Chapter 11 — Acids and Bases — Practice Problems Section 1.1 — Acids and Bases ‘oul: Describe and name acids and bases. An Arrhenius acid produces H’ and an Arrhenius base produces OH in aqueous solutions. Acids taste sour, may sting, and neutralize bases. NsOHK(s) Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, and neutralize acids. Naming acids: Binary acids contain a single anion: HaX. To name I - or hydro [anion with -ic end] acid f Ons HBr — hydrobromic acid Neen Ce wae HyS ~ hydrosulfuric acid naoni(s) 25 Nat(ag) + 01 Polyatomie acids contain a polyatomic ion: H;XOy (XO = polyatomic ion) frie | Possiaion i [polyatomic ion} acid sty if the polyatomic ion ends in -ate change to -ic if the polyatomic ion ends in -ite change to -ous H2S0y (sulfate) — sulfuric acid H2S0s (sulfite) ~ sulfous acid Practice Problems 1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is characteristic of an Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base, or both a. hasa sour taste AVVMENIUS Cid b. neutralizes bases AVY WeNiUS OC} ¢. produces H’ ions in water ayy\neniuS acid 4. is named barium hydroxide ayrrweniUsS lcase eis an electrolyte Got, 2, Indicate whether each of the following statements is characteristics of an Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base, or both: a, neutralizes acids AvVNEM\AS loase b. produces OH" ions in water AvyMEWiUS base. c. hasa slippery feel AVY WMEN\US loase 4. conducts an electrical current in solution ey 3. Identify each of the following as an Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base, or none b.CsOH Arrhenius base ut Cow c. Mg(NOs)2 Neithe\- 4. HCIO. avrvenius acid e HNO: Qyvhenius acidee ey f MgB Neiter Niwas Hro= Nad + On” g.NHs Avvhenius loase 7; h. LiSO. Neitwer Nz produces OH” Yrs & rare bur Important ‘Name each of the following acids or bases: EXC ENON « a. HCl hydvocvov \c acid Chea Cane 5 b.CAOH: GICAL HUBKOSAE ©. HCIOs Clog = Percinbovake > Peronrovic acid 4. HNO; NOg = Nitvorte > NMC ocid €. H:$0; SO% =-SUIG VE > SUIFOUS ACId Name each of the following acids or bases a MOH), Alummnumn Nugdroxide SARC = SUN C b. HS0; SOK = sukake % SWEUWIC ACId TF War tradition © HBr Wudcliconn\c acid 4. KOH Pekassiumn uproxide ©. HNO: NO = MIE > Nitrous acid £HCIOr CLOL= Qnior Ke > Crorous acia Write formulas for each of the following acids or bases: USE Cnasxcaes to vorvre Formule ane : ae S a. rubidium hydroxide We‘ SO¥, , > [RLOW b. hydrofluoric acid S\ourie= Fleuwine HieES, SHE] ¢. phosphoric acid Phosphoric = ghate= POs” Wee, tue a com igeronile 5 a : ¢. ammonium hydroxide * j_*) Nia 286, Write formulas for each of the following acids or bases aha a. barium hydroxide Ba Ons > bihydroiodic acid «ye gala, = lodine — odi KER, > nitvic= nitrate = NOZ Wiens, 4d. acetic acid . " ie e. hypochlorous acid ACEC = Ocerctte = CHaCto™ eypochlorous CRacey od | > . nitric acid nupocinlorite = CLOT Viretes, » [ACLoSection 11.2 ~ Bronsted-Lowery Acids Goal’ Wdentify conjugate acid-base pairs for Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. Summary A Bronsted-Lowry acid donates H’ and a Bronsted-Lowry base accepts H Identifying Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs * According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, a conjugate acid-base