SENSOR

&
TRANSDUCER
INTRODUCTION
 SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI

DEFINISI (Wikipedia):

Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of

measurement and control of process variables within
a production or manufacturing area.

A System is a set of interacting or interdependent

components forming an integrated whole.
 Sistem Instrumentasi merupakan Suatu Sistem
Peralatan:
 Untuk Proses Pengukuran (Measurement)
 Untuk Proses Pengendalian (Control)

INSTRUMEN
PARAMETER PENGUKURAN
FISIS OBSERVER
(Mekanik, (MANUSIA)
Optik, Panas,
Kimia, dll) INSTRUMEN
PENGENDALIAN
 PRINSIP PENGUKURAN
The purpose of measurement system is to present
an observer with a numerical value corresponding
to the variable being measured.

In general the numerical / measured value does not

equal the true value of the variable.

Process, Input Measuring Device Output

system being (Instrumentation Observer
measured System
True value Measured
of variable value of
variable
 The measurement system consists of several elements
or blocks.
It is possible to identify four types of elements,
although in given system one type of element may be
missing or may occur more than once.

Input Output
Signal Signal Data
Sensing
Conditioning Processing Presentation
True value
Element Element Element Element
Measured
value
Sensing Element

This is contact with the process and gives an output

which depends on the variable to be measured
Examples:
1. Thermocouple where mv emf depends on temperature
2. Strain gauge where resistance depends on mechanical strain
3. Orifice plate where pressure drop depends on flow rate

If there is more than one sensing element in a system, the

element in contact with the process is termed the
primary sensing element, the others secondary sensing
elements.
Signal Conditioning Element

This takes the output of the sensing element and

converts it into a form more suitable for further
processing, dc voltage, dc current or frequency
signal.
Examples:
1. Deflection bridge which converts an impedance change into
voltage change.
2. Amplifier which amplifies millivolts to volts.
3. Oscillator which converts an impedance change into a
variable frequency voltage.
Signal Processing Element

This takes the output of the signal conditioning element

and converts it into a form more suitable for
presentation.
Examples:
1. ADC which converts a voltage into a digital form for input
to a computer.
2. A microcomputer which calculates the measured value of
the variable from incoming digital data.
Data Presentation Element

This presents the measured value in a form which can

be easily recognize by observer.
Examples:
1. A simple pointer-scale indicator.
2. Chart recorder.
3. Alphanumeric display
4. Visual display unit.
 INSTRUMENTATION for MEASUREMENTS

 Pengukuran Parameter Fisis

 Parameter fisis apa yang akan diukur?
 Mekanik? Optik? Kimia?, ???
 Bagaimana cara/metode pengukurannya?
 Variabelnya?, cara mendapatkan? ???
 Bagaimana Struktur Sistem Instrumentasinya?
 Yang sederhana? Kompleks?
 Analog? Digital?
SENSOR
 SENSOR
• Sensor is a Transducer:
What is a transducer ?
A device which converts one form of energy to another

Sensor Actuators

Physical Electrical
parameter Input

Electrical Physical
Output Output
Sensor Classification
Power Supply Requirement
Nature of Output Signal
 Kategori Sensor
SENSOR MEKANIK

SENSOR TEMPERATUR & KELEMBABAN

SENSOR (MEDAN) LISTRIK & MAGNET

SENSOR OPTIK (CAHAYA)

SENSOR KIMIA & BIOLOGI

DLL
Physical Measurement Variable
Resistive Sensors - Potentiometers
Fiber Optics
 Piezoelectric Sensors

Strain causes a
redistribution of charges
and results in a net
electric dipole (a dipole
is kind of a battery!)
A piezoelectric material
Different transducer applications: produces voltage by
distributing charge
Accelerometer (under mechanical
strain/stress)
Microphone
 31 denotes the
crystal axis

Above equations are valid when force is applied in the

L,W or t directions respectively.
 Chemical Sensors & Biosensors

Biosensors produce an output (electrical) which is proportional

to the concentration of biological analytes.
A typical biosensor

Signal
Analyte
Conditioning

Biological Transducer
Detection
Agent
Biosensing Principles
 Temperature Sensors
1. Resistance based
a. Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs)
b. Thermistors
2. Thermoelectric – Thermocouples
3. Radiation Thermometry
4. Fiber Optic Sensor
 Thermocouples
Seebeck Effect
When a pair of dissimilar metals are joined at one end, and there is a
temperature difference between the joined ends and the open ends,
thermal emf is generated, which can be measured in the open ends.

This forms the basis of thermocouples.

 Radiation Thermometry
Governed by Wien’s Displacement Law which says that at
the peak of the emitted radiant flux per unit area per unit
wavelength occurs when -3
maxT=2.898x10 m K
o
 Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors

Nortech's fiber-optic temperature sensor probe consists of a gallium

arsenide crystal and a dielectric mirror on one end of an optical fiber and a
stainless steel connector at the other end.
 Blood Gas Measurement
Fast and accurate measurements of the blood levels of the partial
pressures of oxygen (pO2), carbon dioxide (pCO2) as well as the
concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) are vital in diagnosis.

Oxygen is measured indirectly as a percentage of Haemoglobin

which is combined with oxygen (sO2)

sO2 
 HbO 
2
 100
 Hb

pO2 can also provide the above value using the oxyhaemoglobin
dissociation curve but is a poor estimate.
 Translation Measurement

• Sensor Perpindahan

• Sensor Kecepatan

• Sensor Percepatan
 Sensor Perpindahan
Sensor Kapasitif
Sensor ini digunakan untuk mengukur perpindahan dengan salah satu atau
dua cara sekaligus, yaitu dengan mengubah jarak antara dua plat konduktor
atau dengan mengubah overlapping area (daerah yang berhadapan) dari dua
plat tersebut.
 Kapasitor pelat sejajar

0 A
C
d
Kapasitansi berubah dengan berubahnya overlapping
area atau dengan berubahnya jarak antara dua pelat
serta perubahan bahan dielektrik
 Perubahan kapasitansi sebagai
fungsi dari perubahan jarak

0 A C d / d
C  C  
d  d C 1  ( d / d ) Menyebabkan
tidak linier
Agar linier digunakan impedansi

j 1  C d / d
Z c  Z c   Disubtitusi ke pers. 
  C  C  C 1  (d / d )

Z c d

Zc d linier
 Sensor Kecepatan
Tacho Generator
Alat ini digunakan untuk sensor kecepatan, yaitu berupa generator
kecil yang membangkitkan tegangan DC ataupun tegangan AC.
 Tacho Generator DC
Stator magnet pemanen

Rotor inti besi berputar

Komutator bersama kumparan dan
berputar komutator
bersama
rotor
Kumparan, ujung-ujung
Terminal keluaran
kawatnya dihubungkan
ke komutator
Tacho Generator AC
Rotor
magnet
permanent
diiputar
U S

Tegangan
keluaran
AC Kumparan
stator
 Sensor Percepatan
Accelerometer
Alat untuk mengukur suatu percepatan dari gerak atau gravitasi, dimana besar
percepatan tersebut diubah menjadi sinyal listrik.
Accelerometer

Gambar . Accelerometer secara umum

Terdapat pegas disekitar massa dalam suatu frame. Ketika frame digoyang,
dibutuhkan gaya untuk mendesak massa dan menyebabkan pegas memanjang.
Pemanjangan tersebut merupakan perpindahan tranduser (seperti sensor kapasitif)
untuk mengukur defleksi .