GLOBAL AND NATIONAL

SITUATION IN OSH

‘-
BSCE 4A – REPORTERS:
MERCADER, Myrx F.
SILAGAN, Jonathan M.
SUMAYANG, Mike O.
TORING, Antonio Federico M
.

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1.1 Introduction:

Occupational health and safety are relevant to all branches of industry,

business, and commerce including traditional industries, information
technology companies, hospitals, care homes, schools, universities, leisure
facilities, and offices.
Low-hazard organization, where health and safety may be supervised by a
single competent manager. ‘-
In a high-hazard manufacturing plant, many different specialists, such as
engineers (electrical, mechanical, and civil), lawyers, medical doctors and
nurses, trainers, work planners, and supervisors may be required to assist the
professional health and safety practitioner.
Corporate responsibility, a term used extensively in the 21st-century world
of work, covers a wide range of issues. It includes the effects that an
organization’s business has on the environment, human rights, and Third
World poverty.
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The UK Health and Safety Executive’s (HSE) mission:
 improve health and safety management systems to reduce injuries and ill
health;
 demonstrate the importance of health and safety issues at the board level;
 report publicly on health and safety issues within their organization,
including their performance against targets. ‘-
 
HSE’s effective management of health and safety:
 is vital to employee well-being;
 has a role to play in enhancing the reputation of businesses and helping
them achieve high-performance teams;
 is financially beneficial to business.
 

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 Table 1.1 Numbers of global work-related adverse events
Event Average Daily Annually
Work-related deaths 5000 2 000 000
Work-related deaths
60 22 000
of children
Work-related
740 000 270 000 000
accidents ‘-

Work-related
438 000 160 000 000
diseases
Hazardous
1205 440 000
substance deaths
Asbestos-related
274 100 000
deaths

Source: ILO 4
1.2 Basic Definitions:
Health – protection of the bodies and minds of people from illnesses resulting
from the materials, processes, or procedures used in the workplace.
Safety – protection of people from physical injury.
Welfare – The provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of
‘-
individuals at the workplace.
Occupational or work-related ill-health – is concerned with those illnesses
or physical and mental disorders that are either caused or triggered by
workplace activities.
Environmental protection –the arrangements to cover those activities in the
workplace which affect the environment (in the form of flora, fauna, water, air,
and soil) and, possibly, the health and safety of employees and others.

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Accident – defined by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) as ‘any
unplanned event that results in injury or ill-health of people, or damage or
loss to property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss.
Near miss – any incident that could have resulted in an accident.
Dangerous occurrence – a ‘near miss’ which could have led to serious
injury or loss of life. ‘-
Hazard and risk – A hazard is the potential of a substance, person,
activity, or process to cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of a substance,
activity, or process causing harm and its resulting severity.
 
 

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1.3.2 Social reasons
Sub-divisions of Employers’ Duty
1. safe place of work, including access and egress;
2. safe plant and equipment;
3. safe system of work;
4. safe and competent fellow employees; and
5. adequate levels of supervision, information, instruction, and training.
‘-
 
1.3.3 Economic reasons
Poor occupational health and safety performance results in additional costs
to both the public and private sectors of the economy of a country.
 Costs of accidents
 Direct costs
 Indirect costs
 Employers’ liability insurance
 Fault and no-fault injury compensation
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1.4 The role of national governments and international bodies in
formulating a framework for the regulation of health and safety
1.4.1 The role and function of the International Labour Organization
(ILO)
The ILO is a specialized agency of the United Nations that seeks to promote
social justice by establishing and safeguarding internationally recognized
human and labour rights. It was founded in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles
at the end of the First World War. ‘-
The ILO has 178 Member States but if a country is not a member, the ILO
still has influence as a source of guidance when social problems occur. The
main principles on which the ILO is based are:
1. labour is not a commodity;
2. freedom of expression and of the association are essential to sustained
progress;
3. poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere;

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4. the ‘war against want’ is required to be carried out with unrelenting vigour
within each nation, and by continuous and concerted international effort in
which the representatives of workers and employers, enjoying equal status
with those of governments, join with them in free discussion and democratic
decision with a view to the promotion of the common welfare.