pair consists of molecules or ions related by the loss of one H” by an acid, an the gain of one H* by a base # Every acid-base reaction contains two conjugate acid-base pairs because an H is transferred in both the forward and reverse directions. When an acid such as HF loses one H’, the conjugate base Fis formed. When H20 acts as a base, it gains one H”, which forms its conjugate acid, HsO" Example Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reaction: H280,(aq) + H20(1) = HSO, (ag) + 30! (aq) \ave\ Ye acid 4 case Answer Wn We CEACKANTS Xren use een to H,S0,(aM) + H40(D = S04 (oH) + HO" (aa) Ene YE conyropres. Base Conjugate base Conjugate acid pairs ony aieeer wu one we Conjugate acid-base pairs: HpSO4/HSO, andH;0' /H,O Practice Problems RA= atid N= Cony. base. Subivact 8. Write the formula for the conjugate base for each of the following acids: one aHcoy COZ™ bHPO” @eOr c. HBrO RKO 9. Write the formula for the conjugate acid for each of the following bases: aCO* COZ TRA Me b. HO sot ©. HaPOs HaPoq add one WK.10. In the following reaction, the acid-conjugate base pair is_i__ ii a. (i) HsPOW/H30° b. (i) HsPOV/H20 . (i) H20/H30° d. (i) H20/H:PO¢ © (i) HPOVH:POS 11. In the following reaction, the acid-conjugate base pair is_i__ COs*(aq) + Ha base a()CO%/H0 b. (i) H2O/HCOs @ H20/OH" (i) COs/OH (i) COICO 12. In the following reaction, the acid-conjugate base pair is _i_ ERO aM) + NHslag) <= <> MP0s (en + NHs (aq) @) HPovH.Po: b. (i) HsPO4/NHy ©. (i) HxPOWNHs 4. (i) HePOs/HsPO, e. (i) NHyNHs 13. Complete the following table: Acid, | Conjugate Base HI Hey | Las | N#s Ba | HS 14, Complete the following table: Base | Cor uaate Acid FE WEL canst HC2H302 Z- | HSOy Soy ai | NOLO |cio and the base-conjugate acid pair is yo HPOMaa) + [LOW ==* H2POsKag) + HHO (aq) cow (i) OMLPOF Gi) H2PO,/H30 (ii) HsPOVH.POS (ii) HxPOVH.O* (ii) H20/H0 Cony A and the base-conjugate acid pair is O() <—* HCOs(ag) + OH (aq) con conyt (ii) HCOv/OH" (ii) COP YO Gi) COP/HCOr (ii) FhO/HCOs Gi) F20/0H" and the base-conjugate acid pair is lease. cony Gi) NHVNHy" (ii) NHV/F2POs (ii) H2POs/NHy (ii) NHs INH (ii) HsPO/H2POs conya15. When ammonium chloride dissolves in water, the ammonium ion NHa° donates an H’ to water. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of the ammonium ion with water @)NHy + H20 = NH + 1hO anges b. NH,’ + Hs0° «= NH + HO +H Nig + H20 == Niet Wer ©. NH’ + Hs0° 4" NH +120 + OFF d. Nib +10 4=* NHy+H:0" — vead the quest PUM ©.NH) + HO" "NH +720 Beceyi beg, gs “ 16, When sodium carbonate dissolves in water, the carbonate ion COs* acts as a base. Write @ balanced equation for the reaction of the carbonate ion with water. + ACO? + 1:0 #—* CO: + HO accepts ¥ @co;? + 1,0 «= * HCOs + OH aaa i ©. COs? + Hs0 <=" HsCOs Coy +20 SF WCOZ + ON” 4. COs + OH 4=* CO#"+H20 ©. CO + HO = COs Section 11.3 ~ Strengths of Acids and Bases Goal: Write equations for the dissociation of strong and weak acids, identify the direction of reaction, Summary Strong acids dissociate completely in water, and the H’ is accepted by H20 acting as a base HCI +Fz0 —> H30° + CI A weak acid dissociates only slightly in water, producing only a small amount of H’ and therefore a small amount of Hx" HI+H20 <= HO" +1 Strong bases are hydroxides with metals from Groups | and 2 and dissociate completely in water. (NaOH, Ca(OH), ...) An important weak base is ammonia, NHa. Understanding the Concepts. In diagrams A and B, determine if the diagram represents a strong acid or a weak acid ‘The acid has the formula HX. Vo. \ dissociates ArssclaaleS Partially, ao Completely, CA, lux HX x _H,0" Hy Bre KT HX ae x i “H,0t HX , H,0*| pape IH,0* Will [sin “/ ¥20 lax * H,0%_X HX By xo make Wsd* B A HY = Ha" 4X7AcidS — BASED TABLE 11.