TOPIC 2

JOB SAFETY
ANALYSIS & HIRARC

Classes of Hazards
Get Analysis
Job Safety Analysis
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
Hierarchy of Control
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION/
RISK ASSESSMENT
Objectives :

Identify classes of hazard

Describe Get analyses, Job Safety Analysis (JSA),

HIRARC

Perform a simple Hazard Identification and Risk

Asssessment

List and differentiate the Hierarchy Of Prevention

Control
Web links:

 http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legisl
ation/guidelines
 http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/main-
services/enforcement
IDENTIFYING RISK MANAGEMENT
TERMS

Hazard: Risk:
anything that can caused probability of
harm hazard being done

Risk Assessment: Risk Management:

Evaluating the a decision making
severity/consequence process which is based
s and upon certain factual
possibility/chance information and findings.
 THE 6-STEP RISK THE PROCESS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

Start

Classify Activities
1. Identify (Work, Product, Services, Activities)
6. Supervise the
and Review Hazards
Identify Hazards

2. Assess
5. Risk Control the Risks Determine Risk*/Impact
Implementation

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

4. Make 3. Analyze Decide if Impact is Significant
Control Risk Control
Decisions Measures
Prepare Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Action Plan

DEFINING HAZARD

HAZARD :
is anything that has

the potential to cause HARM

to people, asset, environment and

reputation. 
HAZARD VS EXPOSURE

Hazard by itself
cannot produce
harm or danger
unless we are
EXPOSED to the EXPOSURE is the
hazard main mechanism
or pathway that
release the dangers
from hazard source
NATURE OF HAZARDS
1. Obvious Hazards:
which is apparent to the senses
2. Concealed Hazards:
which is not-apparent to the senses

3. Developing Hazards:
which cannot be recognised immediately but
will develop over time

4. Transient Hazards:
which is intermittent or temporary hazards
WHAT IS HAZARD?

Hazards is anything that

has potential to cause
Hazard is originated
HARM or DANGER to
from Arabic -AZZAHR,
people/human’s health and
means chance, luck.
safety, asset/property,
environment and
reputation.

Two groups of Hazard: HAZARDS can be

a. Safety Hazard and a. Continuous (inherited in the
system) or
b. Health Hazard
b. Non-Continuous (due to system
failure). 
TYPE OF HAZARDS: HEALTH

Health Biological
agent /
Chemical
agent /
hazards hazards hazards

Psychosocial /
Ergonomics Physical Agent
Pyscological
hazards / hazards
hazards
EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungus
Insects
Rodents
Animals
Etc.
EXAMPLE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS:

Smoke Detergent
Dust Glues
Vapour Insecticides
Fumes Paint
Thinner Heavy metals
Organic Solvent
Cleansing agent etc.
EXAMPLE OF ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

Manual handling
Computer work
Workspace
Work layout
Task design
Etc.
Fit the task to the man
EXAMPLE OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS:

Electrical Space
Slippery floor Vent
Uneven surfaces Machines
Holes Tools
Noise Fire
Heat Radiation
Pressure Vibration
EXAMPLE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL
HAZARDS

Sexual harassment
Gender issues
Socialization
Stress, shift work
Financial burden
Marital problems
Family problems
TYPE OF HAZARDS: SAFETY

Safety Mechanical /
Height/Gravity
Hazards machinery

Electrical Fire/ Explosion Violence

Confine Space
DEFINING RISK

RISK:
Is the chance or probability of harm
actually being done

= Hazard x Exposure

= Consequences x Probability
DEFINING DANGER

DANGER:

Is the relative exposure to hazard

It shows the magnitude (size) of the

hazard and the risk
DESCRIBING THREE TYPES OF BASIC
/TRADITIONAL HAZARD ANALYSIS

Get
Analysis
There are 3 (GA)

traditional Job Safety

OR basic Analysis (JSA)

hazard Hazard
Identificatio

analysis n, Risk
Assessment
and Risk
Control
(HIRARC)
OTHER HAZARD IDENTIFYING
TECHNIQUES
 Preliminary Hazards Analysis (PHA)
 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
 Failure Modes and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
 Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP)
 Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
 Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis
 Operating and Support Hazard Analysis
 System/subsystem Hazard Analysis
 Hazard Evaluation
 Human Reliability Analysis (HRA).
A. GET ANALYSIS: 12 choices
Physical inspection Accident Reports

Audit Report
Document reviews

Law review
Exposure Monitoring Reports
OSH Publications
Biological / Medical Surveillance
Report
Inspection worksheet

Workers knowledge & experiences

Contact/ Industry/ Association

Brain Storming Ask “5 W”

i. PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF THE WORKPLACE

A physical examination of the workplace

requires;
• an inquiring mind,
• lateral thinking, and
• the ability to be and remain open minded.
ii. DOCUMENT REVIEW

