Lehrstuhl für Elektrische Antriebssysteme und Leistungselektronik

Technische Universität München Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralph Kennel

Arcisstrasse 21 Email: eal@ei.tum.de Tel.: +49 (0)89 289–28358

D–80333 München Internet: http://www.eal.ei.tum.de Fax: +49 (0)89 289–28336

Exam Power Electronics

Solution of the test exam

Winter term 2011

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 2

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 B6 circuit 3

2 B2 circuit 5

3 DC/DC converter (Buck converter) 9

4 Four quadrant chopper 11

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 1: B6 circuit 3

1 B6 circuit
A B6 circuit with RL load is given according to fig. 1.1.

Data: Line to line voltage (RMS value): Uv = 400 V

Load current (average value): Id = 100 A
Questions:
1.1 Calculate the maximum ideal DC voltage Udi0 (equation, value)!
π
Z6 √
6 3 2
Udi0 = · ûV · cos (ωt) dωt = . . . = · Uv = 1, 35 · Uv = 540 V
2π π
−π
6

1.2 In fig. 1.2.a the grid of the line to line voltages uv12 , uv13 , . . . , uv32 and the output voltage
trajectory ud (ωN t) is given for one operating point which will be investigated in the following.
a) Calculate the firing angle α !
α = 60◦ (from fig. 1.2.a)

b) Calculate the ideal DC voltage Udiα (value)!

π
6
+α
6 Z
Udiα = · ûV · cos (ωt) dωt = . . . = 270 V
2π
−π
6
+α

1.3 Does the current become zero or not?

The load current does not become zero.

1.4 Highlight the times in fig. 1.2.b during which the six thyristors T1 . . . T6 are conducting for
one line period (take care about the numbering of the line to line voltages)!
−→ Fig. 1.2.b

1.5 Draw the trajectory of the thyristor voltage uT 1 (ωN t) for one line period into fig. 1.2.c!
−→ Fig. 1.2.c

1.6 Calculate the maximum blocking and reversal voltages of the thyristors which occur in this
circuit (equation and value)!
√
ÛT max = 2 · Uv = 565, 7 V (Peak value of Uv )

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 1: B6 circuit 4

.........................................................r .....................................................r ............................................... b

............................................................. -id
6 T1
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.... .... .... ..
..
..
..
.....
..
..
..... T3 ..
..
..... T5 ....
...

uT1
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.
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.
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... ... ...

L1
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.
....
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....
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.... R
? uv12 .. .. ..
. . . .
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L2 ...
b........................................................................................................................................................................................................................r
..
...
..
...
...
.. ud ...
...

?uv23
.. .. .. ...
.... .... .... ....
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... ... ... ...

L3 L
. . . .....
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?
... ... ... ...
T4 T6 T2
.. .. .. ..
.. .. ..
.... .... .... ....
.... .... .... ....
.. .. .. ...
.......................................................r ....................................................r ............................................... b
............................................................

Abbildung 1.1: B6 circuit with RL load

6 uv12
.
uv13 uv23 uv21 uv31 uv32
. . . . . .
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a)
. ..... . ....... . .. . . . . . . . . ...
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. . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . .
ωN t
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . .
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T1 T1 T3 T3 T5 T5
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. T6 ...
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. T4...
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.
. T4 T6 Thyristoren
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...
...
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

uT1 = 0 = uv12 = uv13

Abbildung 1.2: Trajectories

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 2: B2 circuit 5

2 B2 circuit
In fig. 2.1 a B2 circuit with a load (first considered as a pure resistive load) is given.

(L)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....................................................................r
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.
..
..
......................................................... b - id
.........................................................
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... ...
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.....................................................................r
. ......................................................... b
.........................................................................................................................................................

Abbildung 2.1: B2 circuit

Daten: Line voltage (RMS value): UN = 230 V

Line frequency: fN = 50 Hz
Load resistor: R = 10 Ω

Circuit operation range:

1 1 Udi0
Average value Ud = ( . . . 1) · Udi0 or average value Id = ( . . . 1) ·
4 4 R
(ideal circuit, losses and commutation effects can be neglected,
the line voltage is sinusoidal)

2.1 Calculate the maximum ideal average DC voltage Udi0 = f (UN )

(equation and value)!