1.4.2 ILO Conventions and Recommendations

The international labour standards were developed‘- for four reasons.
1. The main motivation was to improve working conditions with respect to
health and safety and career advancement.
2. Reduce the potential for social unrest as industrialization progressed.
3. The Member States want common standards so that no single country
has a competitive advantage over another due to poor working
conditions.
4. Finally, the union of these countries creates the possibility of a lasting
peace based on social justice.
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ILO occupational safety and health standards can be divided into four
groups:
1. Guiding policies for action
2. Protection in given branches of economic activity
‘-
3. Protection against specific risks
4. Measures of protection

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ILO Conventions are international treaties signed by ILO Member States
and each country has an obligation to comply with the standards that the
Convention establishes.
In contrast, ILO Recommendations are non-binding instruments that often
deal with the same topics as Conventions. Recommendations are adopted
‘- suitable or appropriate
when the subject, or an aspect of it, is not considered
at that time for a Convention.
The ILO also publishes Codes of Practice, guidance, and manuals on
health and safety matters. These are often used as reference material by
either those responsible for drafting detailed Regulations or those who have
responsibility for health and safety within an organization.

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The ILO Codes of Practice and guidelines on health and safety
matters that are relevant to the International General Certificate are:
 Safety and Health in Construction (ILO Code of Practice);
 Ambient factors in the Workplace (ILO Code of Practice);
 Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work (ILO Code of Practice);
 Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and Diseases;
 Ergonomic Checkpoints;
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 Work Organization and Ergonomics;
 Occupational safety and health management systems (ILO Guidelines).

 
Important ILO Conventions (C) and Recommendations (R) in the field
of occupational safety and health include:
 C 115 Radiation Protection and (R 114), 1960;
 C 120 Hygiene (Commerce and Offices) and (R 120), 1964;
 C 139 Occupational Cancer and (R 147), 1974;
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 C 148 Working Environment (Air, Pollution, Noise and Vibration) and (R
156), 1977;
 C 155 Occupational Safety and Health and (R 164), 1981;
 C 161 Occupational Health Services and (R 171), 1985;
 C 162 Asbestos and (R 172), 1986;
 C 167 Safety and Health in Construction and (R 175), 1988;
 C 170 Chemicals and (R 177), 1990;
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 C 174 Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents and (R 181), 1993;
 C 176 Safety and Health in Mines and (R 176), 1995;
 C 184 Safety and Health in Agriculture and (R 192), 2001;
 C 187 Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health and
(R 197), 2006;
 R 97 Protection of Workers’ Health Recommendation, 1953;
 R 102 Welfare Facilities Recommendation, 1956;
 R 31 List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation, 2002.
 
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International OSH Standards by the International
Labor Organization - Philippine Legislation
• Description of national OSH regulatory framework
• Summary/citation: OSH in Philippines is regulated by a wide range of laws. The main
OSH provisions shall be found in particular in: the Philippine Labor Code (mainly Book
IV), the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) 1978. The Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE) and other government agencies ‘- have issued hazard-
specific guidelines, departmental orders and implementing rules on OSH matters.
• 1903- development of OSH in the Philippines
• 1948- Philippines became a member of ILO

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OSH LEGISLATION
• Article XIII Section 3 of Phil. Constitution
• The state shall afford full protection to labor.
• They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living
wage.
• Law Title P.D. 442, Book IV, Titles I and II
• Labor Code of the Phils.
• Year Passed : 1974
• Implementing Agency: DOLE
• Content: Revised and consolidated ‘-
• labor and social laws to promote employment and human resources development
and ensure industrial peace based on social justice.
• Article 162 – The Secretary of labor shall by Appropriate order set and enforce
mandatory OSH Standards to eliminate or reduce OSH Hazards in all workplaces
and institute new and Update existing programs to ensure safe and Healthful
working conditions in all place of Employment
• Article 165 -DOLE shall be solely responsible For the administration, enforcement of
laws Policies and programs on OSH. Chartered cities may be allowed to conduct
Industrial safety inspection of establishments Within their respective jurisdictions.