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bqses Aad 3 Strong Acids Hydric acid HI i edo Hydrcbrmc aia be Be Bromide fon Pershlre aid HCIO, Gio, Perchlorate on Hydrochloric acid cl or Chloride fon Sul cid HS0, sor Hydoqen soliton £ Nite acid HNO, NOx Nitrate ion Hydronium ion H,0* 1,0 Water £ Weak Acids to 5 Hydrogen safe in! BO" soe Suite ion E) TP rmomacacs 10, Ont ogee 5 0 ious acid HNO, Nor Nitrite ion e Hydric aid HF F Ford on “a x Acetic acid HHO; CaHhOy Aceate ton 2 Carboni aid 1,00, HCO, Bicarbonate fon y dros aeid Hs as Hydrogen side fon Aan Nhe Nt, Ammonia ydocyane aid HEN ow Cyanide i Bicarbonate ion HCO; coy Carbonate ion Methylanmoniom ion CH,—NHy*—CH—-NH,—-Methylamine Hydmgen phosphate ion = HPO,?” PO,” Phosphate ion Water 0 OH Hydroxide ion Practice Problems 17. Using Table 11.3, identify the stronger acid in each of the following pairs: a. NH of{s0" b. HSO. of cc. H20 orf HaCOs CH will be Iniayer on tne \ist 18, Using Table 11.3, identify the weaker acid in each of the following pairs a. HCl or(HS0° b. HNO: of e(fICO})or NH 19, Predict whether the following reaction contains mostly reactants or products at equilibrium: HoCOMag) + H:0() — ELON we? + H30°(aq) a a mostly products jstly reactants egya peice H2lbs 4 Ws0* Weaker strona Bases: Hzo + Weog Will be lower on \st “Compare acid mar cony A “C xe base aaeedl ® + Styne —> Wank20. Predict whether the following reaction contains mostly reactants or products at equilibrium NH (ag) + 20) ae + NEs(gg) + Hs0 (aq) Aeids* NYS and Wer cons 1 oy oa pi ek Pier ly products @) mostly reactants Bases! WzO and NBs 21. Predict whether the following reaction contains mostly reactants or products at equilibrium HNO,(aq) + NHa(ag) «=» NO3(aq) + NHy (aq f ae x and xl 4) (a 9) cone f) oe @) Acids * BNOe a NY @mostly products ~ heed " mostl i NWs a ND2 D. mostly reactants Boses: Nis Ndz 22. Predict whether the following reaction contains mostly reactants or products at equilibrium: EPO aq) + HOU =O (ag) + HaPOs (aa) i wage cen A cory Arids Ne ROy ont sot a. mostly products Ss weoker Srrrquc ‘mostly reactants Bases : Wed and HePOy Lseateey Challenge Problems 23. a, Write the formula for the conjugate base of H2S AS b. Write the formula for the conjugate base of HsPO: (3. POY, c. Which is the weaker acid-@ Spor H3PO,? \ Gevnn table WS 24. a. Write the formula for the conjugate base of HCOs QOS" i Ss , Write the formula for the conjugate base of HC:H302 oo . Which is the stronger acid: HCOy of 1CaH302) C2480Section 11.4~ Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases Goal: Write the expression for the dissociation constant of a weak acid or weak base. Summary In water, weak acids and weak bases produce only a few ions when equilibrium is reached Weak acids have small K, values, whereas strong acids, which are essentially 