π √
2 Z 2 2
Udi0 = û sin (ωt) dωt = . . . = · UN = 0, 90 · UN = 207 V
2π 0
π

2.2 Calculate the control characteristic for Udiα / Udi0 = f (α) for a pure resistive load (L = 0)!

π
2 Z û
Udiα = û sin (ωt) dωt = . . . = . . . = (1 + cos α)
2π 0
π

Udiα 1 + cos α
=
Udi0 2

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 2: B2 circuit 6

2.3 Now the operating point with maximum voltage and R load is examined:
Ud = Ud max = Udi0 (α = 0◦ ).
Draw the trajectories of ud (t), id (t) und iN (t) in fig. 2.2!

6 uN − uN
...................... ...................... ...................... ........
....... ..... ....... ..... ....... ..... .......
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..
..... .... ..
..... .... ..
..... .... ..
.....
...
Ud max
... ... ... ... ... ...
....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ....... ............. ....... ....... ....... .................... ....... .....
.. ... .. ... .. ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ...
ud
...
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. ....
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.... ...
. ....
.
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-
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..... .......
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..
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. ..
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..
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ωN t
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.. . . . . . ..
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.. . .. . .. . . ..
.
. . . . . .. ...... . ...... . ..
..
.

uN /R − uN /R
.. .. .. .
........... ................ ........... ................ ........... ................ ...........
...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ......
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..
.....
. ..... ..
.....
. ..... ..
.....
. ..... ..
.....
.
.... .... .... ....
Id max
.... .... ....
....... ....... ............ ....... ....... ....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ............ ....... ....... ....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ............ ....... ....... ....... ....... ............. ....... ....... ....... .................... ....... .....
. ... . ... . ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
id ... ... ...
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. ... . ... . ... .
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...
.
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..
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.
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.......
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. -
. .
ωN t
. . . . ..
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. .
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.. . . . . . ..
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.. . .. . .. . . ..
. . . . . ..
... .. ...... ...... ..
.

uN /R − uN /R
...................... .. . ... ......
.......... ............... ..
....... ..... .. ..... ..
..... ..... ..
..
..... ..... ..
.... ..... .....
.....
..... .... . ..
....
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iN
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....
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. . ... ... . . ..
... . . .....
ωN t
. . ....
.
. . ... ....
. .
. .
. ...
.
. . ... ... . . ...
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. . .. . .
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.
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.. . .....
.. . . ... ..
...... . . . . .....
.......
... ... ........ .
. ................... ...... .........

Abbildung 2.2: R load, Id = Id max , α = 0◦

2.4 Calculate the active power PN = Pd , the reactive power QN and the apparent power
SN = UN · IN eff on the line side for this operating point (equations and values)!

2
UN UN 2302
PN = UN · IN eff = UN · = = W = 5, 29 kW
R R 10

QN = 0

SN = PN = 5, 29 kVA

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 2: B2 circuit 7

2.5 Now the operating point with minimum voltage and R load should be examined:
Udi0
Ud = Ud min = (α = αmax = 120◦ ).
4
Draw the trajectories of ud (t), id (t) and iN (t) into fig. 2.3!

6 uN − uN
.. . . . . .. ... . ... ..
.....
.. ..
..
. .. ... .. ..
.. ......
... ....... .. .... ........
.. ......
... .......
.
.
. .... . . .
. .. . .. ..
. . .... . . .
.... . . ..... .
. .... ... . .... ...
... .
. .... ...
... .
.
. ... ... .. ... ... . ... ... .
ud
. ... . .
.
. ... ... .
. ... ...
... . ... ...
... .
. .
. ..
... . .
. ... . .
. ... .
.
.... . .... . ....
Ud min
. ... . ... . ... .
. . . . . . . .
......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ......... ....... ............................ ....... ....... ....... ....... ......... ....... ....... ........... ......... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... .....
-
.. ... . .. ... . .. ... .
. . .
. ... . .
. . . . .
. . .
..............................................................
...............................................................................
.
.
............................................................................... .................................................................................. ..
. .
ωN t
. . . . ..
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. .
. .
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.. . . . .. . ..
. .. . .
.. . .. . .. . . ..
. . . .. . ..
... ... . . .. . . . .. . . ..
.

uN /R − uN /R
. ... . ... ..... ..
. . . . . .. .. .. ..
.. ....... .. ... .. ....... ..
.. .. ...... .. ............. .. .. ...... ..
. . .....
. .
. .
. ....
.. . .
. .
..
... .
. .
. .... ...... .
. .... ...... .
. .... ...... .
.
. ... ... . ... ... . ... ... .
. ... ... ... .
id . ... ... . ... ... . ... ... .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . ... . . ... . . ...
.... ... . .... ... . .... ... .
Id min
. .. . .. . .. .
. . . . .
......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......... ....... ..................... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ........... ......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ........... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... .....
-
. .
. ... . .
. ... . .
. ... .
................................................................................ . ... .. . . . . . . .
..............................................................
. ............................................................................... .................................................................................. ..
. .
ωN t
. . . . ..
. . .. .
. .
. .
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.. . . . .. . ..
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.. . . . .. . . ..
. . . . . .. ..
.... . . ..
.... . . ..
..
.