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Title: Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS)
Year Passed 1978
Relevant Provision/s: Rule 1000 to
Rule 1980
• OSH STANDARDS - A set of mandatory OSH Standards which codifies all Safety orders
being enforced Prior to its promulgation
• PURPOSE- To protect every working man against the dangers Of injury, sickness or
death through safe and Healthful working conditions.
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WHO ARE THE ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED
IN OSH?

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Safety and Health In Construction
• DOLE Advocacy and linkages with stakeholders
• MOA between DOLE and DPWH to harmonize And complement the National
Building Code And the Labor Code of the Philippines DOLE Advocacy and
linkages with stakeholders NBC to include safety and health DOLE Proposal to
add new Rule on Occupational Safety and Health in the Revised Implementing
Rules and Regulations pursuant To PD 1096 otherwise known as the National
Building Code
• Requirements in the Practice of OSH
• Completion of the Bureau Prescribed Training Course On OSH conducted by
DOLE Accredited Safety Training Organization ‘-
• BWC Accreditation as OSH Practitioner/consultant

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1.5 The nature and sources of information on health and safety
Internal sources:
 accident and ill-health records and investigation reports;
 absentee records;
 inspection and audit reports are undertaken by the organization and by
external organizations such as the HSE;
 maintenance, risk assessment (including COSHH),
‘- and training records;
 documents that provide information to workers;
 Any equipment examination or test reports.

External sources:
 Health and safety legislation;
 HSE publications, such as Approved Codes of Practice, guidance
documents, leaflets, journals, books, and their website;
 European and British Standards;
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 International Labour Organization (ILO);
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA);
 European Agency for Safety and Health (EU);
 WorkSafe (Western Australia);
 health and safety magazines and journals;
 information published by trade associations, employer
 organizations and trade unions;
 specialist technical and legal publications; ‘-
 information and data from manufacturers and suppliers; and
 the internet and encyclopedias.

1.6 The framework for health and safety management

 to develop a preventative safety and health culture; and
 to apply a systems approach to managing occupational health and
safety nationally.

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1.6.1 The key elements of all health and safety management systems
 Planning phase – The planning phase always includes a policy
statement that outlines the health and safety aims, objectives, and
commitment of the organization and lines of responsibility.
 Performance phase – The performance phase will only be successful if
there is good communication at and between all levels of the
organization. This implies employee participation as both worker
representatives and on safety committees. ‘-
 Performance assessment phase – The performance assessment phase
may be either active or reactive or, ideally, a mixture of both. Active
assessment includes work-based inspections and audits, regular health
and safety meetings, feedback from training sessions, and a constant
review of risk assessments. Reactive assessment relies on records of
accidents, work-related injuries, and ill health as well as a near miss and
any enforcement notices.
 Performance improvement phase – The performance improvement
phase involves a review of the effectiveness of the health and safety
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management system and the identification of any weaknesses.
In the publication Successful health and safety management – HSG 65,
the UK HSE recommends a similar four-step approach to occupational
health and safety management known as:
Plan – establish standards for health and safety management based on risk
assessment and legal requirements; ‘-
Do – implement plans to achieve objectives and standards;
Check – measure progress with plans and compliance with standards;
Act – review against objectives and standards and take appropriate action.

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1.7 Major occupational health and safety management systems
HSG65 – developed by the UK HSE. The syllabuses for the International
General Certificate and the chapter headings in this textbook have followed
the elements of HSG65.
OHSAS 18001:2007 – developed in conjunction with the ISO 9000 series for
quality management and the ISO 14000 series ‘- for environmental
management.
ILO-OSH 2001 – developed by the ILO after an extensive study of many
occupational health and safety management systems used across the world.
It was established as an international system following the publication of the
Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems in 2001.
It is very similar to OHSAS 18001.