 Reports of accidents, accident investigation

and audits
 Information from publications
 Regulations and Codes of Practice
 Statistics
 Handbooks, etc.
 CSDS (MSDS).
iii. EXPOSURE MONITORING

 Excessive noise
 Excessive heat
 Inadequate ventilation
 Radiation exposure
 Excessive air contaminants
 Ergonomic hazards
iii. BIOLOGICAL & MEDICAL
SURVEILLANCE (when)

 Substance is used in workplace

 Substance is hazardous
 Evidence or reason to suspect injury
 Atmospheric monitoring insufficient
 Techniques available
 Will benefit those at risk
iv. BIOLOGICAL & MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
(Who)

 Employees Requiring Health Surveillance and

are exposed to hazard for which there is:
 (i) identifiable health effect/disease
 (ii) likelihood that it could occur
 (iii) valid techniques for detecting effect
 (iv) valid biological monitoring method
and reason to believe values might be
exceeded.
v. BRAINSTORMING

 This is a process of conducting group

meetings with people who are familiar
with the operation of the area under
review, recording all ideas and
thoughts relating to possible hazards
and then sorting the results into some
sort of priority order.
vi. KNOWLEDGE OF EMPLOYEES

 Employees should be encouraged

to report any hazards they are
aware of.
vii. PREVIOUS ACCIDENT REPORTS

• Location
• Machine
• Person
• Age of Person
• Time of Day
• Day of Week
• Part of Body
• Severity of Injury
• Occupation
viii. OSH PUBLICATIONS

These publications can be of particular

benefit as they concentrate on
reporting issues relating to safety and
health
ix. CONTACTS

A counter-part in another subsidiary of the

company or even a contact in a competitive
company could be a good source of
information as they probably share similar
safety problems.
x. INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

Safety and health is often brought up at

industry association meetings or during
informal discussions before or after meetings.
 xi. ASK, "WHAT IF . . . ?

Its important to try to anticipate how human

behaviour, equipment, and system failures could
combine to create a hazardous
situation.
Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."
xii. INSPECTION WORK SHEET
• Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard
approach and record).
• Safety Audit Worksheet. (Involve supervisors,
managers and employees)
 B. JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA) or
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)

Is an accident
prevention a. Identify the hazard
associated with each
technique which stage of a job
seeks to;

b. Develop precautions c. Provide a safe work

that will eliminate or procedure to be used in job
guard against these training or the development
hazard of a safe system of work.
COMPLETED JSA FUNCTION AS:

A briefing guide
Teaching aid for As standard for
for infrequent
initial job training safety inspections
jobs

To assist in
Formulation of a
completing
safe work
accident
procedure
investigation
KEY ELEMENTS IN JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
(JSA)

1. Select the type / scope of the job.

2. Break each main action or steps from the start / beginning till
the completion of the job.

3. Use action ‘verb’ used to in each step to describe the job.

4. Normally the job is described in less than 10 steps.

5. List all the possibility of things that can go wrong or causing

harm or injuries.
DESCRIBE WHAT IS HIRARC ?

An instrument to identify hazard, analyze and assess its

associated risk and then apply the suitable control measures

HIRARC

C = CONTROLS. H = HAZARD

R = RISK I = IDENTIFICATION

A = ASSESSMENT R = RISK
WHAT IS RISK?

• Risk is the combination of the likelihood and

severity of a specified hazardous event
occurring.
• In mathematical term, risk can be calculated
by the equation:

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY

• Likelihood is an event likely to occur within

the specific period or circumstances
• Severity is outcome from an event
• eg. of outcomes:
• severity of injury or
• health of people, or
• damage to property, or
• insult to environment, or
• any combination of those caused by the event.
10 STEPS / PROCESS OF HIRARC

1. Classify Work Activities

2. Identify Hazard
3. Identify The Risk
4. Conduct Risk Controls
5. Identify Likelihood /Probability of Occurrence
6. Identify Severity / Consequence of Hazard
7. Decide Risk Score/ Risk Level
8. Rank the Risk According to the Score
9. Identification of Control Measures
10. Construct the Safety Work Procedures
PROBABILITY/LIKELIHOOD/EXPOSURE

· Very Likely -- Could happen frequently

· Likely -- Could happen occasionally
· Unlikely -- Could happen, but only rarely
· Highly Unlikely -- Could happen but probably never
will

· Very Rare -- Once per year or less

· Rare -- A few times per year
· Unusual -- Once per month
· Occasional -- Once per week
· Frequent -- Daily
· Continuous -- Constant
Table A: Likelihood values
Severity of Hazard

 Severity can be divided into four or five

categories. Severity are based upon an
increasing level of severity to;
 an individual’s health,
 the environment, or
 to property.
Table B: Severity values
 OTHER EXAMPLES:
CONSEQUENCES/SEVERITY

FATAL—Death

MAJOR INJURIES—Normally irreversible injury or

damage to health requiring extended time off
work to effect best recovery.