uN /R − uN /R
. ... . ... .. . . ... ..
. . . . . .. ..
.. ...... .. .. .. .... ..
.. .. ..... .. .. .. .......... ..
. . ......
. . . .
. .
. ....
.. .
.
.
. .... ...... . .
. .
. .... ...... .
.
. ... ... . . . ... ... .
. ... . ... .
iN
. ... ... . . . ... ...
. . ... . . . . . .
. . . . . .
... .
.
. .... ...
... . .
. .
. .... ... .
.
. ... ... . ... ...
. . ... ..
-
.
. ... ... .. . . ... ... .
. . ... . . . . .
................................................................................. . ... . . ................................................................................. . .
.............................................................
. .................................................................................. .... . .
..
. .
. . ... . . ..
ωN t
. ...
. . .. .... ... .. .
.
. .
. . .
. ....
. . . .
.
. . ... . . . .
. . . . ... . . .
.
. . . .... ... . . .
. . .
. .... ... . . .
. .
. . . ....
.
.
. .
. .
.
. . . . ..... . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
.
.. . . .. ..... .. . ..
. . . .
........ .
.. . .. . . . . ..
. ..
. . . . ... ..
.... . . . .... . . ..
..
.

Abbildung 2.3: R load, α = αmax = 120◦

2.6 State the approach (integral) in order to calculate the active power PN = Pd
(only the approach)?

π 2 Zπ
1Z uN (t) 2 UN
PN = uN (t) · · d(ωN t) = · sin2 (ωN t) · d(ωN t)
πα R π R α

—————————————————————————————————
Z
x sin(2x)
Solution with: sin2 x dx = −
2 4
" #
1 UN2 sin(2α)
PN = · · π − α +
π R 2

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 2: B2 circuit 8

2.7 It is undesired that the current id becomes negative. Hence, an additional inductor L is in-
tegrated into the load circuit. This inductor is so large that the load current id (t) can be
assumed to be smooth for the circuit’s operation range.

Draw the trajectories of ud (t), id (t) and iN (t) which can now be obtained for Ud max = Udi0
(α = 0◦ ) into fig. 2.4!

6 uN − uN
...................... ....................
.......
....................
.......
.......
.......
....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
...... . .. .... .. .... ..
Ud max
.. .
.... .. ... .. ... ..
... ... ... ...
....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ....... ............ ....... ....... ....... ........... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ....... ............ ....... ....... ....... ....... ............. ....... ....... ....... .................... ....... .....
.. ... .. ... .. ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ...
ud
...
....
. ...
. ....
.
...
.. .
.... ...
.. .
....
... ... ... ... . ... .
...
...
... ... ... ... ...
...
...
... .....
... ... ... ...
... ..... ... .....
-
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.... .. .. . .
...... .. .. ...... .. .. ...... ..
.. . . .. . . .. . . . .
. . . ..
ωN t
. . . . ..
. . .. .
. .
. .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
.. . . . .. . ..
. . .. . .
.. . . . .. . . ..
.
. . . . . .. ..
..... . ..... . . ..
..
.

uN /R − uN /R
. ... . ... .. . . ... ...
. . . . . ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. . .. .. .. . . ..

id (t) = Id max
. . . . . . .
. .
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
id . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . .

-
.
. . .. . . . ..
. . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
. . . .. . . .. . . .. .
. . . ..
ωN t
. . . . ..
. . .. .
. .
. .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
.. . . . . . ..
. .. . .. .
.. . .. . .. . . ..
.
. . . . . .. ...... . ...... . ..
..
.

uN /R − uN /R
...... ... . ... .. . . ... ...
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. . ..
. . . . .
. .
....................................................................................................................... .
. .
. . .
...................................................................................................................... ..
.... . . ... . .
. .... .
.
. ... .
.
... . . ... . ... ... .
iN . . . . . . .
... . . . . .
. . . .
... .
... ..
.
. .... . .
. ... .. .
. .... ..
.
... . . .... .. . ... . . .. .
. .. . . ... . . ... .
-
... .. . ... . . . . . .. .
.... . .. . . ..
. . .
.... .. .. ..... .. .. .. ..
.... ..
.
..
. .... . . .. . . ..... .
..... . .... . ... . . ...
... .
... ..
. ... .
. ... ..
. ... . .
. .. .
. ... .
.
. . . .
. ... .
. .... ..
. .... ..
. ωN t
... . . .
... . .
. .
. . . ...
... .
. .
. . . . .... . . ...
.
.
... . . ..... .
. .
. .. .
. .
. ... .
.
... .
. .
. .......................................................................................................................... .
. .
. ...
...
...
...
...
...............................................
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
.. . .. . . .. . ..
. . . . ..
.. .. . .. .
. . . . . .. ... . ... .. . . ... ..
..
.