100% dissociated, have very large K, values, ‘The reaction for a weak acid can be written as HA + HzO ¢—* H30* + A. The acid dissociation constant expression is written as (H30*)[A7] 7 [HA] For a weak base the equation is B+ H20 <—* BH* + OH, and the base dissociation constant expression is written as [BH*][0H7) [B] Practice Problems 25. Answer srue or false for each of the following: A strong acid a. is completely dissociated in aqueous solution “Truce b. has a small value of K. False c. has a strong conjugate base Fa dae d. has a weak conjugate base fy ¢.is slightly dissociated in aqueous solution Fa2ae 26. Answer true or false for each of the following: A weak acid... a. is completely dissociated in aqueous solution Fala ¢ b, has a small value of KT Uc c. has a strong conjugate base-Ty Us d. has a weak conjugate base ¢.is slightly dissociated in aqueous solution 1% Ue 27. Consider the following acids and their dissociation constants fee Fhe leiager the # tne srogge H2SO3(aq) + H20(/) g=® HsO°(ag) + HSOx (aq) K,= 12x 10 stronger ane a HS (ag) + 20) =* H40°(ag) + S*(aq) K.= 13x10" seaker a. Which is the stronger a b, What is the conjugate base 0 ¢. Which acid has the weaker conjugate base? H2SO2, 4. Which acid has the stronger conjugate base? WS~ © Which acid produces more ions? 42303, Ane stronagr Ane acid, Ane Locker the Con): RB And VICE VEX SO.28. Consider the following acids and their dissociation constants: HPO,*(aq) + H20() <—* HaO"(aq) + POs(aq) K,=2.2x 10? weaker HCHOx(aq) + H20() <=” HO '(aq) + CHOs(aq) K.=18x 104 Stronger a. Which is the weaker sid POD b, What is the conjugate base of A ©. Which acid has the weaker conjugate base? |} CHO2 4. Which acid has the stronger conjugate base? Woody e. Which acid produces more ions? WOO 29. Aniline, CsHsNH, a weak base with a Ki of 4.0 x 10°, reacts with water to form CsHsNH3" and hydroxide ion. Write the equation for the reaction and the base dissociation constant expression for i = an" CulisNHa + W220 = CoWsNuy + OW Kz 40x10"? Section 11.5— Dissociation of Water “le rstts Nz! \LOW Goal: Use the water dissociation constant expressiol 0 @atetlate \R@{ HO" ] and [OH] in an aqueous solution Stmmearry In pure water, a few water molecules transfer H+ to other water molecules, producing small, but equal amounts of [HO] and [OH] H2O(/) + H20() g— H30"(aq) + OH (aq) ‘© Inpure water, the molar concentrations of HsO° and OH are each 1.0 x 107M. © The water dissociation constant expression, Ky ! Kw = [HsO"J[OH] = 1.0.x 10" at 25°C [H,0°] = [OH] ‘© Inbasic solutions, the [OH is greater than the [H3O"] Neutral solution ‘© Inacidic solutions, the [HsO°] is greater than the [OH] Calculating [Hs0"] and [OH] in solutions Ifwe know the [H;0"] of a solution, we can use the Ky expression to calculate the (OH. If we know the [OH'] of a solution, we can calculate the [HsO"] using the Ky, expression Ke fon] [H,0'} (s0'l = 16 Example What is the [OH'] in a solution that has [HO"] = 2.4 x 10"''M? Is the solution acidic or basic? Answer We solve the Ky expression for [OH'] and substitute in the known values of Ky and [Hs0"] K 1.0 x 10°" _ =p = 42x 104M [H,0"] 24x 10 4) ; {OH} Because the [OH] is greater than the |HsO"], this 1s a baste solution,Understanding the Concepts Why are the concentrations