruments were heat-sterilized
 Use of phenol as disinfectant
3.Robert Koch (1876-1877) (P.S AMO AN NAKADTO
PPT SO BANGIN DRE IYA BIRTH YEAR HAHA)
 First direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in
causing disease
o Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax
 Also isolated the bacterium that caused tuberculosis
o Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Koch’s Postulates
 Adopted as a guide for relating specific microbes to
specific diseases
 Discovered streptomycin from a mold-like bacillus
Streptomyces
3. Sergei Winogradysky
 Isolated and described nitrifying bacteria
 Discovered microorganisms capable of inorganic
chemical oxidation
 Developed a model system for growing anaerobic
photosynthetic and microaerophilic bacteria
 Described anaerobic nitrogen fixation

Other Contributions of Koch:

 Germ theory of the disease (Jacob Henle)
 develop the use of solid culture media (Hesse) (use of
agar from algae)
 the use of petridishes (Petri)
 fixing, staining and photographing bacteria
 discovered Vibrio cholarae and spores of
Bacillus anthracis
 Tuberculin (skin test for TB)

PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES:

1. Alexander Fleming
 Discovered the “miracle drug” penicillin from
Penicillium

2. Selman Waksman