BASIC STRESS FORMULAS

Bars of Linearly Elastic Material

1. Extension : σ = P / A
2. Torsion :τ = Tr / J (circular sec tion)
3. Torsion :τ = T /(2 A t ) (closed , thin − walled sec tion)
4. Bending :σ = Mz / I
5. Shear : τ = VQ /( Ib)

where
σ = normal axial stress = σ x z = vertical coordinate
τ = shear stress I = moment of inertia about neutral axis
P = axial force J = torsional cons tan t
T = axial torque b = wibth of bar
V = vertical shear force = Vz r = radius
M = bending moment Q = first moment with respect to
= in vertical plane = M y neutral axis of area
beyond po int at which τ
is calculated

A in Eq.1 = cross − sec tional area t = wall thickness

A in Eq.3 = enclosed area
Shells
6. Cylinder : σ θ = pr / t , σ x = pr /(2t )
7. Sphere : σ = pr /(2t )
where
σ θ = hoop stress in cylinder wall p = int ernal pressure
σ x = longitudinal stress in cylinder wall t = wall thickness
σ = membrane stess in sphere wall r = radius