of HsO' and OH" equal in pure water’? One M cack ave Prodvced every time a HW is transRrred from one Lorex MoleONe +O An = What the msi ANT GRASEE Ke at 25°C? ANKAMEL LAOS OH” + Haot Ko LOwionM Wis the Ua of TO In an acidic solution, how does the concentration of H3O° compare to the concentration of OH? Iso] is areater Han fon] Ifa base is added to pure water, why does the [H30"] decrease? Beca\\ sot =W2O+H* The Ht is Ane acid ROTK- K base Practice Prooinnt ALCERTS SO ik Steals HT from Wsd™ cohich Aecveases the amount Gf sO", 30. Indicate whether each of the following solutions is acidic, basic, or neutral? a, [H0"] = 6.0 x 10° M The next section wild qe Ane Basic equation Gor pit. These based b, [Hs0"] = 14x 107M ons a) Keidic. [wgor] > ox 10 TM acidic c. [OH] =5.0x 10M sor] = 1.0107 M newerro\ teidic : [sot] < L.oxIO™M loasic er OM HAL has the opposite trends 31. Calculate the [HO] of each aqueous solution with the following [OH a. NaOH, 1.0 x 107M = _ 14 Tow Vnaor] = tos 1% 10 Lox jor Weofl- Tomo= b. milk of magnesia, 1.0 x 10° M L.Ox 4 a Waotl: Texjes “EATS, Ko vac | = —— Wyacr) Tow) ¢. aspirin, 1.8 x 10"! M oxor4 Beo*l= aio =\5-Sex104 M) d. seawater, 2.5 x 10°M rior = Tact = SIs Ae Lox 107M 32. Calculate the [OH] of each aqueous solution with the following [Hs0"] ci x10? Lox 174. CTW a. stomach acid, 40x 107M gays et {esaoet - ¥uo - b. urine, 5.0.x 10°M Tao") ork: SRE Eon) ¢. orange juice, 2.0 x 10*M. d bile, 7.9 x 107MSection 11.6 ~The pH Scale Goal: Caleulate pH from [Hs0"]; given the pH, calculate the [Hs0"] and [OH'] of a solution The ‘DH seale isa range of numbers typically fiom 0 1014, which represents the [110° ofthe solution A neutral solution has a pH of 7.0. In acidic solutions, the pH is below 7.0 In hasic solutions, the pH is above 7.0 Mathematically, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration, pH = -log[H30*] Other useful equations Kw = [HO '[OH] = 1.0.x 10" [H:0°]= 107" pH Value EM HC! solution 00 Adie — Drinking woter 72 a Bi it) Deepens 89-99 [LM NaOH solion ye) 14.0at pi neatral, [sot |= 10x07 tm PH = —foaTHsot] = ~ foo (\.0% 10°F) = 3.5 Why does a neutral solution have a pH of 7.07 | st Understanding the Concepts Ifyou know the say he how can te determine the pH of a solution? use [ A[H2o*]| then Use PH=-Loa sor] State ate enna Ae following solutions is acidic, basic, or neutral: a. blood plasma, pH7.38 basic. PHS acidic b. vinegar, pH2.8 acidic. eHea neurral ©. coffee, pH 5.52 ACLAIC > qctickbe. : PHF. Pirie d. tomatoes, pH4.2 act Ave ¢ chocolate cake, pH7.6 basic State whether each of the following solutions is acidic, basic, or neutral: a. soda, pH3.22 Acidic b. shampoo, pH §.7 Acidic. rain, pH58 Aeidic. d honey, pH3.9 eidic e. cheese, pH5.2. Acidic. A solution with a pH of 3 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with pH 4. Explain. “The pl ooo \s ae ae Se every) WMerease in 1.0 is Rouen AAA, ‘A solution witha pH 547019400 times more basic than a solution with pH 8. Explain. BAGH astees. 