Lab Activity V
EXTRA EMBRIONAL MEMBRANE
Day : Thursday
Date : 11th October 2018
Name : Aficko Razaky Pratama
Student ID : B1B017040
Group : VIII
Subgroup :3
Assistant : Arih Daimah
LABORATORY OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
PURWOKERTO
2018
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Aim
The aims of this practical class are to compare extra embyional membrane of
vertebrate animal and the development process.
B. Benefits
The benefits of this practical class is to identify and draw extra embryonal
membrane morphology on verbertebrate and also explain each of its function.
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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials
The tools that used in this practical class are plate, tweezers, and camera
The materials that used in this practical class are muscovy duck, lizard, and
mice embryo
B. Work Procedures
The work procedures that used in this practical class are:
1. Each embryos ware observed
2. Extra embryonic membranes were observed
3. Result was writtten on textbook
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III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
IV. Result
Figure Details :
4. 1. Allantois.
2. Amnion.
3.
3. Albumin.
4. Yolk sac.
2.
1.
Figure 1. Muscovy duck Embryo
Figure Details :
1. Amnion.
2. Yolk sac.
2.
1.
Figure 2. Lizard Embryo
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Figure Details :
1. Placenta.
1.
Figure 3. Mice Embryo
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A. Discussion
An extraembryonic membrane is one of the membranes which assist in the
development of the embryo. Such membranes occur in a range of animals from
humans to insects. They originate from the embryo, but are not considered part of
it. They typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal
(Purves et al., 2003).
There are four standard extraembryonic membranes in birds, reptiles, and
mammals. Yolk sac and amnion, are the thin layers of tissue that surround the
developing embryo. These membranes provide protection and means to transport
nutrients into and wastes out of the embryo (Zhu et al., 2015). The allantois which
among avians stores embryonic waste and assists with the exchange of carbon
dioxide with oxygen as well as the resorption of calcium from the shell, and the
chorion which surrounds all of these and in avians successively merges with the
allantois in the later stages of egg development to form a combined respiratory
and excretory organ called the chorioallantoic (Proctor & Patrick, 1993). The
chorioalantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo provides a non-
innervated rapidly growing vascular bed which can serve as a surrogate blood
supply for organ culture. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in the
developing chick embryo offers a naturally immunocompromised host (Jiménez
et al., 2017). The vitellinus sac is an extra embryonic membrane that forms the
earliest from the splanchopleura with the inner endoderm and the splanchnic
mesoderm outside (Blanc et al., 2014).
Extra embryonal membranes in fish and amphibians are only in the form of
yolk sac. Allantois, chorion, and amnion are not present in fish embryos. This is
because the time for the process of gastrulation to organogenesis requires a
relatively short time so that it becomes directly larvae (Patten, 1971). In contrast
to the yolk sac on aves which is full of nutrients during ripening, the eutherian
mammalian yolk sac is basically without nutrients. Therefore, the maternal uterus
can provide nutrients through the entrance to the yolk sac. In rodents, bilaminar
placental sacs are functional for significant periods of embryonic development
(Sheng et al., 2014).
Oviparous amniotes produce a large yolky egg that gives rise to a free-living
hatchling. Structural characteristics and functional attributes of the egg are best
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known for birds, which have a large mass of fluid yolk surrounded by an
extraembryonic yolk sac. Yolk nutrients are delivered to the embryo via the
vascular yolk sac. This developmental pattern and nutrient transport mechanism
is thought to be representative of all other lineages of amniotes (Elinson et al.,
2014). In viviparous animals, the chorion performs gas exchange between the
embryo and the environment of the uterus, inside the body of the female. In
placental mammals, the chorion composes the fetal portion of the placenta.
Placental mammals possess a chorioallantoic placenta, in which the placenta is
composed of maternal uterine tissue and fetal chorionic tissue with blood vessels
derived from the allantois. This is not the only type of placenta, however. In
some placental mammals, the yolk sac may contribute blood vessels to the
placenta at an early stage, creating a transient choriovitelline placenta. If the
definition of placenta is widened to refer to maternal and fetal tissues which
interact and allow for the exchange of substances, then placentas are not confined
to placental mammals. In fact, at least a few members of all vertebrate groups
except for birds, jawless fish (represented by two modern kinds), and monotremes
possess placentas, using that definition (Blackburn, 2014).
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IV. CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
Based on the result and discussion, it can be conclude that extra embyional
membrane of vertebrate animal are yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion. There
were no allantois on pisces embryo because the waste is amonia that dissolve on
water. On development process egg yolk will be shrinking while the embryo is
growing until there is only chorion as inner membrane shield of egg, when
hatching the chorion will be shreded by the embryo.
B. Suggestion
While observing be gentle with the preparat, becareful not to damage it,
because its fragile and easily damaged.
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REFERENCES
Blackburn, D. G., 2014. Evolution of Vertebrate Viviparity and Specializations for
Fetal Nutrition: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis. Journal of
Morphology, 276 (8), pp. 961-990.
Blanc, S., Ruggiero, F., Birot, A.M., Acloque, H., and Decimo, D. 2014. Subcellular
Localization of ENS-1/ERNI in Chick Embryonic Stem Cells. PloS ONE, 9(3),
pp. 6-12.
Elinson, R. P., James R. S., Laurie J. B. & Daniel G. B., 2014. Amniote yolk sacs:
diversity in reptiles and a hypothesis on their origin. The International Journal
of Developmental Biology, 58, pp. 889-894.
Jiménez, I. M., Janos M. K., Gry H. B., Stefanie I. & Richard O. C. O., 2017. The
Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay for Biomaterial Testing in Tissue
Engineering: A Short-Term In Vivo Preclinical Model. Tissue Engineering
Part C: Methods, 23 (12), pp. 1-48.
Patten, B.M., 1971. Foundations of Embriology. New Delhi: Mc Graw-Hill Inc.
Proctor, N. S. & Patrick J. L., 1993. Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure &
Function. Yale University Press.
Purves, W. K. Gordon H. Orians; Horace C. H., 2003. Life: The Science of Biology.
W. H. Freeman.
Sheng, G. & Foley C. A., 2014. Diversification and Conservation of The
Extraembryonic Tissues in Mediating Nutrient Uptake during Amniote
Development. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1271 : 97–103.
Zhu, M., Jiayi T., Matthew P. V., Wei W., Guojing Z., Rami N. K. & Bin Z., 2015.
Neural tube opening and abnormal extraembryonic membrane development in
EC23A deficient mice. Scientific Report, 5 (15471), pp. 1-15.
