Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2

ELEMENT 1 # Ill-health Definitions

# Learning outcomes: - Acute: Short term exposure with immediate effect, usually reversible, e.g. Alcohol effecting the nervous
On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content system.
through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: - Chronic: Repeated or long term exposure, often irreversible, e.g. Alcohol causing cirrhosis of the Liver.
 Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety # Hazard : Anything with the potential to cause harm
 Explain the moral social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of - Physical, Chemical, Biological, Ergonomic , Mechanical, Organisational
health and safety in the workplace - Hazardous Event: When someone or something interacts with the hazard
 Explain the role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for Tripping over, Catching fire, Slipping., Falling from height., Injuries from manual handling.
the regulation of health and safety. # Risk : The likelihood that a hazardous event will occur and the severity of the harm resulting from the
# Multi-Disciplinary Nature of OHS: hazardous event.
1. Natural Sciences - Why Bother with Health & Safety? : There are 3 compelling reasons for preventing incidents, accidents
Biology & biochemistry, Chemistry & Physics and ill-health in our workplaces. They are moral, social and economic arguments.
2. Formal Sciences - Reasons for Good Health & Safety Practice
Computer Sciences, Maths & Statistics  Humanitarian/Moral: Ethical and responsible behaviour. It’s right that workers should not suffer
3. Social Sciences injury or ill-health because of their work.
Ethnic studies & economics, Psychology & Sociology  Legal/Social: The expectations of society as a whole. Criminal and civil liability
4. Applied Sciences  Financial/Economic: The costs of accidents and ill-health
Design, Business, Engineering, Law, Education, Communication, Health & wellbeing # Societal expectations
# What is Health and Safety? - Societal expectation is a dynamic phenomenon and tends to rise over time with changes and
Health: A state of well being. The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the development globally. For example, in established market economies, societal expectation is at its
materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace strongest. Organisations operating in these regions tend to have good standards of safety and health to
Safety: Absence of danger of physical harm The protection of people from physical injury meet those expectations.
# Typical safety incidents and ill health are as follows : - In developing market economies and those that have recently become economic giants, good standards
Safety Health of safety and health may be more of an aspiration, with less influence. This leads to smaller numbers of
Slips, trips, falls Exposure to hazardous chemicals organisations achieving good standards. Societal expectations tend to influence OHS standards in 2 ways.
Falls from height Exposure to asbestos, dusts, etc. - Strategically
Struck by vehicles Repetitive strain injuries - Locally
Contact with electricity Exposure to noise - Employers – H&S Requirements
Contact with moving parts Exposure to vibration - A safe place of work
# Definitions - Safe plant and equipment
- Welfare: Looking after people’s basic needs. Facilities for workplace comfort. - Safe systems of work
- Environment: The surroundings in which an organisation operates including land, air and water, natural - Training and supervision
- Competent workers
resources, flora, fauna, humans and their inter-relationships
- C155 also sets out broad requirements to ensure health and safety requirements are put into national
- An incident: An undesired event that may or may not cause injury to people or damage to property but
law. Article 16 :
that had the potential to do so - Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, workplaces,
machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to health.
- An Accident : An undesired event that does lead to injury to people or damage to property - Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the chemical,
physical and biological substances and agents under their control are without risk to health when
the appropriate measures of protection are taken.
- Near Miss : An undesired event that does not lead to injury to people or damage to property but that
- Civil Law
had the potential to do so
- The 5 main requirements of health and safety are also relevant in the civil laws of many countries, where
they would also apply to others affected by work activities. This means that employers must provide a
- Dangerous Occurrence: Can be defined as any incident that has a high potential to cause death or “duty of care”.
serious injury. These occurrences would normally have to be reported to relevant authorities. E.g. As in - For example in the UK the employer’s duty of care under the civil law requires that they take “reasonable
the Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) in the UK care of those that might foreseeably be affected by their acts or omissions”.