1Ox\O=ID0 MES Stren sexs Practice Problems 33. Calculate the pH of each solution given the following a. [Hs0"}=1x 108M PRE ~ Loa Qxien®) pi --foalisor] GES, tons Her Towser] b [PHOT = 5x 10°M By = foo (S x10" ¢. [OH] = 1x 107M. Wisin Sing Tati) LOE event pte fea(horion®) \x\ort 4. [OH] =8.0x 10°M at Ae 4 \.Ox\OUT s \.7S x10 he Wsetl> 3 one ql e. [H30"] =4.7x 107M p= — hea Gaxio™) f. [OH] =3.9x 10°M heal 3) = LOX = A pts loa @ Sexo Ywsot |= S21 = 2 Suxio™t Pl 4 foa Qasxio™)pH = ~ hooy [ps0*] 34. Complete the following table fora selection of foods: Ty yr = \or PM Kw [Ractl[ow Food _[H30"] [OH] pH _ Acidic, Basic, or Neutral =1.0x i074 Ryebread 1,517 63x10°M 8.0 Basic Tomatoes 2-29x10S 4a yxior!? 4.64 Peidic Peas 62x107M_ \.\s\x 0-8 -10 Ace\ic. Fuse bce “Temostoes 4 eyed Taso": Sy Loxro = Wao] 10 22S GN a, Mee 2 oxi“. ag =\sametm | (NTS oF Taseiors © deseo erence re eat S Peas pun, WoL 8 ~foaQ.59x\0"%)=8.80 ek Gat ioe 35. Complete he following table fora selection of Rods: - oy boa Cuinx iF) = led Food [H30°] [OH] pH Acidic, Basic, or Neutral Strawberries \2bex\o-F a uis"3.90 Acidic Soy milk BAO 1.x OTF ¥-00 Neutral Canned tuna fish 6.3x107M [.SAxIO® VAD Acidic Srrawberr leS. “Tena Rusa were =\2uxio4m | pa — hoa (e-d1o*) = 620 Ay 0 4 xo 8 M y 2 {ene . ea RAS {on-l= Lente Mo saqxio®M 36. Calculate the [H30"] and [OH'] for a solution with each of the following pH values: a, 3.00 3 14 hey .Ox\0 .O x07 N Trs0%]= 10° = jo Moe th {or onto SS b.6.2 fo voto" “ioe M {ow d= tee ESSee Wao*l: wo’ aes 2NS. 6. 8.85 A ow ab \oxor, a.og aioe M Wal yg L0ee =8.8S_ =a, {ow l= Ay avert Quack] =o sto M4.11.00 30° _ cl.00 ict? ow {ws0"]= 18 = \.cdx\oot M foul: Seni = L.oxio7s Ww 37. Solution A has a pH of 4.5, and solution B has a pH of 6.7. a. Which solution is more acidic? SoRution A b, What is the [Hs0'] in each? a, SoA {reok} 10 yy t= pac c, What is the ae in each? & Sous eM ° “4 * Tow l- tac ty wae. p a,0aseM lewd pass? SSO Leno Section 11.7 — Reactions of Acids and Bases Goal: Write balanced equations for reactions of acids with metals, carbonates or bicarbonates, and bases, Summary An acid reacts with a metal to produce hydrogen gas (Ha) and a salt. ‘Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq) -> H2(9) + MgCl, (ag) ‘Metal ‘Acad Hydrogen Salt ‘The reaction of an acid with a carbonate (CO:*) or bicarbonate (HCOs>) produces carbon dioxide, water, and a salt SHC\(ag) + NagCOs(aa) -> CO(g) + HO() + 2NaCI(aa) ‘Ach artonato Carbon Wal dioxide In neutralization, a strong or weak acid reacts with a strong base to produce water and a salt. Haq) + NaOH(a) > Hz0() + NaCl(aa) ‘eid Example Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ZnCO3(s) and hydrobromic acid HBr(aq) Answer ZnCOx(s) + 2HBr(aq) > COx(g) + H20() + ZnBr(aq) Practice Problems 38. Complete and balance the equation for each of the following reactions: Povance he CO24 20 I a ZnCO\(s)-QHBrag) > COr + HO + EnBry Whatever is eth Ques jwto Aye. Salk. b. Zn(s) DHCKag) > A * BoC.c. HCl(ag) + NaHCOWs) > CO2+* H2O +Nat\ d. H2S0,(aq) + Mg(OH):(s) > LAZO + Meso4 tne 39. Complete and balance the equation for each of the following reactions: a. KHCO,(s) + HBr(ag) > COz + W2O + KBr b.Ca(s) + HeSO.aq) > Wa + CoSOy ©. H2SO.«(aq) + Ca(OH)A8) > VWALO + CoSO4 4 4. NasCOx(s) + HaSO\(aq) } COr* PIO * Naso 40. Balance each of the following neutralization reactions: aZHCl(aq) + Mg(OH)x(s) S2H20(/) + MgCh(aq) he reason bro addi B Sy Tove Guicecripts to the Salk, wwe Normally its Nor alowed is because the saris made of Wnareney IS leCr over Y otkex AZO. 41. Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of each of the following’ a. HySO,(aq) and NaOH(aq) H2S04 +2Naoh —>2HzO + No Sou b-HCIay) and FEOF) SAO\ + Few, Peo + Fels © HaCOx(ag) and Mg(OH).)_ 2 COa, + Mop), 2H20 + Mato, Section 11.8- Buffers Goat: Describe the role of buffers in maintaining the pH of a solution; calculate the pH of a butTerSummary A buffer solution maintains pH by neutralizing small amounts of an acid or base. Most butter solutions consist of nearly equal concentrations of a weak acid and a salt containing its conjugate base such as acetic acid, HCzH:O2, and its salt NaCzH:Oo. The [Hs] is calculated by solving the Ki, expression for [HjO' J, then substituting the values of [H3O' |, [HA], and K, into the equation. [HjO' }[C2H30, | [HC,H3 03) Ka= Solving for [HyO" | gives: The pH of the buffer is calculated from the [HO]. PH = ~ log|H;0') Example What is the pH of a buffer prepared with 0.40 M HC,H,O, and 0.20 M CHO, , if the K, of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5? Answer (HC,11,051 (0.0) [H,O Ka x eino, | = 18% 10 § x ay ~ 36x10 °M pH = ~ log[3.6 x 10°) = 4.44 Understanding the Concepts43, Consider the buffer system of hydrofluoric acid, HF, and its salt, NaF HF(aq) + H20() g—* H30°(aq) + Faq) (i) The purpose of this buffer system is to: a, maintain [HF] b. maintain [F-] maintain pH (ii) The salt of the weak acid is needed to provide the conjugate base neutralize added HsO provide the conjugate acid (iii) If OFT is added, it is neutralized by: a, the salt (iv) When HO" is added, the equilibrium shifts in the direction of the: (a) reactants b. products ¢. does not change 44, Consider the buffer system of nitrous acid, HNO>, and its salt, NaNO2 \O2(aq) + H:0() =—* H30"(aq) + NOr(aq) (i) The purpose of this buffer system is to: ‘maintain [HNOs] b\maintain [NOx] the conjugate base added OH" conjugate acid (iii) If HO" is added it ineutralized by a. the salt b. H20 ¢ OH (iv) When OFF is added, the equili a. reactants b. products ©. does not change ium shifts in the direction of theb. products ©. does not change 44, Consider the buffer system of nitrous acid, HNOs, and its salt, NaNO2 HNOx(aq) + H20(/) <—* HsO (aq) + NOx(ag) (i) The purpose of this buffer She is to: aa nerrwroNtes a. maintain [HINO] i 4 7 b maintain[NOz] NECA TS —- AAA OO 2) maintain pH Noose (wa) (ii) The weak acid is needed to provide the conjugate base 8 neutralize added OH" €. provide the conjugate acid (iii) If HyO! is added it is neutralized by: @the salt b. FO c. OH (iv) When OFF is added, the equilibrium shifts in the direction of the: a. reactants ONT Teacts LOith HAO* Colic decreases products Ame overall amount of WeOt Since it c. does not change : i is & Produced IW the alseve reaction, Roe Teaction gnitig Fousard tne Predvas. (decrease Prodyck Concentrasion ) 45. Nitrous acid has a Ka of 4.5 x 10%, What is the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.10M HNO: and 0.010M & NOr? AA a Trot]: K.-S 45x 10-5 a \m cass Waot} Aso) carl 40.0045 eas? (raoF|= 0045 pie foo (004s) 46, Acetic aci has a K, of 1.8 x 10°, What is the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.25M. HCH yQpand = = ee AL a) (uot = Ke 6h KX 018M CoHy a 4.74 a b.4.52 = Q.Q x10" are (woo'l=G.ex15 4.3.00 x 10° = B.0%\07 1.08 10° eo) . \