MINOR INJURIES—Typically a reversible injury or

damage to health needing several days away from
work to recover. Recovery would be full and
permanent.

NEGLIGIBLE INJURIES— Would require first

aid and may need the remainder of the work
period or shift off before being able to return to
work.
 Example Rating in Health Effects
The HAZARD CONSEQUENCES/HARM can be rated as:

1 - Slight Health Effects : Not affecting work performance or causing disability

2 - Minor Health Effects : Hazards capable to cause minor health effects which are
REVERSIBLE  for instance: Irritant Chemical 

3 - Major Health Effects : Hazards capable of causing IRREVERSIBLE health damage without loss
of life. Examples: Noise which can cause Hearing loss and impairment

4 - PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY or One to 3 Fatalities : Hazards capable  of causing

IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE with SERIOUS disability or Death. Examples : Corrosive chemicals,
Psychological Stress, Carcinogens
5 - Multiple FATALITIES : Hazard that has potential to cause multiple fatalities. Example:
Chemicals with Acute Toxic Effects - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Risk Assessment
 Risk can be presented in variety of ways.
 Risk analysis uses likelihood and severity in
qualitative method, presenting its result in a
risk matrix
 Risk can be calculated using the following
formula:

Relative Risk = L x S
where L = Likelihood S = Severity
 Risk Matrix Table

• To use this matrix, first find the severity column

that best describes the outcome of risk.
• Then follow the likelihood row to find the
description that best suits the likelihood that
the severity will occur. The risk level is given in
the box where the row and column meet.
• The relative risk value can be used to prioritize
necessary actions to effectively manage work
place hazards.
 Determining the Risk Score Value
in Risk Matrix Table
Probability/likelihood

Highly Very Less

Likely Unlikely
likely likely Likely

Value 5 4 3 2 1
Severit
y/
Fatal
5 25 20 15 10 5
Conse
quence
Major
4 20 16 12 8 4
s
Minor
3 15 12 9 6 3

Near Miss
2 10 8 6 4 2
Risk level and Risk Score Value

25 20 15 10 5

20 16 12 8 4

15 12 9 6 3

10 8 6 4 2

Risk Level Risk Value

Extremely High 20 - 25
High Risk 12 - 16
Medium Risk 8-10
Low Risk 2-6
Risk Level Priority Description
 Multi Entry Risk Assessment Form
(MERA Form)

Activities/
Current Action &
process/ Legal
Hazard Effect Risk Risk Recommend
facilities/ Reqmnt
Control ation
equipments

Risk
Sev Prob
Rating
Control

Definition:
• Control is the elimination or
inactivation of a hazard
• the hazard does not pose a risk to
workers who have
• to enter into an area or work
• on equipment
Hierarchy of Control
Types of Control at source of hazard

1. Elimination - Getting rid of a

hazardous job, tool, process, machine or
substance is perhaps the best way of
protecting workers. For example, a salvage
firm might decide to stop buying and cutting
up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion
hazards.
Types of control at the source of hazard

2. Substitution - Sometimes doing the

same work in a less hazardous way is
possible. For example, a hazardous chemical
can be replaced with a less hazardous one.
Controls must protect workers from any new
hazards that are created.
3. Engineering control

a. Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to

make them safer. For example, containers can be
made easier to hold and lift.
b. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect
operators from a toxic chemical.
c. Automation - Dangerous processes can be
automated or mechanized. For example, computer-
controlled robots can handle spot welding operations
3. Engineering control

d. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches

workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye
injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment
guarding will protect workers from con tacting moving parts.
e. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a hazard
away from workers, the more effective it is.
f. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For
example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before
they reach operators.
4. Administrative controls
a. Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures must
be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
b. Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work
procedures and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate
supervision to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and
evaluating work procedures.
c. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
4. Administrative controls
d. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs -
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
e. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to
their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate
lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing.
Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards.
Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where
applicable, workers should be required to shower and
change clothes at the end of the shift.
 5. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)

PPE refers to protective clothing,

helmets, goggles, or other garments or
equipment designed to protect the
wearer's body from injury or infection:
head, eyes, ears, fingers, foot, limb, body

The hazards addressed by

protective equipment include
physical, electrical, heat,
chemicals, biohazards, and
airborne particulate matter.
Safe Work Procedures (SWP)
Safe Operating Procedures (SOP)

Safe Work Procedures

A Safe Work
are step by step
Procedure identifies
instructions that
the materials and
allow workers to
equipment needed,
conduct their work
and how and when to
safety when hazards
use them safety.
are present.
Safe Work Procedures must include:
a. regulatory requirements

b. necessary PPE

c. required training

d. worker responsibilities

e. specific sequence of steps to follow to complete the work safely

f. required permits

g. emergency procedures