1
 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
- Worker compensation insurance run by the state is required by some countries, e.g. new Zealand
and Thailand.
# Financial Factors
- The costs that relate to incidents/accidents can be broadly split into 2 groups:
1. DIRECT COSTS – Related directly to the incident, accident or ill health, maybe insured or uninsured.
2. INDIRECT COSTS – Not directly related to the incident, accident, or ill health. May also be insured or # Employers’ Responsibilities
uninsured, though the majority will not be insured. - The ILO defines the health and safety responsibilities of employers in C155 Article 16. These responsibilities
- Examples of Insured, Direct Costs: are clarified in Recommendation 164 (R164) clause 10. Some typical responsibilities are listed below.
- Claims for compensation • Safe place of work, including access and • In a shared workplace, collaborate and
- Damage to buildings, tools, equipment and vehicles egress cooperate with others
- Medical Costs • Safe plant and equipment • Consultation with workforce
- Legal Costs • Provide training and instruction • Undertake inspection and monitoring
- Long term business losses, usually related to a major incident • Provide adequate instruction as applicable
• Develop and provide a health and • Provide occupational health services as
- Examples of Uninsured, Direct Costs: safety policy appropriate.
- Lost time • Provide, without cost, suitable and • Obtain expert or specialist advice when
- Continued payments to worker or family sufficient PPE required.
- Additional payments to others • Provide adequate welfare facilities • Establish organisational arrangements
suitable to the organisation
- Wage costs on return to work
# Enforcement of Health & Safety
- Damage to equipment tools etc.
• Powers of entry.
- First aid
• Take other enforcement personnel if required.
- Clean up costs
• Examine and investigate premises
- Insurance premiums
• Preserve scenes of incidents etc.
- Enforcement agency intervention and action
• Take photos, measurements and recordings
- Criminal penalties
• Take samples
- Consequential losses, suppliers and customers.
• Order the dismantling or testing of items.
- Examples of Uninsured, Indirect Costs:
• Take possession of items.
- Lost time by other workers
• Require answers to questions (signed statement)
- Low morale
• Inspect documentation
- Loss of experience
• Require facilities and assistance
- Lost time by others, for example
• Order a medical examination.
1. Helping injured worker(s)
• Issue notices/citations both improvement and prohibition.
2. Investigation costs
• Take steps to prosecute.
3. Delays in production or service
- Consequences of Non-compliance
4. Organising resumption of operations
- Enforcement notice. Requires the employer to improve safety and health.
5. Training costs
- Legal agreement. Requires specific actions to be taken by the employer to comply with legislation.
- Attending courts
- Prohibition notice.
- Failure to fulfil orders, loss of bonus, penalty payments etc.
- Withdrawal of license.
- Reputation and goodwill
- Issue of a formal caution.
- Reports and meetings
- Issue of a fixed penalty fine.
- Employer Liability Insurance:
- Taking action to prosecute the employer in a criminal court.
- Purpose – to provide workers with compensation should they suffer injury or ill-health as a result of
- The variation of enforcement maybe caused by:
their work. Even if the employer does not have the means to do so.
- Differences in legislative systems
- In some countries required under law.
- Powers granted to the Enforcing Authority

2
 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
- Funding, number and authority of Enforcing Authority - Reasonably Practicable – The duty can take into account the risk and the cost, in terms of finance, time,
- The ability and knowledge of Enforcing Authorities effort and inconvenience. The risk must be weighed these costs.
- Different penalties for breaches - Reasonable – The duty are those that would normally be expected of an average person taking care of
- Religious beliefs and cultural issues what they are doing.
- Level of reporting to Enforcing Authorities - Absolute Duty: Except in such cases as may be prescribed, it shall be the duty of every employer and
- Public reaction and interest every self-employed person to prepare and as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of
- Political pressure his general policy with respect to the organisation and arrangements for the time being in force for
- Important to keep well informed of health and safety information because: carrying out that policy, and to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all his
 The law within their own country may change employees.
 There are new substances and technologies constantly being produced and the employer needs to - Practicable Duty: The provision of fixed guards enclosing every dangerous part or rotating stock-bar
be aware of the possible hazards where and to the extent that is practicable to do so.
 Information on health and safety is constantly changing in the light of new medical information.
- Sources of Information – INTERNAL: - Reasonably Practicable Duty: Every employer shall provide and maintain, as far as is reasonably
- Risk assessments practicable, a working environment that is safe and without risk to the health of his employees
- Accident/incident records
- Policies ELEMENT 2
- Inspection reports # Learning outcomes:
- Medical records On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content
- Health & Safety committees through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able
- Plant registers to:
- Safety advisors  Outline the key elements of a health and safety management system
- Sources of Information – EXTERNAL:  Explain the purpose and importance of setting policy for health and safety
- Governmental organisations e.g. Enforcing Authorities  Describe the key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy.
- National safety organisations / Professional institutions
- Various standards organisations such as :
- International Standards Organisation such as (ISO) and
- British Standards Institute (BSI)

- Suppliers and manufactures

- Consultants and specialists
- Insurance Companies and Workers Trade Unions
- Codes of Practice and official Guidance
- Acts, Decrees, Regulations and Orders (Legislation)
- Duties:
- The legal H&S requirements expected of employers are expressed as duties. There are 4 levels of duty,
they are:
- Absolute # PLAN
- Practicable
- Establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the expected
- Reasonably practicable
- Reasonable output (the target or goals). Determine your policy/Plan for implementation.
 Think about where you are now and where you need to be.
- Absolute – No choice and makes no allowance for cost and how much effort is required to meet them.  Say what you want to achieve, who will be responsible for what, how you will achieve your aims,
- Practicable – Have to be met to an extent only limited by the current state of knowledge and invention, and how you will measure your success
irrespective of cost or difficulty.  Write this down in your H&S policy and make your plan to deliver it.
 Decide how you will measure performance