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1.7.1 HSG65
Key Elements:
1. A clear health and
safety policy
2. A well-defined
health and safety
‘-
organization
3. A clear health and
safety plan
4. The measurement
of health and
safety
performance

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1.7.2 OHSAS 18001:2007
OHSAS 18001 was developed from the British Standard 8800 and was designed to
be integrated with the two British Standards for quality and environmental
management.
Elements:
1. Policy
2. Planning
‘-
3. Implementation and Operation
4. Checking and Corrective Action
5. Management Review

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 1.7.3 ILO-OSH 2001
ILO-OSH 2001 guidelines offer a recommended occupational health
and safety management system based on an ILO survey of several
contemporary schemes including HSG65 and OHSAS 18001.
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Planning and Implementation
4. Evaluation
5. Action for improvement ‘-
Additional Features:
 Worker Participation
 Documentation

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1.8 Other key characteristics of a health and safety management
system
Four Key Characteristics:
 a positive health and safety culture;
 the involvement of all stakeholders;
 an effective audit; and
 continual improvement. ‘-
1.8.1 A positive health and safety culture
1.8.2 The involvement of stakeholders
The internal stakeholders include:
 Directors and trustees of the organization
 Workforce
 Health and Safety Professionals

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The external stakeholders include:
 Insurance companies
 Investors
 Regulators
 Customers
 Neighbors ‘-
 International Organizations
1.8.3 An effective audit
An effective audit is a final step in the occupational health and safety
management system control cycle. The ‘feedback loop’ produced by audit
enables the reduction of risk levels and the effectiveness of the occupational
health and safety management system to be improved.

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The external stakeholders include:
 Insurance companies
 Investors
 Regulators
 Customers
 Neighbors
 International Organizations
1.8.3 An effective audit ‘-
An effective audit is a final step in the occupational health and safety
management system control cycle. The ‘feedback loop’ produced by audit
enables the reduction of risk levels and the effectiveness of the occupational
health and safety management system to be improved.
1.8.4 Continual improvement
a vital element of all occupational health and safety management systems if
they are to remain effective and efficient as internal and external changes
affect the organization.
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1.9 The benefits and problems associated with occupational health and
safety management systems
Benefits:
 it is much easier to achieve and demonstrate legal compliance.
Enforcement authorities have more confidence in organizations that have
a health and safety management system in place;
 they ensure that health and safety is given the same emphasis as other
‘-
business objectives, such as quality and finance;
 they enable significant health and safety risks to be addressed in a
systematic manner;
 they can be used to show legal compliance with terms such as
‘practicable’ and ‘so far as is reasonably practicable;
 they indicate that the organization is prepared for an emergency;
 they illustrate that there is a genuine commitment to health and safety
throughout the organization.

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Problems:
 the arrangements and procedures are not apparent at the workplace level
and the audit process is only concerned with a desktop review of
procedures;
 the documentation is excessive and not totally related to the organizations
due to the use of generic procedures;
 other business objectives, such as production targets, lead to ad hoc
changes in procedures; ‘-
 integration, which should really be a benefit, can lead to a reduction in the
resources and effort applied to health and safety;
 a lack of understanding by supervisors and the workforce leads to poor
system implementation;
 the performance review is not implemented seriously thus causing
cynicism throughout the organization.

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OSH POLICY & SAFETY
STATEMENT

‘-
REPORTER:
SILAGAN, Jonathan M.

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3.1 Introduction to OSH Policy Statement

Around the world, governments and jurisdictions require employers to

have a written occupational health and safety policy that helps promote an
impactful occupational safety and health (OSH) program to protect their
valued team and workers. A well-planned and researched OSH policy
‘-
statement is one of the first steps in elevating the safety of staff members,
clearly outlining everything your organization wants to achieve in OSH
including goals and objectives, as well as strategies and tactics that will
involve the team.

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3.2 What is OSH Policy Statement?