Abbildung 2.4: RL load, id (t) = Id max = konstant, α = 0◦

2.8 Calculate the active and the apparent power on the line side for this special case
(equations and values for PN and SN )!

Udi0 0, 90 · UN
Id max = =
R R

2 2
Udi0 UN
PN = Udi0 · Id max = = 0, 90 2 · = 4, 285 kW
R R

2
UN
SN = UN · IN eff = UN · Idmax = 0, 90 · = 4, 761 kVA
R

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 3: DC/DC converter (Buck converter) 9

3 DC/DC converter (Buck converter)

The one quadrant DC/DC converter circuit with active load according to fig. 3.1 is given.
The load consists of a back EMF voltage EA and the inductor LA (resistor RA = 0).
The voltage source delivers a constant voltage UQ .

Questions:

3.1 Calculate the relative on time a = te /T as a function of EA !

te UA EA
with RA = 0 : U A = EA ; a = = =
T UQ UQ
1
3.2 Draw the trajectories of iQ (t), iD (t) and uA (t) for the given operating point a = into
3
fig. 3.2
2 1
 
−→ Abb. 3.2 uL (t) = · UQ bzw. − · UQ (vergl. 3.3)
3 3

3.3 Calculate in general the load current ripple ∆IA = f (UQ , LA , T, a).
0 ≤ t ≤ te te ≤ t ≤ T

uA (t) = UQ uA (t) = 0
uL (t) = UQ − EA = (1 − a) · UQ uL (t) = − EA = − a · UQ
∆IA ∆IA
uL (t) = LA · uL (t) = − LA ·
te T − te
∆IA ∆IA
LA · = (1 − a) · UQ − LA · = − a · UQ
a·T (1 − a) · T
UQ UQ
∆IA = a · (1 − a) · T · ∆IA = a · (1 − a) · T ·
LA LA

3.4 For which operating point a does ∆IA have its greatest value?
T UQ
Maximum of a · (1 − a) bei a = 0, 5 : ∆IA max = ·
4 LA

3.5 Calculate the smallest average load current (load current always greater than zero) IA LG for
this operating point a!
∆IA
The current becomes zero at: IA LG =
2
d.h.: iA (t = 0) = iA (t = T ) = 0 ; iA (t = te ) = ∆IA
∆IA max T UQ
∆IA LG (a = 0, 5) = = ·
2 8 LA

3.6 How could ∆IA be decreased (UQ fixed)?

∆IA ↓ if LA ↑ or T ↓

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 3: DC/DC converter (Buck converter) 10

b ..
..
..
..
..
-iQ
S1
........................................... .......................................................................................................................................................
..
...........
... .......... .
.
.
.
.
. ..
..
.... .
.....
.
.
.
.
..
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.
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.
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.
.
.
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r
............................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-iA b
................................................................................................... ..................................................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


.. .
. .
.
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.
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6iD
.. .
.
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uL
.

LA
.. .
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.

=
. .
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UQ uA
. .

DF
............................ .
.
. .
.....
. ..
.
.
.
.


... . . ...
. .
.
..
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.
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.
................
..............
.
.
.
.
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.

=
... .
.
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.
.

EA
.. .
.
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b r b
.. .
.
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.
........................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................. .
.
.................................................................................................... .................................................................................
.
.

Abbildung 3.1: One quadrant circuit

6
UQ ...................................................
... ...
...................................................
... ...
...................................................
... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ...
UA
.. .. ..
.. ... ... ... ... .
... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. ..
...
-
... .. ... .. ..
uA
. .
.. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. ....
.. . .. .. . .. ..
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .

?
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .......................
. ......................... ................. .. .. .. .
∆ IA
.. .. ..
.. .. .... . .. ... .
. ... .... . .... ..... .
.. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..................................................... .. .. .. .. ... .. ........................... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .................................................. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ............................ .. ..... .. ..
.
...
.. . .. .... .... .
...................... .
...
.. . .. .... ..
.. . . ...
........................ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .
...
........