3
 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
 Consider what you would do if something goes wrong, e.g. emergency procedures. - Elimination of risk in design process
 Co-operate with anyone who shares your workplace and co-ordinate plans with them. - Minimising risk through physical control measures or SSOW & PPE
 Consider management of change and legal requirement - Emergency arrangements
- Measures for procurement, contractors.
# DO
- Management of change
- Implement the plan, execute the process, and make the product. Collect data for charting and analysis in - Evaluation (Check)
the following "CHECK" and "ACT" steps. In health and safety we will profile risks/organize for health and - Establish processes for evaluation
safety/Implement the plan. - Responsibilities & accountability clearly allocated
- Identify risk profile - Policy and objectives met?
- Risk controlled
- Organize activities to deliver the plan - Monitoring, Measuring & Investigation
- Implement the plan
# CHECK - Active and reactive monitoring
- Study the actual results (measured and collected in "DO" above) and compare against the expected - Examination of hardware & software (active)
results (targets or goals from the "PLAN") to ascertain any differences. So it means Measure performance - Evaluation of failures (reactive)
(monitor before events, investigate after events) - Benchmarking
 Measure the performance - Identification of immediate, underlying & root causes
 Investigate the causes of incidents - Auditing
# ACT
- This stage requests corrective actions on significant differences between actual and planned results. - What is in place, adequate and effective?
Analyze the differences to determine their root causes. Determine where to apply changes that will - OHS objectives and targets being met?
include improvement of the process or product. Review performance/Act on lessons learned. - Internal & External
 Review the performance - Audit policy and programme
 Take action on lessons learned - Review
# The OSH management system should contain the main elements of:
- Based from information gained from evaluation processes
 Policy (Plan)
- Benchmarking
 Organizing (Plan)
- Assists in providing continual improvement
 Planning and implementing (Do)
- Action for Improvement (Act)
 Evaluation - monitoring, management review, audit, measurement, investigation (Check)
 Action for improvement (Act)
- Corrective & Preventative actions
- Policy (Plan):
- Aid to continual improvement
- Contributes to business performance
- Meets responsibilities to both people and the environment - Constant development
- Satisfies both the letter and the spirit of the law - KPIs and benchmarking
- Meets expectations of stakeholders # OHSAS18001: Occupational health and safety management systems
- Preserves the development of physical and human resources - The elements of the system are:
- Minimises financial losses and liabilities.  Policy (Plan)
- Influences activities and decisions.
 Planning (Plan)
- Organising (Plan)
- Effective structuring  Implementation and operation (Do)
- Clearly defined roles and responsibilities supported by a positive culture  Checking and corrective action (Check)
- Effective communications & promotion of competence  Management review (Act)
- Visible & active leadership  Continual improvement (Act)
- Visions, values and beliefs of leaders become common knowledge. # Setting the policy:
- Planning & Implementation (Do) - The purpose of a safety policy is to provide direction for an organisation by:
- Minimise risk - Setting out management’s commitment to safety
- Risk assessments, performance standards - Setting out the organisation and arrangements for controlling work related hazards
- Actions required to promote positive culture
4
 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
- Protecting people from injury and occupational ill health - A suitable organisation is chosen
- Complying with legal requirements and avoid prosecution - Ensure the accuracy of the data used
- Managing health and safety on a cost effective basis - Both organisations use common definitions
The policy should be specific to the organisation and its needs. The policy enables the organisation to - Accessing data
communicate its personal commitment and approach it has to OHS and its expectations of its people. - Commitment to the process
- Stating the overall aims of the organization:
The statement of intent should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation e.g. The - When benchmarking the issues to be looked at may include:
Managing Director or Chief Executive for example, because this demonstrates: - Existence and quality of safety policy
- Management commitment - Accident/ near miss records
- Gives the policy authority - Staff roles and responsibilities
- Person who signs has ultimate responsibility for health and safety
- Documented health and safety plans measured
- Stating the overall aims of the organization:
1. ILO guidelines – ILO-OSH 2001 suggests the following key principles and objectives - Quality of risk assessments
- Protecting the health and safety of all members of the organisation - Type and quality of training
- Complying with relevant national & international legislation, regulations and other requirements - Level of monitoring whether pro-active or reactive
- Worker consultation - Signatory to statement
- Continual improvement of the Health and Safety Management System - Signing statement of intent of the policy by top management authorize the organization’s