An OSH policy statement is an internal company/organization document

that shows how committed the company/organization is in ensuring the
overall safety and health of its workforce, while maintaining good relationships
between employees and executives. It should clearly say who does what,
‘-
when, and how. Such a policy should communicate the employer’s
commitment to a healthy and safe workforce, be signed by senior
management, be reviewed regularly, and updated as needed.

Safety and health legislation requires all employers to implement workplace

health and safety programs.

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 3.3 Why Does OSH Policy Matters And Is In The Workplace?

• It is morally right to ensure the workers to return home safe and healthy at
the end of every working day.
• By protecting the workers, you reduce absences, ensuring that company‘s
workplace is more efficient and productive.
• Reducing down-time caused by illness and ‘- accidents means less
disruption.
• In some countries, health and safety legislation is criminal law and you are
legally obliged to comply with it. Legal breaches can result in prosecution,
fines and even imprisonment of senior executives.

Workplace health and safety is all about sensibly managing risks to protect
your workers and your business. Good health and safety management is
characterized by strong leadership involving your managers, workers,
suppliers, contractors and customers.
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3.4 What should an OHS policy statement include?

By definition, a policy is a Deliberate system of principles to guide

decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and
is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by
a governance body within an organization.

• A statement of general position on workplace‘- health and safety that

verbally and clearly states your commitment to maintaining a place to work
safely as well the general goals you want to achieve.

• A section where you clearly and specifically detail who is responsible for
specific safety duties and commitments.

• A third and final section in which the tactics and strategies to mitigate or
eliminate the safety hazards are planned. These include ongoing practices
and habits to help achieve the goals mentioned. 38
3.5 Developing Safety and Health Policy or Program

The development of a health and safety policy or program is the responsibility

of the employer. However, for such a policy or program to be accepted and
successful it will need the commitment and endorsement of the workers.
Therefore, it is critical to involve the workers in the early stages when
‘-
developing a policy or program. This would include, but not be limited to, the
workers’ health and safety representative or the occupational health and
safety committee.

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3.6 Incorporating the Company’s OSH Policy Statement

• Recognize, evaluate, and control hazards

• Conduct regular workplace inspections
• Establish procedures for reporting and investigating accidents and
incidents
‘-
• Document and record safety-related activities
• Monitor management and staff to ensure they are carrying out their health
and safety responsibilities

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3.7 What makes an OHS policy statement successful?

• As it’s been made clear, leadership and management must involve the
team members impacted or employee representatives if it is larger
organization and policy.
• Make sure the policy’s goals are aligned with the organization’s mission,
safety culture, and objectives. ‘-
• For any new safety protocols or practices, make sure that any appropriate
and affected staff are thoroughly and properly trained.

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3.8 How can the effectiveness of the policy be monitored?

• Using key performance indicators to track progress in meeting OHS goals

and targets (e.g., ensuring preventive maintenance is completed, safety
meetings are held, and inspections are completed, situations reported are
addressed appropriately and in a timely manner),
‘-
• Training effectiveness reviews,
• Regularly auditing and reviewing the OHS policy and program

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3.9 How should the policy be communicated?

• orientation (induction) and on-going training,

• health and safety committees,
• job descriptions,
• website, notice board postings, and reminders,
‘-
• safety talks, meetings, and refresher training,
• senior management attendance at safety meetings, and
• demonstration of senior management commitment through effective
review and response to committee recommendation inspection reports,
incident investigations, and health and safety program evaluations.

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3.10 Implementation for OSH Policy Statement

Depending on the size of the team, you have a number of options and
tools to implement the policy statement and its tactics, which can be outlined
in some sort of strategy such as an internal communications plan. This plan
can detail how the safety policy will be integrated into the organization’s
‘-
workflow and structure using strategies like orientation meetings for new
hires, and short-but-focused training sessions and workshops to teach and
educate staff about what the policy statement means to them and what they
need to do to make sure it is successful.

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3.11 OSH Policy Statement Sample

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CONCLUSION

Occupational safety and health should aim at the promotion and

maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures
from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in
‘-
their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the
placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment
adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to
summarize: the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.

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