- 6
. . . . .
. . . . .
iA
. . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. ...
. . . . . .
. . . . .
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. . . . . . .
.......... . .......... . ...........
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...
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....................... . .
...
............................ . ..
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.........................
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...................... . ..
...
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...................... . .
...
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.....................
.
.
.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..
........................................ .......................................
.....................................
-
. . . . . . . . . . .. ............................ .........................
...................................
iQ .. . . . . . . . . . .......................
. . . . . . . . . . .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
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.. ....................... . . .
..
..................................... . ... .......
.
.................................................................. . ...................................................... . ..
.................................................................................. ................................................................................. ...
............................................. ............................................. ..
-
................................................ ................................................ ....
iD .................................................
. .
................................................
............................................... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ................................................. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..................................................
. . .
.

. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.......................................................... .......................................................... .........................................................
....................................... ........................................ ......................................
.......................... ........................... ...........................
- t
........................ ..................................... ....................................
uL ........................
. . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................................................
.............................................
.............................................................................................................
.
. . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................................................................................................
.
............
-
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
te . . . . .

0 T 2T
1
Abbildung 3.2: Trajectories for a =
3

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 4: Four quadrant chopper 11

4 Four quadrant chopper

The four quadrant chopper according to. 4.1 is given.
The semiconductors T1 to T4 which can be turned on and off and the diodes D1 to D4 can in the
following be assumed to be ideal switches.
The load is a resistive-inductive load with the back-EMF EA . The load inductor LA is so large that
the load current IA can be assumed to be smooth.
Operating point: Source voltage UQ = constant
Load current IA = constant (positive)
Average load voltage UA = UQ / 3
(pulse width modulation)
Questions:

4.1 Highlight the quadrants in the current-voltage diagram in which the circuit can be operated!
UA
6
X X
-
IA
X X

4.2 How large are the static blocking and reverse voltages across the semiconductors T1 to T4 ?

Blocking voltage = UQ

Reverse voltage = 0

4.3 Which switching states can be realized, i. e. which discrete voltages can the load voltage
uA (t) have?
+ UQ , 0, − UQ

4.4 Draw the voltage trajectory uA (t) for the given operating point and for the corresponding
current trajectories into fig. 4.2 (one possible solution)!
−→ Abb. 4.2 (2 possible solutions shown)

4.5 How large are the average source current IQ and the transferred active power PQ = PA =
f (UQ , IA )?
IA
IQ = (−→ Abb. 4.2)
3
1
P Q = U Q · IQ = P A = U A · IA = · U Q · IA
3

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010

Examination question 4: Four quadrant chopper 12

rT rD .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-iQ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
..
..
...
...
..
..
...
...
..
..
rT ....
...
.
...
D3
-iA
............................................................... ......................................................
...
..
..
...
b
1 1 3
. .
.
.
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.
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. ....
.
. . ... ... ... ..
.

RA
.
. .
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.
. .
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r r
.
. .............. ............ .......................... ........................... ............................ .
.
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. .. ..... ..... ..... ..

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=
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uA
.

UQ
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.


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.
. .................... . . .. . ... ... ..................... .. . . ... .... ...

A
.
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.
.
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.
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.....................................................................................................
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. ............................................................... ......................................................

Abbildung 4.1: Four quadrant chopper

UQ ..6 6
. . . .
. . . .
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................ .
.
.
. ...................................................................................................................
........................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................

- -
................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................
uQ ........................................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ....
.
.
.
.
........................................................................................................................
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.
.
.
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
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................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
.
. .................................... . .. . . . . . . . . ..
.
.
............................................ ............................................ . ......................... ........................ .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . ....
UA
. .
........................................................................... ............................ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .......................................................................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .......... ............................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ..
- -
............................................. .......................................... . .......................... .
uA
. .......................
.
... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................
. ......................... . ......................... . .. . . .. .
... . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . .... . .
........................ ........................ . .
. .
........................... ........................... .
.
.
.
.............................
......... .............................
......... . .
........................................................................ ........................................................................ . .
. .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .

IA ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
............................................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................

iA - -
................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ....
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
................................................................................................................. .
............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................. . .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ ..........................................
.
. ...................................................................................................................
............................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
..........................................
.
.
...................................................................................................................
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................................
- -
. ......................................... .

iT1 .............................................
. .
..
.......................................................
..
............................................
..
.
..
........................................................
..
.
..
.
............................................................................................................................
.
..
.
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..
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..
.
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..
.
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0 T 2T 0 T 2T

Abbildung 4.2: Trajectories (2 solutions shown)

Power Electronics Solution of the test exam – 2010