2. Targets should follow the SMART principles which are: OH&S policy. It will also bring legal burden and commitment to:
SPECIFIC
- The prevention of injury and ill health,
MEASURABLE
ACHIEVABLE - Continual improvement in OH&S management,
REALISTIC - Continual improvement in OH&S performance,
TIMESCALE - Compliance with applicable legal requirements, and
It should be ensured that objectives are quantifiable and time bound. They must also be - Compliance with other requirements to which the organization subscribes
documented so that they are seen as an obligation and must be fulfilled. Ensure communication # Roles and responsibilities of individuals (Who):
with all those involved in the achievement of objectives. Regularly evaluate and review objectives - Generally, the organisation for health and safety will reflect the overall organisational structure of the
and amend if necessary. company. Examples of occupations named in the policy and their responsibilities could include:
Employers – Allocate responsibility, accountability and authority
3. Objectives in health and safety may include: Directors and Senior Managers - Setting policy and objectives, monitoring
- Reduced / Zero accidents Line Managers - Implementing policy in their department, monitoring
- Zero prosecutions Supervisors - Checking compliance with the policy
- Reduced sickness absence Safety Advisors - Advising company on accident and safety compliance
- Reduction in compensation claims Employees – Responsibility for own and others’ safety
- Improve reporting of near misses Fire Marshals - Ensure evacuation of building and roll calls
- Improve reporting of minor accidents First Aiders - To provide first aid
- Increase numbers trained in health and safety Improve audit scores # Arrangements for achieving general and specific aims (How):
# Benchmarking - Procedures listed in the arrangement section could include:
- Benchmarking means that, key performance indicators are compared with similar organisations or  Risk Assessments
industry standards. This enables the organisation to measure its performance and identify its strengths  COSHH Assessments
and weaknesses.  Safe Systems of Work
- Some advantages of benchmarking are:  Permits to Work
 Policies and Procedures for: First Aid, Evacuation, Fire
- Identifies key performance indicators  Training
- Ensures monitoring procedures are effective  Maintenance of Plant
- Feeds back into continuous improvement  Housekeeping
- Helps by learning lessons from others  Storage, Transportation or Handling of Hazardous Substances
- When undertaking benchmarking it is essential that:  Radiation, Noise, Dust and Fumes
5
 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
 Safety of New Articles and Substances - The Act requires that the employer must bring the Policy to the attention of his employees. This could
 Personal Protective Clothing be done by:
 Working at Heights - Displaying it on notice boards
 Confined Spaces - Introducing it at induction and subsequent training sessions
- Introducing it at team briefings or tool box talks
 Manual Handling
- Using newsletters
# Health and safety policy review: - Inserting parts or summaries in wage slips
The circumstances that may lead to a need to review the health and safety policy are: - Use of posters
 Accidents / Incidents - Incorporating it into safe systems of work or codes of practice
 Changes in organisation, arrangements / responsibilities.
 Processes - Asking managers, Trade Union Safety Representatives to stress a particular point in formal and
 Materials informal discussions with the workforce
 Premises # Ineffective Health and Safety Policies
 Legislation - Policies can be ineffective because:
 Work patterns  No commitment or leadership
 Risk assessments  No annual objectives
 Prosecution  Health and safety not given enough priority
 Enforcement action  Insufficient resources provided
 Compensation claims  Personnel do not understand the aims
 Policy review  Too much emphasis on employee responsibility
 Professional advice  No measurement of performance
# Key actions in effective policy development and planning:  Management unaware of their role
- Key actions in effective policy development and planning are as follow:  No training of management in their responsibilities
 Making a statement of intention
 Setting out everyone’s roles and responsibilities understandably and transparently
 Considering procedure to measure health and safety performance. Will there be performance
targets, for example reductions in accidents or absences, or an increase in reporting issues or near
misses?
 Prioritising actions
 Signing the policy statement to demonstrate commitment to health and safety
 Crystalizing how things will be done and what resources will be allocated to make things happen
- Clearly stating how things will be done and what resources will be allocated to make things happen.
These should be specific to the organisation’s needs. Include details of the systems and procedures that
will be in place to help to meet your legal obligations, such as:
- how risk assessments will be carried out
- what your plans are for training and safe use of equipment
- what controls you will have in place to ensure your specifiers and buyers are competent in
assessing the risks in procurement, for example they know the requirements for purchasing
suitable personal protective equipment (PPE)
- how accidents/incidents will be investigated
- how workers will be consulted

- how equipment will be maintained

- how you will measure the success of your plan
# Communicating the policy